Multi-Objective Approach for Reconfiguration of Distribution Systems with Distributed Generations

This paper presents a fuzzy multi-objective based heuristic algorithm for network reconfiguration of distribution systems considering distributed generations (DGs). The objectives of reduction of real power loss, branch current carrying capacity limit, maximum and minimum voltage constraints, and feeder load balancing are considered for performance enhancement of the distribution system. Since these objectives are non-commensurable and difficult to solve simultaneously using conventional approaches, they are converted into fuzzy domain and a fuzzy multi-objective function is formulated. A sensitivity analysis based on voltage profile improvement and real power loss reduction is used for obtaining optimal locations of DGs and genetic algorithm is used for optimal sizing of DGs. The proposed reconfiguration algorithm is implemented in two stages, initially in the first stage without incorporating DGs and in the second stage incorporating DGs for obtaining an optimal distribution system network reconfiguration. The advantage of the proposed method is demonstrated through a seventy node four feeders and a sixteen node three feeders distribution systems.     

An optimal allocation of distributed generation and voltage control devices for voltage regulation considering renewable energy uncertainty

Distributed generation (DG) may result in voltage fluctuation by changing line flow and reactive power injection, especially DG that generates power from renewable energy resources. To cope with this problem, this paper proposes an optimization process to optimally regulate the system voltage profile to lie close to the desired values by using the adaptive Tabu search (ATS) algorithm. The system voltages will be regulated by using dispatchable DG and voltage control devices, i.e. voltage regulator and capacitor. Moreover, probabilistic load flow calculation by using Monte Carlo simulation is chosen to evaluate the uncertainty of DG powered by renewable energy resources. The number of switching operations of the voltage regulator and capacitor are also accounted for in the optimization constraints, as excessive frequent switching operations can damage these devices. The optimal sizes and locations of dispatchable DGs and capacitors are considered as the optimization variables. The proposed method is demonstrated in an IEEE 34‐bus distribution test system and a modified 21‐bus Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) system (Thailand). © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Optimal Control of Voltage in Distribution Systems by Voltage Reference Management

Recently, renewable energy technologies such as wind turbine generators and photovoltaic (PV) systems have been introduced as distributed generations (DGs). Connections of a large amount of distributed generations may cause voltage deviation beyond the statutory range in distribution systems. A reactive power control of DGs can be a solution of this problem, and it also has a possibility to reduce distribution loss. In this paper, we propose a control methodology of voltage profile in a distribution system using reactive power control of inverters interfaced with DGs and tap changing transformers. In the proposed method, a one-day schedule of voltage references for the control devices are determined by an optimization technique based on predicted values of load demand and PV power generation. Reactive power control of interfaced inverters is implemented within the inverter capacity without reducing active power output. The proposed method accomplishes voltage regulation within the acceptable range and reduction of distribution loss. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulations. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

现代电力系统恢复控制研究综述

综述了现代电力系统恢复控制的任务、主要问题以及解决方法。从宏观角度将恢复控制划分为恢复计划和恢复培训、有功平衡与频率控制、无功平衡与电压控制和继电保护以及安全自动装置的配合4个主要问题。恢复计划的制定是一个复杂的优化问题,一般可离线预计划,并采用人工智能技术和最优化方法相结合,予以解决。对于有功平衡与频率控制问题,要考虑电源恢复和负荷恢复2个方面。电源恢复是一个动态规划问题,要求在满足各种约束条件下,使系统的发电量最大;而负荷恢复目前是研究热点,其要求和电源恢复同步进行,满足频率约束、网络约束并考虑社会经济效益。主要方法有遗传算法、蚁群算法以及一些近似算法。对于无功平衡与电压控制问题,综述了持续工频过电压、操作过电压和谐波过电压的产生原因、控制手段以及目前的预测和控制方法,主要包括基于灵敏度分析、概率统计以及神经网络的方法。最后,综述了系统恢复不同阶段中继电保护以及安全自动装置的配合的主要问题和处理方法。     

分布式电源并网的配电网改进潮流算法

分布式电源(DG)的并网,不可避免地对配电网运行和安全产生很大影响,因此必须对含DG的配电网潮流进行计算调整.在分析常见的几种DG基础上,给出它们各自在潮流计算中的模型以及处理方法,并提出一种改进型前推回代潮流算法,来计算含DG的配电系统潮流.考虑到前推回代法处理PV节点的能力较差,引入注入无功修正法.此外,分析PV节点型DG无功初值选取对潮流收敛性的影响,以及DG并网对系统电压和网损的影响.设计不同类型DG并网的测试方案,在IEEE 33节点配电网络中反复检验,结果表明该方法是有效的.     

含分布式电源的三相不平衡配电网潮流计算

根据配电网三相不平衡的实际情况,为准确计算各种分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)并入配电网后的潮流问题,文章基于前推回代法,提出了可处理PV和PQ节点模型DG的三相不平衡潮流算法。按照配电网拓扑结构,利用支路分层技术,加快了潮流计算速度。在处理PV节点模型DG时,将电压正序分量幅值作为电压调节参数,计算电压正序分量幅值和额定电压幅值差,得到PV节点的无功补偿量,将DG由PV节点运行模型转换为PQ节点运行模型。IEEE 34节点系统算例结果验证了该算法的正确性。最后,通过分析DG对电压的调节和无功补偿能力,研究了不同类型DG对配电网电压的影响。     

单相光伏大量接入的三相不平衡配电网无功优化

随着光伏发电等大量非全相运行的分布式电源(DG)接入,配电网固有的三相不平衡特征更加突出,传统无功优化方法因忽略了三相不平衡导致效果较差。文中提出一种三相不平衡主动配电网的无功优化模型,以系统负序电压最小和网络损耗最小为目标,考虑有载调压变压器、分组投切电容器、静止无功补偿装置等离散和连续控制变量,形成一个带有二次约束的混合整数二次规划问题。利用分支定界法处理该混合整数规划问题,将原问题松弛为多个不含离散变量的子问题,分别求得各子问题中设备的控制量,进而求得原问题的最优解。采用扩展的IEEE 33节点三相测试系统仿真计算,验证了所述模型和方法的有效性。     

A smart distribution system reconfiguration algorithm with optimal active power scheduling considering various types of distributed generators

This paper presents an efficient way of solving the distribution system reconfiguration (DSR) problem in electrical power systems with consideration of different types of distributed generators (DGs). The objective of a DSR is to minimize the system power loss while satisfying the system constraints and keeping the topology of the system radial. In this paper, a new DSR algorithm based on a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed to incorporate DGs with the constant voltage control mode. The proposed method is very efficient because it avoids an extra iteration loop for computing the reactive power at PV buses in order to keep the voltage at a specified magnitude. Furthermore, if the reactive power requirement is not met in between the extreme limits, the proposed algorithm strictly searches for the best possible tie switch combination to simultaneously reduce the power loss and ensure that the DGs operate in PV mode within acceptable reactive power limit. The proposed algorithm also integrates hourly DSR with optimal DG active power scheduling considering the DG type, generation limit constraints, and the allowable DG penetration level. The validity and the effectiveness of the proposed method has been tested using standard IEEE 33‐bus and 69‐bus distribution networks with various case studies. Test results show that the proposed method is robust and delivers a minimal average power loss compared with different methods, and it efficiently models DGs in DSR, demonstrating that the presence of DGs can further reduce the system loss. © 2016 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

计及分布式电源精确特性的配电网动态无功优化

提出一种精确计及分布式电源DG特性的配电网动态无功优化的有效方法。根据不同类型DG的运行控制方式,用二阶锥松弛适当处理PQ、PV、PI和PQ(V)4种类型DG的并网潮流约束,将非凸的交流潮流方程近似地转化为凸的二阶锥约束,并通过设置优化目标函数驱使松弛误差趋近于0,把配电网的动态无功优化问题转化为凸的混合整数二阶锥规划问题。降低求解复杂度,提高优化精度,保证全局最优,保证支路电压、电流安全约束同时考虑储能装置,离散无功补偿电容器作用于配电网的约束。以多时段有功网损最小为优化目标,建立计及分布式电源精确特性的配电网动态无功优化模型,根据调度周期内预测的各时段的DG出力和负荷曲线,以IEEE69节点系统为例进行仿真实验,验证所提方法的有效性。     

计及灵活配电单元的分布式电源优化配置方法

分布式电源(distributed generation,DG)接入位置和容量的不合理规划会对配电网造成不利影响，而灵活配电单元具有灵活控制系统潮流分配和改善电压等优点，因此文中提出在规划中计及灵活配电单元的稳态计算模型和控制策略。为更合理地对DG进行选址和定容，文中首先建立基于全寿命周期成本(life cycle cost,LCC)、网络损耗和电压偏差3个指标的综合接受度标准模型。然后提出采用改进麻雀搜索算法(improved sparrow search algorithm，ISSA)对模型进行求解，并在算法中引入高斯变异和Tent混沌，提高算法的全局搜索能力及收敛速度。最后以IEEE 33节点配电网系统为例进行仿真，考虑未接入和接入灵活配电单元2种情况，分别运用粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)算法、麻雀搜索算法(sparrow search algorithm，SSA)和ISSA进行求解。结果表明，计及灵活配电单元可以有效控制系统潮流，改善配置DG后的系统运行状态，并且ISSA比其他算法的优化结果更高效准确。     

微电网中的有功功率和无功功率均分控制

针对在单元输出功率控制(UPC)和馈线潮流控制(FFC)模式下,分布式电源(DG)之间的有功功率和无功功率均分控制进行了分析。在UPC模式下,DG输出的有功功率恒定,能够跟随给定值实现有功功率均分;在FFC模式下,DG所在馈线上的潮流值恒定能够跟随给定值,实现微电网和大电网之间的潮流交换恒定。但是受线路阻抗和本地负荷等的影响,DG的输出电压值不同,进而产生无功环流。针对这一问题,文中提出了一种抑制无功环流的控制策略,该策略是在无功电压下垂控制中加入电压补偿环节,以达到抑制无功环流的目的,该方法有效消除了逆变器之间的无功环流。针对线路阻抗和本地负荷不同时对微电网中无功环流的影响进行了分析,并分别进行了仿真,验证了该控制策略的有效性和可行性。     

考虑多个分布式电源接入配电网的多目标无功优化调度

坚强智能电网的建设促进了分布式电源(Distributed Generation,DG)并网技术的发展,DG并网对配网进行无功优化不仅能够提高电压质量、降低有功网损,还增加了配网运行的灵活性、经济性与安全性。以系统有功功率损耗最低与电压偏压量最小为双目标函数,建立无功优化模型。针对目前无功优化问题尚缺乏一种能兼顾求解的高效性与全局搜索最优性的方法,文中将一种新的启发式算法-鲸鱼优化算法(WOA)运用到电网无功优化调度中,对多个DG接入的IEEE 33节点系统进行无功优化仿真分析。研究表明DG并网增加了配网的稳定性,并且证明了WOA算法在解决此问题上的鲁棒性和有效性。     

多负荷水平下含风电接入的配电网无功优化

由于风电输出功率的随机性,风电机组的大量接入给配电网无功优化带来更多不确定性因素。为了提高配电网无功优化对风力发电并网的适应能力,建立了多负荷水平下基于场景分析的考虑风电接入的多目标无功优化模型。该模型综合考虑了节省电能损失费用和节点电压偏差2个指标,将2个指标进行模糊化,采用最大化模糊满意度指标法将多目标优化问题转换为单目标优化问题,然后采用自适应遗传算法进行求解。并以IEEE 33节点测试系统为例,计算和分析了在不同场景时最大负荷、一般负荷和最小负荷3种负荷水平下,电容器投切、系统有功损耗、节点电压以及节省电能费用情况。计算结果表明,所提出的无功模糊优化方法,在不同负荷水平、不同场景下改善电压质量和降损节能效果显著,适合多负荷水平下含风电机组的配电网无功优化需要。     

A study on cooperative tap control method for voltage profile maintenance in distribution networks with distributed generators

The introduction of distributed generators (DGs) that can utilize renewable energy is of prime importance to solve the energy and environmental issues. When a distribution network has a large number of DGs, voltage maintenance becomes a serious problem. To solve this problem, we had proposed the ‘voltage profile control method’ using reactive power control of DGs. However, the control is limited to continuous reactive power control so far, and tap control has not been considered. It is important that the conventional voltage control equipment such as the load ratio tap changer (LRT) or step voltage regulator (SVR) is utilized in order to enhance the control efficiency of the voltage profile control method. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a new method that can realize a cooperative work between inverters and tap control of LRT and SVR. The proposed method is tested in 8‐ and 24‐node model systems and its effectiveness is shown. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

地区电网感性无功补偿优化配置方法

提出地区电网进行感性无功补偿优化规划的思路和方法,建立了兼顾电压质量、投资成本和运行费用全网优化的地区电网感性无功补偿模型,以解决由于小水电等分布式电源大量接入时在小运行方式下地区电网无功过剩电压偏高的问题。结合某地实际电网,进行了感性无功优化计算,比较了所提方法与工程估算法、平均功率因数法等方法的结果。仿真结果表明,按照优化方案进行感性无功补偿配置后,该地区的无功电压水平显著改善,取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益。     

基于免疫PSO的新能源配电网无功多目标模糊优化

考虑分布式能源的间歇性和随机性对配电网电压的影响,用模糊数表征分布式电源出力不确定性和负荷功率的波动性,构建配电网多目标模糊无功优化模型,提出分布式电源和无功补偿装置输出无功功率的协同优化方法。以有功网损最小和电压偏差最小为目标函数,并将目标函数和约束条件模糊化,根据其隶属度函数形成模糊适应度函数,再将两目标通过最大满意度法转化为单目标,最后利用免疫粒子群算法进行求解,从而确定在负荷功率模糊波动下具有不同模糊出力水平的分布式电源和具有不同运行方式的无功补偿装置输出无功功率的最优值。以IEEE33配电网系统为算例,验证了所提出的模型和算法的可行性和有效性。     

含分布式电源的配电网双层分区调压策略

针对高渗透的分布式电源(DG)在配电网络中造成逆功率潮流引起的电压越限问题,提出了一种基于改进Fast-Newman算法的配电网双层分区调压策略。改进的Fast-Newman算法引入了考虑DG接入位置以及无功/有功-电压灵敏度矩阵的改进模块度增量,可将分布式配电网进行更为细致合理的划分。双层分区调压策略首先通过改进的Fast-Newman算法分别针对无功补偿(RPC)与有功削减(APC)对配电网进行分区。而后在分区结果中进一步筛选节点组成优先调节节点集。最后为应对高渗透DG配电网的复杂潮流造成的非线性复杂解空间的问题,使用PSO算法分别计算优先调节节点集中各节点的RPC与APC最佳调度值,以优化DG注入点潮流,实现无功/有功调整的合理组合。所提方法在IEEE33节点以及改进的IEEE123节点上进行案例研究,通过与非分区电压调整模型对比,表明该策略通过调度少量节点的RPC与APC,即可达到全网电压调整的目的,且调整后的节点电压更为平稳。     

Optimal Allocation of DGs and Reconfiguration of Radial Distribution Systems Using an Intelligent Search-based TLBO

This paper addresses an application of Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization method for the optimal allocation of Distributed Generations (DGs) in radial distribution systems. The problem is formulated to maximize annual energy loss reduction while maintaining better node voltage profiles using penalty function approach. A piecewise linear multi-level load pattern is considered, and the distribution network is reconfigured after optimal placement of DGs in the distribution network. A probability-based heuristic intelligent search (IS) is suggested to enhance the accuracy and convergence of the optimization techniques. IS directs optimization techniques to efficiently scan the problem search space in such a way that a fair candidature is available to all decision variables of the problem. It virtually squeezes the search space while maintaining adequate diversity in population. The proposed method is investigated on the benchmark IEEE 33-bus, 69-bus test distribution systems, and 83-bus real distribution system. The application results show that the proposed optimization methodology provides substantial improvement in convergence characteristics and quality of solutions.     

计及电压波动的配电网无功优化运行

针对由于分布式电源(Distributed Generation,DG)出力和负荷的不确定性而引起的电压波动的问题,采用电容器组、分布式电源和静止无功补偿装置(Static Var Compensator,SVC)协调控制的方法,平抑电压波动。首先,在电容器组静态优化时,运用网络参数变动定理修正系统潮流,提高潮流计算的速度,快速得到补偿后新的各节点电压。其次,对于电容器组的静态优化结果,采用谱系聚类法合并分段,满足投切开关动作次数的约束,确定各电容器组的动作时刻和补偿容量,为实时电压控制建立良好的控制环境。最后,在电容器组补偿的基础上,分析DGs、SVC无功出力极限并作为约束条件,当实时节点电压越限时,通过电压灵敏度分析计算DGs、SVC实时无功调节量,并通过算例分析验证该方法的有效性。     

计及光伏多状态调节能力的配电网多时间尺度电压优化

随着分布式电源的渗透率逐渐增大,其本身所具有的波动性和不确定性给配电网的电能质量及其稳定性带来了巨大挑战.考虑配电网在现有慢动作调节设备难以满足无功电压调节需求的情况下,将改善因光伏随机波动性所引发的电压偏差和波动作为优化目标,提出了一种考虑分布式光伏多运行状态调节能力与传统无功调节设备相协调的配电网多时间尺度无功电压...