A new microprocessor based islanding protection algorithm fordispersed storage and generation units

The ability to detect when dispersed storage and generation (DSG) units become islanded from the main source of generation enables the DSG to be quickly disconnected from the utility network and for that network to be rebuilt in a safe and orderly manner. The new islanding protection algorithm described in the paper has been developed to be part of an integrated protection package to cover all the protection requirements of a DSG. A selection of the results obtained from extensive laboratory and field tests are presented and show that the algorithm reliably trips for islanding conditions within 120 milliseconds, trips for load fluctuations should the DSG be operating independent of the main source of supply and restrains for single phase faults close to the DSG     

The impact of distributed synchronous generators on quality of electricity supply and transient stability of real distribution network

The paper investigates steady state and transient impact of Distributed Synchronous Generators (DSG) on a real Italian distribution network. Before connecting or allowing the connection of DSG, the worst operating scenarios have to be analyzed to guarantee that the network voltages remain within allowed ranges. A voltage profile variation and steady state voltage regulation are analyzed, therefore following connection of DSG. Transient analysis is also performed in order to analyze the impact of DSG on stability and protection system. Further, the islanding operating mode of the network is considered having in mind that the DSG could provide additional to the load in the absence of the main power supply. In particular, in the event of a supply outage, the temporary islanding operation of DSG might improve the continuity of service and such contribute to the overall quality of electricity supply to the customers.     

Control and protection of a microgrid connected to utility through back-to-back converters

This paper discusses the control and protection of a microgrid that is connected to utility through back-to-back converters. The back-to-back converter connection facilitates bidirectional power flow between the utility and the microgrid. These converters can operate in two different modes-one in which a fixed amount of power is drawn from the utility and the other in which the microgrid power shortfall is supplied by the utility. In the case of a fault in the utility or microgrid side, the protection system should act not only to clear the fault but also to block the back-to-back converters such that its dc bus voltage does not fall during fault. Furthermore, a converter internal mechanism prevents it from supplying high current during a fault and this complicates the operation of a protection system. To overcome this, an admittance based relay scheme is proposed, which has an inverse time characteristic based on measured admittance of the line. The proposed protection and control schemes are able to ensure reliable operation of the microgrid.     

Protective system for a high-power capacitor bank

A new protection system for capacitor banks in the case of a short-circuiting accident is described. A pulsed power system composed of many capacitor units and closing switches is well known for producing a controlled pulse current of high power as for the power source of a plasma experimental device, etc. According to the increase of capacity of a bank system, it becomes important to protect the whole bank system from a short-circuiting accident in a capacitor unit. Although some protective ideas have been proposed, these conventional ideas have not been sufficient to absorb the energy flowing into the failure unit from other normal units. Constructing the new 1-MJ capacitor bank for a plasma experimental device, a newly conceived protective device is designed. The new protection system can absorb the bank energy and suppress the short-circuiting current flowing into the failure capacitor units, and overcomes the defect in former protection systems. To confirm the utility of a new protection system, a test of a protection resistor imitating the actual bank circuit was made. The test result showed that absorbable energy for the unit ceramic resistor amounted to 1500 Joule/cc. The new system is adopted to the bank system of the TPE-1RM15 plasma experimental device.     

A Decision Analysis Model to Determine the Appropriate Level of Protection for the Small Power Producer/Utility Interconnection

This paper formulates a methodology to aid in deciding on the appropriate quality and quantity of protection equipment required for a small electric power producing device, known in the industry as dispersed storage and generation (DSG). In this methodology, a discrete state-space model of the response of both the utility's and DSG's protection equipment to shunt and series faults on an electric distribution feeder is developed. The parameters of the model are linked to the component reliabilities of the protection schemes and the specific characteristics of the distribution system. The mathematics of semi-Markov theory are used in the methodology to calculate the expected annual damage costs for various protection schemes. The total costs are calculated for alternative protection schemes by considering equipment damaqe, repair time, lost revenue, outage costs, and time spent in different operating states during the hazardous conditions. This methodology is useful to electric utilities, small power producers, and regulatory bodies who must make decisions regarding the adequacy as well as the cost-effectiveness of protection requirements for DSG installations.     

Interconnection protection of IPP generators atcommercial/industrial facilities

Much of the new generation capacity installed during the next millennium will be accomplished through the construction of independent power producer (IPP) generating facilities. These facilities can take the form of small dispersed generating units, or large-capacity plants owned and even operated by nonutility personnel. It is forecasted that many of these dispersed generating units will be at smaller industrial and commercial facilities and operating in parallel with the utility system to reduce energy cost through load sharing or “peak shaving.” This paper discusses the protection requirements to interconnect these generators to utility systems, as well as methods to reconnect these generators after interconnect protection tripping     

Adaptive algorithm for transmission line protection in the presence of UPFC

The presence of flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) controllers in transmission lines causes mal-operation of distance relays. The series-shunt FACTS devices have larger influence on the performance of the relays compare to the other FACTS controllers. Furthermore, high-resistance fault is another factor that relay become under-reach and cannot correctly identify the fault. In this paper, a method is provided based on synchrophasors to eliminate the effects of unified power-flow controller (UPFC) and fault resistance on the distance relay. In the presented method, the data of voltage and current signals of buses will be sent to system protection center (SPC). In SPC, an algorithm is provided based on active power calculation in buses which is able to eliminate the effects of both mentioned factors. The main advantage of the proposed method, in addition to the simplicity of the algorithm, is the ability to operate in all types of faults and in high-resistance faults. Furthermore, a technique is presented in this paper to calculate UPFC data. A comparison has been performed between this technique and another method where UPFC data is directly transmitted to SPC by communication channel. In modeling of UPFC, detail model is used based on 48-pulses voltage source converters.     

新型微电网外部短路故障保护方案

结合微电网与配电网的隔离策略,提出了一种基于正序故障分量原理的新型微电网外部短路故障保护方案。该原理分别提取微电网与配电网之间的联络线两端的正序故障分量进行阻抗计算,然后利用阻抗角构成的新判据确定是否发生微电网外部故障。该原理无需考虑负荷电流和故障电阻的影响,克服了微电网故障时短路故障电流小以及潮流双向流动的问题。同时采用正序故障分量电流幅值差动保护作为阻抗角保护判据的启动判据,构成了一套完整有效的微电网外部短路故障保护方案。用PSCAD/EMTDC建立一个连接配电网的微电网仿真模型,进行各种短路故障仿真,仿真结果验证了所述保护方案的正确性和有效性。     

电流差动保护在逆变型新能源场站送出线路中的适应性分析

新能源电源通过电力电子装置并网,其故障特性受控制策略影响而发生根本性变化,传统继电保护原理存在适应性问题。送出线路作为新能源场站电力外送的关键通道,其主保护电流差动保护能否正确动作对于新能源高效利用和系统安全运行十分重要。针对逆变型新能源场站,推导了逆变型新能源电源短路电流表达式,分析了各相短路电流之间的相位关系及其影响因素。在此基础上,分析了送出线路发生不对称短路时电流差动保护在并网系统为强、弱两种情形下的动作性能。研究结果表明,送出线路发生两相短路时,差动保护在并网系统为弱系统时存在拒动的风险、为强系统时灵敏性下降但不会拒动;送出线路发生接地故障时,零序电流的存在使得差动保护在并网系统为强、弱系统时均能可靠灵敏动作。实时数字仿真器(RTDS)试验验证了理论分析。研究结论为逆变型新能源场站送出线路主保护配置提供了参考。     

基于暂态能量的输电线路速动保护方案

利用母线杂散电容吸收高频分量的特点,构成了能准确区分区内、区外故障的速动保护方案。对输电线路保护安装处的电压、电流进行模量转换得到模量电压和模量电流,并将模量电压和电流进行Daubechies 4小波变换得到所需频段的低频信息和高频信息,利用这些信息计算得到相应频段的频谱能量,然后得到模量电压和模量电流的暂态特征,将电压和电流的暂态特征综合起来得到故障后的暂态能量,该暂态能量可用来识别故障位置。该保护方案的灵敏度不受过渡电阻、雷击、故障类型、负荷电流、系统运行方式等因素的影响。此外,由于保护的数据窗很短,电压互感器、电流互感器的传变特性对保护的性能没有影响。     

基于EWT能量熵的直流短路故障辨识

针对现有直流牵引供电系统短路故障辨识中列车过分段导致电流变化率和电流增量(DDL)保护误动作的问题,提出基于经验小波变换能量熵的方法识别列车过分段电流与远端短路故障电流。该方法采用经验小波将电流信号自适应地分解为多个紧支撑的经验模态函数,基于经验模态函数的能量权重构建能量熵,定量地描述了馈线电流信号的能量在时频分布的复杂性。采用大量列车过分段电流和远端短路电流数据对该方法进行验证,证明了该方法与DDL保护配合可以提高短路故障识别的正确率。     

An adaptive supervised wide-area backup protection scheme for transmission lines protection

Maloperation of conventional relays is becoming prevalent due to ever increase in complexity of conventional power grids. They are dominant during power system contingencies like power swing, load encroachment, voltage instability, unbalanced loading, etc. In these situations, adaptive supervised wide-area backup protection (ASWABP) plays a major role in enhancing the power system reliability. A balance between security and dependability of protection is essential to maintain the reliability. This paper proposes multi-phasor measurement units (MPMU) based ASWABP scheme that can function effectively during faults besides power system contingencies. MPMU is an extended version of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU). It is an intelligent electronic device which estimates the synchronized predominant harmonic phasors (100Hz and 150Hz) along with the fundamental phasors (50Hz) of three phase voltages and currents with high precision. The proposed ASWABP scheme can detect the fault, identify the parent bus, determine the faulty branch and classify the faults using MPMU measurements at System Protection Center (SPC). Based on these MPMU measurements (received at phasor data concentrator (PDC) at SPC) the appropriate relays will be supervised to enhance the overall reliability of the power grid. Numerous case studies are conducted on WSCC-9 bus and IEEE-14 bus systems to illustrate the security and dependability attributes of proposed ASWABP scheme in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Also, comparative studies are performed with the existing conventional distance protection (Mho relays) for corroborating the superiority of the proposed scheme regarding security and dependability. Comparative studies have shown that the proposed scheme can be used as adaptive supervised wide-area backup protection of conventional distance protection     

新型可再生能源发电馈网系统研究

提出了采用电流型脉冲整流器实现的风能或太阳能发电并网的新方法 ,对电流型脉冲整流器的逆变特性和直流至交流具有的升压特性进行了分析研究 ,该方案很好地解决了采用电压型脉冲整流器并网发电 ,在风速低于同步转速时无法将同步发电机所发出的电能充分回收的问题。控制系统采用了DSP控制芯片 (TMS32 0C2 4 0 )。实验证明 ,所述系统在用于风力发电低风速时和用于太阳能发电光线较弱时依然能将电能高品质的回馈电网     

计及故障点两侧零序电流相位差的新能源送出线路接地故障时域距离保护研究

新能源电源故障电流呈现弱馈性、强受控性并具有大量的间谐波,导致现有工频量距离保护可靠性下降,而时域距离保护主要根据方程求解故障距离,受新能源短路电流特性影响较小。针对新能源送出线路较长时,线路分布电容对零序电流相位的影响不可忽略,进而导致故障距离的计算产生较大偏差的问题,提出了一种计及故障点两侧零序电流相位差的新能源送出线路时域距离保护改进方案。首先,计及故障点两侧零序电流相位差的影响,将过渡电阻等效为过渡阻抗。然后,通过列写故障回路方程并求解故障距离,形成保护判据。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC大量仿真实验,验证了所提时域距离保护方案计算故障距离的误差较小,可以较好地适用于新能源经中长距离交流线路送出的场景。     

基于突变能量比值的多端柔性直流电网闭锁式纵联保护方案

多端直流电网中的限流电抗器集中配置,直流线路之间边界元件的缺失将使区内、区外故障的辨别变得困难。针对上述多端柔性直流电网,提出了一种基于突变能量比值的闭锁式纵联保护方案。以保护安装处的突变能量作为启动判据检测直流电网中的故障,利用故障前、反行波在换流站两侧的突变能量比值差异构造保护动作判据。双端保护判断完成后,仅需进行逻辑交换即可决定是否执行跳闸。在PSCAD/EMTDC平台上验证了所提保护方案的有效性,仿真结果表明该保护方案能够有效辨别区内、区外故障,并拥有较好的耐过渡电阻能力和抗噪声能力。     

Utility Wind Integration and Operating Impact State of the Art

In only six years, from 2000 to 2006, wind energy has become a significant resource on many electric utility systems, with nearly 74 000 MW of nameplate capacity installed worldwide at the end of 2006. Wind energy is now "utility scale" and can affect utility system planning and operations for both generation and transmission. The utility industry in general, and transmission system operators in particular, are beginning to take note. At the end of 2005, the Power Engineering Society (PES) published a special issue of its Power & Energy Magazine that focused on integrating wind into the power system. This paper provides a summary and update on many of the salient points from that special issue about the current state of knowledge regarding utility wind integration issues.     

基于余弦相似度的新能源场站T接型送出线路纵联保护

新能源场站T接型线路保护受新能源电源短路电流幅值受限、畸变的故障特征以及T接型线路拓扑影响,传统电流相量差动保护不能同时满足区外故障可靠性与区内故障灵敏性,存在误、拒动风险。因此,在分析T接型线路对基于余弦相似度纵联保护主判据影响的基础上,提出了基于余弦相似度特征判据的T接型线路纵联保护。综合考虑了电流互感器饱和、发展性故障与电流互感器二次侧断线的影响,研究了相应辅助判据。仿真结果表明,所提保护原理能够在新能源场站T接型线路中可靠识别区内外故障,并应对电流互感器饱和与发展性故障场景,且在常规采样频率下动作性能良好,适应不同类型新能源场站的故障特征。现场数据验证了所提新原理保护的有效性。     

直流牵引网故障电流能量谱及特征矢量

故障信息的识别和处理是继电保护技术的基础。针对直流牵引网故障波形,定义牵引网负荷电流的能量谱,构造模式识别的特征矢量,实现了对牵引网的状态识别与故障诊断。实验证明,能量谱分析可有效提取牵引网的故障信息,所构造的特征矢量可实现牵引网运行模式空间的划分,提高了直流牵引网继电保护的灵敏性。能量谱保护方法是一种行之有效的牵引网保护方法。     

Reliability of various industrial substations

Many utility and industrial substation configurations have been designed to interconnect energy sources and individual industrial load points. The design, protection schemes, and operating procedures of a substation configuration directly affect the reliability of the power supply to these load points. When an existing or planned substation configuration is unreliable, the question is: which substation configuration will be more reliable? Another question is: what reliability methodology will account for the protection schemes in place, the operating procedures and the common cause failures of utility supplies? This paper will discuss and present a reliability analysis of eight basic industrial substation configurations that are typically used inside process plants. The zone branch reliability methodology is used to calculate load point reliability indexes of each substation configuration. The reliability analysis includes open and short-circuit failure modes of circuit protective devices, operating practices and common cause failures of utility supplies. The significant impact of common cause utility supply failures on load point reliability levels will be presented and discussed in detail.     

Coordinating cascaded surge protection devices: high-low versuslow-high

Cascading surge protection devices located at the service entrance of a building and near the sensitive equipment are intended to ensure that each device shares the surge stress in an optimum manner to achieve reliable protection of equipment against surges impinging from the utility supply. However, depending on the relative clamping voltages of the two devices, their separation distances, and the waveform of the impinging surges, the coordination may or may not be effective. Computations with experimental verification of the energy deposited in the devices for a matrix of combinations of these three parameters is provided. Results show coordination to be effective for some combinations and ineffective for some others, which is a finding that should reconcile contradictory conclusions reported by different authors making different assumptions. From these results, improved coordination can be developed by application standards writers and system designers