Short-term electric load forecasting based on Kalman filtering algorithm with moving window weather and load model

This paper presents a novel time-varying weather and load model for solving the short-term electric load-forecasting problem. The model utilizes moving window of current values of weather data as well as recent past history of load and weather data. The load forecasting is based on state space and Kalman filter approach. Time-varying state space model is used to model the load demand on hourly basis. Kalman filter is used recursively to estimate the optimal load forecast parameters for each hour of the day. The results indicate that the new forecasting model produces robust and accurate load forecasts compared to other approaches. Better results are obtained compared to other techniques published earlier in the literature.     

基于RBF神经网络与模糊控制的短期负荷预测

针对电力系统短期负荷预测,综合考虑温度、日期类型和天气等因素对短期电力负荷的影响,建立了径向基函数（Radial?Basis?Function,RBF）神经网络和模糊控制相结合的短期负荷预测模型。该模型利用RBF神经网络的非线性逼近能力对预测日负荷进行了预测,并采用在线自调整因子的模糊控制对预测误差进行在线智能修正。实际算例表明RBF神经网络与模糊控制相结合提高了预测精度。     

适应供给侧结构性改革的中长期负荷预测拓展索洛模型研究

随着供给侧结构性改革的深入,电力需求的演变规律变得更难捕捉。传统的中长期负荷预测模型通常未考虑供给侧结构性改革因素,难以满足新形势下中长期负荷预测精度的要求。基于此,提出了一种适应供给侧结构性改革的中长期负荷拓展索洛预测模型(Supply-Side Reform-Extended Solow Regression Model, SSR-ESRM)。首先,通过对供给侧结构性改革内涵的解读,从规模、结构及效率三种效应出发,构建了量化指标体系。其次,在基本索洛模型的结构中,引入供给侧结构性改革因素对模型进行拓展,建立SSR-ESRM实现中长期负荷点预测。为反映供给侧结构性改革的不确定性,建立了系统动力学模型生成多种经济发展场景,进一步实现中长期负荷外推预测。算例分析表明,考虑供给侧结构性改革因素的SSR-ESRM预测精度较高,且对场景切换的灵敏度适中,有利于电网规划的灵活性,能够为实现电网规划提供有益的参考。     

基于预测误差分布特性统计分析的概率性短期负荷预测

现有短期负荷预测方法一般只能给出确定性负荷预测结果，难以满足电力市场中不确定性风险分析决策的要求。文中提出了一种基于负荷预测误差特性的统计分析的概率性预测方法。该方法首先从时段与负荷水平2个联合维度上建立了对预测误差分布规律进行统计分析的模型，并提出了检验该统计规律有效性的原则和方法；将验证后的预测误差统计分布规律与确定性的负荷预测结果相结合，即可得到概率性的负荷预测结果。基于该结果，还能求取某一置信水平下的预测负荷曲线的包络线。结合实际电网数据验证了所提出方法的有效性和实用性，为概率性短期负荷预测提供了一条可行的新思路。     

基于近似熵的电力系统负荷预测误差分析

为深入探究负荷时间序列预测误差的影响因素,提高负荷预测精度,提出近似熵算法,用于定量刻画负荷时间序列的规律性,全面认识负荷预测误差的成因。采用近似熵算法对负荷时间序列进行分析,确定其规律性的强弱。在此基础上,针对负荷时间序列的规律性与预测误差之间的关系进行研究。算例分析结果表明,近似熵算法可以有效刻画负荷时间序列的规律性,且负荷时间序列的规律性与其预测误差之间有着较强的相关性,证明了方法的正确性和有效性。     

Cyclic electric load forecasting by seasonal SVR with chaotic genetic algorithm

Application of support vector regression (SVR) with chaotic sequence and evolutionary algorithms not only could improve forecasting accuracy performance, but also could effectively avoid converging prematurely (i.e., trapping into a local optimum). However, the tendency of electric load sometimes reveals cyclic changes (such as hourly peak in a working day, weekly peak in a business week, and monthly peak in a demand planned year) due to cyclic economic activities or climate seasonal nature. The applications of SVR model to deal with cyclic electric load forecasting have not been widely explored. This investigation presents a SVR-based electric load forecasting model which applied a novel hybrid algorithm, namely chaotic genetic algorithm (CGA), to improve the forecasting performance. With the increase of the complexity and the larger problem scale of tourism demands, genetic algorithm (GA) is often faced with the problems of premature convergence, slowly reaching the global optimal solution or trapping into a local optimum. The proposed CGA based on the chaos optimization algorithm and GA, which employs internal randomness of chaos iterations, is used to overcome premature local optimum in determining three parameters of a SVR model. A numerical example from an existed reference is used to elucidate the forecasting performance of the proposed SSVRCGA model. The forecasting results indicate that the proposed model yields more accurate forecasting results than ARIMA and TF-ε-SVR-SA models. Therefore, the SSVRCGA model is a promising alternative for electric load forecasting.     

An adaptable automated procedure for short-term electricity loadforecasting

The Irish Electricity Supply Board requires forecasts of system demand or electrical load for: (a) one day ahead; and (b) 7-10 days ahead. Here, the authors concentrate on and give results only for one day ahead forecasts although the method is also applicable for 7-10 days ahead. A forecasting model has been developed which identifies a `normal' or weather-insensitive load component and a weather-sensitive load component. Linear regression analysis of past load and weather data is used to identify the normal load model. The weather-sensitive component of the load is estimated using the parameters of regression analysis. Certain design features of the short-term load forecasting system are important for its successful operation over time. These include adaptability to changing operational conditions, computational economy and robustness. An automated load forecasting system is presented here that includes these design features. A fully automated algorithm for updating the model is described in detail as are the techniques employed in both the identification and treatment of influential points in the data base and the selection of predictors for the weather-load model. Monthly error statistics of forecast load for only one day ahead are presented for recorded weather conditions     

A hybrid economic indices based short-term load forecasting system

The bankruptcy event of Lehman Brothers and the corresponding global economic recession in 2008 and 2009, influenced the electricity load demand patterns for which traditional load forecasting approaches were not able to effectively predict. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a new hybrid economic indices based short-term load forecasting (HEI-STLF) system. In which business indicators, such as the leading index or the coincide index, each combined with stock index as hybrid economic indices influencing factors for the support vector regression (SVR) model, to respond to the economic dynamics and reduce its impact on forecasting accuracy. The Taiwan island-wide electricity load demands from 2008 to 2011 are used as the case study for performance testing with different combinations of the Taiwan business indicator and the Taiwan Stock Exchange Capitalization-Weighted Stock Index (TAIEX). The results show that the proposed HEI-STLF system with hybrid economic indices of an annualized six-month rate of change of composite leading index and a 90 days moving average of TAIEX, achieves the best forecasting performance. Compared to the traditional SVR load forecasting approach, it improves the forecasting accuracy in the best condition by 30.39% in the period when the load demands are affected by the global economic recession.     

短期负荷预测中实时气象因素的影响分析及其处理策略

短期负荷预测对于电力系统安全经济运行有着重要的作用,因此,人们一直致力于研究新的预测模型,提高预测精度。目前,实现提高预测精度这个目标的关键是如何更加合理地考虑气象因素对负荷的影响,因为气象敏感负荷在总负荷中所所占的比重越来越大。长期以来,鉴于气象部门无法提供实时温度等气象预测结果,电力系统所建立的预测模型绝大多数都是基于日特征气象因素,诸如日最高温度、最低温度等。针对短期负荷预测,作者剖析了气象因素的影响和作用,分析了处理不同阶段气象因素的策略,并提出了考虑实时气象因素的短期负荷预测新模型,该模型基于神经网络,力图寻求温度、湿度等实时气象因素与负荷曲线之间的相关关系和变化规律。实际应用表明,文中的预测模型和处理策略可以得到更加精确的预测结果。此短期负荷预测新模型也适用于超短期负荷预测。     

Neural network load forecasting with weather ensemble predictions

In recent years, a large amount of literature has evolved on the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for electric load forecasting. ANNs are particularly appealing because of their ability to model an unspecified nonlinear relationship between load and weather variables. Weather forecasts are a key input when the ANN is used for forecasting. This paper investigates the use of weather ensemble predictions in the application of ANNs to load forecasting for lead times from one to ten days ahead. A weather ensemble prediction consists of multiple scenarios for a weather variable. We use these scenarios to produce multiple scenarios for load. The results show that the average of the load scenarios is a more accurate load forecast than that produced using traditional weather forecasts. We use the load scenarios to estimate the uncertainty in the ANN load forecast. This compares favorably with estimates based solely on historical load forecast errors.     

短期负荷预测中气象因素处理的费歇信息方法

在能提供大量实时负荷数据和气象数据的智能电网大数据环境下,挖掘合适的气象因素处理方法对提高短期负荷预测精度尤为重要。针对一个或多个气象变量,解决一维或多维费歇信息计算问题。在此基础上,提出基于费歇信息的气象因素建模方法及新预测模型。实际测试结果表明:采用所提模型可以获得更精确的预测结果,解决了短期负荷预测中对气象因素处理的主观随意性问题。     

Investigation of the impact of changes in demand forecasting method on the financial performance of an electricity supply undertaking

Peak demand forecasts obtained from six different univariate forecasting methods, under a range of conditions, were used to drive a capacity acquisition model of a large electrical supply system; and the resulting physical and financial performance of the model was observed for each set of forecasts. The results obtained are discussed in the context of their implications for the choice of load forecasting method used in capacity acquisition planning by a power supply undertaking.     

Combination of human and machine-based demand forecasts

Computer generated forecasts, manual predictions, forecasts of principal turning points of the load curve and component day forecasts are major basic load forecast elements available to system control operators. An important requirement of the operational facility is that its human-machine interface should provide a clear structure of information and be linked to an algorithm which combines various on- and off-line predictions to generate a final best estimate demand forecast. In particular, through this association of rule and knowledge based human interference with the data driven on-line methods, the difficulties in forecasting special events demands can be overcome, where the problems of sudden load pattern change and insufficient data often lead to unsatisfactory performance of time series based data extrapolations.

This paper presents a method which combines manually entered (off-line) with automatically generated (on-line) forecasts; its ability to forecast demand during special periods is demonstrated. The method has been implemented in the real time environment and links directly to other programs which calculate unit dispatch schedules.     

Short-term load forecasting based on artificial neural networks parallel implementation

This paper presents the development and application of advanced neural networks to face successfully the problem of the short-term electric load forecasting. Several approaches including Gaussian encoding backpropagation (BP), window random activation, radial basis function networks, real-time recurrent neural networks and their innovative variations are proposed, compared and discussed in this paper. The performance of each presented structure is evaluated by means of an extensive simulation study, using actual hourly load data from the power system of the island of Crete, in Greece. The forecasting error statistical results, corresponding to the minimum and maximum load time-series, indicate that the load forecasting models proposed here provide significantly more accurate forecasts, compared to conventional autoregressive and BP forecasting models. Finally, a parallel processing approach for 24 h ahead forecasting is proposed and applied. According to this procedure, the requested load for each specific hour is forecasted, not only using the load time-series for this specific hour from the previous days, but also using the forecasted load data of the closer previous time steps for the same day. Thus, acceptable accuracy load predictions are obtained without the need of weather data that increase the system complexity, storage requirement and cost.     

基于Shapley值的电力负荷预测结果溯源分析方法

针对由于机器学习的黑盒特性导致负荷预测结果不可溯源的问题,提出一种基于Shapley值的电力负荷预测结果溯源分析方法.阐述利用机器学习技术构建负荷预测模型的一般形式和基本过程;基于负荷预测模型,利用合作博弈论中的Shapley值计算各类负荷影响因素对负荷预测结果的影响;对利用梯度提升决策树算法训练的负荷预测模型的预测结果进行溯源分析.实验结果表明,利用所提方法可以洞察负荷预测过程,从而实现负荷预测结果的溯源分析以及考虑复杂非线性的负荷影响因素分析,也可以在构建负荷预测模型时指导特征选择提升模型的泛化能力.     

Smooth approximation and forecasting of load duration curves

The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for forecasting a load duration curve. The approach adopted in the development is to estimate a load duration curve as a combined linear-exponential function and relate the coefficients of this function to a set of economic and weather related variables. This relationship allows one to forecast the coefficients which are in turn used to provide a forecast of the coefficients of interest.The model presented, for a specific set of data, forecasts well and presents a substantial improvement over existing approaches to obtaining future load duration curves.     

A study on the accuracy of time series modeling of daily power demand

The suitability and reliability of the stochastic time series modeling and forecasting approach to load management are examined through actual applications not only to aggregate system load but also to a variety of load types at the $\text{66}\text{22}$ kV level representing electricity demands in areas of several km². Daily peak demand forecasts with an accuracy comparable with that of telemetering values have been found to be attainable irrespective of load type, thus establishing the practicality and usefulness of the methodology to operations management and network planning.     

基于层次分析法的中长期电力负荷组合预测

针对单一负荷预测方法较难准确预测电力负荷的情况,将层次分析法应用于中长期电力负荷组合预测中,分析组合预测的层次模型和计算方法,以某市2007-2009年用电量进行模拟预测,结果表明该方法预测精度高,具有较强的实用性.     

采用支持向量机图形用户界面的电力负荷组合预测方法

运用多种预测方法对中长期电力负荷预测所得结果会相差甚远,而综合各方法的组合预测能够避免其偏颇。由于在小样本和非线性拟合能力方面的优势,支持向量机方法被用于组合预测：多种传统方法预测值作为输入,拟合输入与输出之间的非线性关系,求得预测结果。针对SVM在处理回归问题时算法编程及参数寻优较为复杂的问题,提出了一种基于SVM图形用户界面（Graphical User Interface,GUI）工具箱的组合预测方法。算例分析表明,运用该方法,在预测过程中可直观、方便地应用通用软件工具包,且预测精度较高,便于推广和工程应用。     

基于小时气象因子的神经网络短期负荷预测模型

目前在短期负荷预测模型中,气象因子的应用主要是其日特征值。负荷对气象因子的响应具有实时性的特点,因此,小时气象因子在负荷预测模型中的应用对提高负荷预测精度具有积极作用。通过分析小时温度、湿度、云量、降水、风等气象因子对电力负荷的影响,并与日气象因子的影响进行对比分析,结果表明:小时气象因子对负荷的影响与日气象因子对负荷的影响特征有很大不同,尤其是在天气发生突然变化时,小时气象因子对电力负荷的影响比日气象因子的影响更加显著。建立了基于小时气象因子的神经网络短期负荷预测模型,预测效果较好。针对目前气象部门对小时气象因子的预测能力及其在实际负荷预测中的应用情况,总结了应用中存在的问题并提出改进策略。