The role of carbon capture and storage in the race to carbon neutrality

Research and observable climate impacts point almost unequivocally to the need for a larger and faster climate mitigation effort that includes capturing and permanently storing CO₂ both from large sources and from the atmosphere directly. Carbon capture and storage technologies are mature and available, with considerable real-world experience, but their deployment is still limited. We examine why this is so and suggest viable path forward.     

Texas electricity service crisis through an energy justice lens

The ongoing energy transition, including the rapid electrification of energy services, reinforces the importance of secure and reliable electricity infrastructure. Electricity as a critical energy carrier cuts across sectoral boundaries, including but not limited to public health, national security, education, and transportation. Electricity markets treat electricity as a commodity bought and sold in the different restructured markets of the United States and are a critical feature of power systems shaping the energy transition. However, current electricity market developments primarily rely on techno-economic indicators and fall short of incorporating ethical considerations to spur energy transition towards 100% renewable electricity as end-use energy. Even though electricity markets are designed based on the assumption that they are socially valuable, they essentially go unmeasured based on social and ethical parameters and are largely measured using technical and economic tools and criteria. These inadequacies in the development of electricity markets fail to provide energy and other allied services, particularly during and in the aftermath of a disaster, to the people who need them the most. This paper aims to provide an analytical framework using the foundational approach of energy justice for looking at the electricity market development. The paper utilizes the case of the Texas electricity market and its role in dealing with the electricity crisis in Texas during the winter storm of 2021 from the critical lens of energy justice. The paper shows that using the foundational approach of energy justice, the electricity market can be designed more ethically by considering electricity as means rather than only a market commodity.     

Developing a legal framework for energy storage technologies in the U.S: The case of pumped underground storage hydro

The Energy Act of 2020 authorizes $1 billion over five years from 2021 to 2025 to support energy storage development in the United States. In addition, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Orders 841 and 2222 opened the wholesale energy markets for distributed energy resources, including energy storage. The statute and orders pave the way for novel energy storage technologies to participate in electricity markets as the qualifying facilities, thereby expanding opportunities for energy storage development. However, the existing policy, legal, and regulatory regime, including these much-welcomed newcomers, fails to recognize and support the entire spectrum of benefits that some forms of energy storage create. In this paper, we focus on Pumped Underground Storage Hydro (PUSH), a variant of pumped hydro storage (PHS), which currently provides over 90% of the world's energy storage capacity. PUSH operates with the same principle as PHS; however, it is an entirely underground variant of PHS. In addition to becoming competitive in the wholesale electricity market, PUSH facilities can be developed as community infrastructure in the postindustrial landscape, particularly in abandoned underground mines. Given federal energy law and policy development, this paper identifies how communities with abandoned mines, technically feasible for PUSH facilities and operating as municipal-owned utilities or cooperatives, can participate and take advantage of federal legislation. We further look into the implications through the lens of technical, economic, and social aspects of energy justice. We consider energy justice as a conceptual framework that seeks to explain the occurrence of injustice within energy system decisions and outcomes and how policymakers can respond to these injustices. We use it as a conceptual tool for understanding policy formulation and detailing the energy system's missing ethical and justice dimension. We argue that as a technically mature technology, PUSH facilities can act as a potential means to speed up the energy transition in the United States. The federal and state law along with utility market structures are vital in shaping the potential opportunities and barriers for energy storage facilities like PUSH. We show that although it supports PUSH development, there are gaps in the current market structure, specifically in the regulatory framework, when seen through the lens of justice and valuation of just energy services. These gaps limit the realization of utility-scale energy storage technology's potential to fully contribute to a decarbonized energy system that is more resilient and more just than the incumbent system.     

A review of conflict detection and resolution modeling methods

A number of methods have been proposed to automate air traffic conflict detection and resolution (CDR), but there has been little cohesive discussion or comparative evaluation of approaches. The paper presents a survey of 68 CDR modeling methods, several of which are currently in use or under operational evaluation. A framework that articulates the basic functions of CDR is used to categorize the models. The taxonomy includes: dimensions of state information (vertical, horizontal, or three-dimensional, 3-D); method of dynamic state propagation (nominal, worst case, or probabilistic); conflict detection threshold; conflict resolution method (prescribed, optimized, force field, or manual); maneuvering dimensions (speed change, lateral, vertical, or combined manoeuvres); and management of multiple aircraft conflicts (pairwise or global). An overview of important considerations for these and other CDR functions is provided, and the current system design process is critiqued     

A 1‐Gbps reference‐less burst‐mode CDR with embedded TDC in a 65‐nm CMOS process

A reference‐less all‐digital burst‐mode clock and data recovery circuit (CDR) is proposed in the paper. The burst‐mode CDR includes a coarse and a fine time‐to‐digital converter (TDC) with embedded phase generator. A low‐power current‐starved inverter is employed as the delay unit of the fine TDC to acquire the high measurement resolution. A calibration method to diminish the inherent delay is used to reduce the quantization error of the recovery clock. The proposed CDR is fabricated in a 65‐nm CMOS process. Experiment results show that the CDR operates from 0.9 to 1.1 Gbps and have a 13‐bit consecutive identical digits (CIDs) tolerance.     

Delay‐locked loop based clock and data recovery with wide operating range and low jitter in a 65‐nm CMOS process

A delay‐locked loop (DLL) based clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit with a half‐rate clock is proposed. The CDR includes a coarse and a fine tuned block, in which the novel coarse and fine phase detectors form closed loops. It is designed in a 65‐nm complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process using a 1.2‐V supply voltage. The simulation results show that it can cover a wide operating range from 500 Mbps to 8 Gbps and the corresponding peak‐to‐peak jitters are 1.63 ps and 0.96 ps, respectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A 43-Gb/s clock and data recovery OEIC integrating an InP-InGaAs HPT oscillator with an HBT decision circuit

This paper presents a 43-Gb/s clock and data recovery (CDR) optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) that consists of a 43-GHz heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) oscillator as an optoelectronic clock recovery circuit and a 40-Gb/s-class heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) decision circuit. The layer and fabrication process of the HPT and HBT are fully compatible, and the HPT has a photocoupling window in the emitter electrode for optical access from the top. When the HPT is directly illuminated, the HPT oscillator successfully extracts a 43-GHz electrical clock signal from a 43-Gb/s optical data stream by itself. The OEIC regenerates the data signal input into the HBT decision circuit by using the electrical clock signal optoelectronically extracted by the HPT oscillator. The CDR OEIC achieves error-free operation for a 2/sup 31/-1 PRBS data signal. The power dissipation of the OEIC is only 0.79 W, which is less than half that of a fully electrical 40-Gb/s-class CDR IC. This is the first successful demonstration of HPT-based OEICs integrated with HBT digital circuits operating at such a high bit rate.     

BLVDS总线控制系统中CDR及SerDes电路的设计与实现

时钟数据恢复与解复用电路是串行通信系统中接收端的关键电路,其性能的优劣直接影响了整个系统的功能.本文改进了传统的双环时钟数据恢复电路,提出了一种基于空间过采样、时钟数据恢复与串并转换同步完成的双环结构并应用于BLVDS总线控制原型系统中,该原型系统经380项测试,在节点数为5个、收发距离最长为131 m、通信速率达20 MHz时电路工作稳定,同步时间小于10-6 s,误码率低于10-9.     

A 6‐Gbps/lane receiver for a clock‐forwarded link in 65‐nm CMOS process

For a 6‐Gbps/lane clock‐forwarded link, a wireline receiver has been developed. The phases of the sampling clocks are aligned to the center of the input data eye by a clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit. In the CDR circuit, the sampling clock phases are rotated by a phase rotating phase locked loop (PLL). A three‐tap decision feedback equalizer (DFE) compensates for the loss of cable together with a continuous‐time linear equalizer (CTLE) to ensure sufficient eye opening for the CDR circuit to find the optimum sampling phase. The DFE coefficients are adaptively calculated based on the data and edge samples. Implemented in a 65‐nm CMOS process, the three‐lane 6‐Gbps/lane receiver for a clock‐forwarded link occupies 0.63 mm² including pads and consumes 288 mA from a 1.2‐V supply. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Traffic Accident Recording and Reporting Model at Intersections

In this paper, we suggested a vision-based traffic accident detection algorithm and developed a system for automatically detecting, recording, and reporting traffic accidents at intersections. A system with these properties would be beneficial in determining the cause of accidents and the features of an intersection that impact safety. This model first extracts the vehicles from the video image of the charge-couple-device camera, tracks the moving vehicles (MVs), and extracts features such as the variation rate of the velocity, position, area, and direction of MVs. The model then makes decisions on the traffic accident based on the extracted features. In a field test, the suggested model achieved a correct detection rate (CDR) of 50% and a detection rate of 60%. Considering that a sound-based accident detection system showed a CDR of 1% and a DR of 66.1%, our result is a remarkable achievement     

Non‐idealities in linear CDR phase detectors

The effects of circuit non‐idealities in a “Hogge”‐type phase detector are examined. Using a behavioral model for each circuit block, it is shown that various circuit non‐idealities introduce static phase offset in the phase detector, reduce the monotonic range of its transfer characteristics and eventually degrade the capture range and jitter tolerance of the clock and data recovery (CDR) loop. Lower bounds on the bandwidths of the various blocks in the CDR are also established in order to avoid variations of the transfer characteristics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bang‐bang cycle‐slip detector improves jitter‐tolerance in SONET PLL/DLL CDR

The phase‐locked loop circuit (PLL) cycle‐slips (CS) phenomenon is a problem in two‐level baseband clock and data recovery (CDR) data‐synchronization. A singular example is that of a CDR synchronizer that uses a PLL in cascaded with delay‐lock‐loop (P/DLL) architecture. The CS issue is most evident when testing jitter‐tolerance to sine‐modulated jitter, particularly for sine‐modulated jitter‐frequencies near the PLL bandwidth. Reuse of a bang‐bang frequency‐detector, already on board of reference‐less CDRs, does CS detection and provides for suppression producing a clean demodulation. In the cascaded‐DLL of Rhee's P/DLL [1], this CS‐suppressed PLL‐clock assures proper DLL operation to broadband the jitter‐tolerance recommendation of the synchronous optical network (SONET). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

跨省江河水量分配的理论基础与定量方法

跨省江河水量分配是协调人类-自然用水矛盾以及省区用水矛盾的基础和前提。跨省江河水量分配的本质是利益分配,其理论基础既包括自然科学也包括社会科学。本文基于政治学中的正义理论和经济学中的产权理论,阐述了水资源分配应遵循的基本原则;结合水资源供需关系与水文丰枯特性,构建了跨省江河水量分配的定量模型;并以无定河流域和渭河流域为对象,对丰水和缺水两种情景进行了案例分析。结果表明：基于正义理论和产权理论的水量分配模型满足了人类和自然用水的基本需求,社会矛盾小,可操作性强,可以较好地平衡流域各省份的生活、生产、生态用水矛盾。     

一种改进的倍流整流方式ZVS PWM全桥变换器

本文提出一种改进的倍流整流方式零电压开关PWM全桥变换器(CDR ZVS PWM FB变换器)，它在基本的CDR ZVS PWM FB变换器的变压器原边串入一个阻断电容，保留了基本变换器可在很宽负载范围内实现开关管的ZVS和输出整流管自然换流的优点，同时对变压器的漏感没有严格要求。本文分析了改进变换器的工作原理，讨论了超前管和滞后管各自实现ZVS的特点，并通过一个540W的原理样机验证改进变换器的工作原理，论文最后给出实验结果。     

一种改进的倍流整流方式ZVS PWM全桥变换器

提出了一种改进的倍流整流方式零电压开关PWM全桥变换器 (CDRZVSPWMFB变换器 ) ,即在基本的CDRZVSPWMFB变换器的变压器一次侧串入一个阻断电容。它保留了基本变换器可在很宽负载范围内实现开关管的ZVS和输出整流管自然换流的优点 ,同时对变压器的漏感没有严格要求。阐述了改进变换器的工作原理 ,讨论了超前管和滞后管各自实现ZVS的特点 ,并通过一台 5 40W的原理样机的完成验证了改进变换器的工作原理 ,最后给出实验结果     

The co-benefits of California offshore wind electricity

California has set forth an ambitious goal of generating all its electricity from carbon-free technologies by 2045. Offshore wind (OSW) presents several attractive system, economic, and environmental attributes to help the state achieve these goals. Inclusion of OSW into the clean electricity generation portfolio could contribute significantly to total resource cost savings. In addition, OSW offers several major co-benefits. Its high and consistent capacity factor and generation time profile complements that of solar and helps enhance renewable electricity generation reliability. OSW could also be instrumental in early retirement of costly and pollution-heavy natural gas plants and lead to substantial job creations. Moreover, California could reap additional economic co-benefits from the development of a local wind energy industry. Additionally, OSW has the potential to advance environmental justice through reduction of ordinary air pollutants in urban areas and by bringing economic opportunities to lagging areas. At the same time, there are multiple challenges that must be addressed for OSW to reach its full potential. Our analysis is intended also to serve as a template for studies elsewhere by providing a comprehensive framework for estimating co-benefits, taking account of important local conditions, and identification of challenges and how they might be overcome.     

Nonlinear Distortion in a Silicon Microring-Based Electro-Optic Modulator for Analog Optical Links

We analyze silicon microring modulators for analog signal generation, in terms of harmonic and intermodulation distortions. Free carrier plasma dispersion effect in silicon, Lorentzian-shaped resonance profile, and cavity photon lifetime are identified as the sources of modulation nonlinearity. Simulations show that the silicon microring modulators exhibit good modulation index and carrier-to-distortion ratio (CDR). For the generation of 10-GHz suboctave analog signals, a high optical-modulation-index of up to 46%, a CDR of 57 dB, and a spurious free dynamic range of 96 dB can be obtained. In fiber transmission, the microring-generated signal CDR can be improved by 10 dB due to the interaction between frequency chirp and chromatic dispersion.      

哈里斯20—20中国1号信令显示来话主叫号码

哈里斯２０－２０交换机２３．００版本以上可在呼叫详细记录中查询入中继主叫号码,举例示范（５张收集路由表）。     

一种新型双管正-反激直流变换器

该文提出一种对称式RCD箝位的倍流整流双管正-反激型直流变换器.它采用两个RCD电路交错筘位的结构,克服了传统双管正激型变换器占空比D＜0.5的缺点.在继承单管有源筘位正-反激型变换器的宽范围输入、高效率优点的同时,将主开关管电压应力降低为原来的一半.改进的RCD箝位结构是一种轻微耗散型箝位电路,大幅提高传统RCD型电路磁复位效率.该文详细分析了变换器稳态工作特性以及关键参数的设计,通过一个200V～400V输入、10V/15A输出的样机验证了该拓扑工作原理和特点.     

Social science for the next decade of carbon capture and storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been an object of social science research for nearly two decades now. However, CCS has moved beyond coal-fired electricity, and its roles in industrial decarbonization and atmospheric carbon dioxide removal are newly valued. Is the earlier social science research on CCS applicable to the current moment, or has the context and the object of inquiry changed? This paper assesses whether existing findings are fit-for-purpose, arguing that there are some useful insights, but they have not been applied well to CCS policy and development. The early period of social science research also faces topical and methodological limitations. The paper identifies four areas for social science research for this decade of broader CCS applications — researching CCS in the context of decarbonization, tradeoffs, and a just transition; shifting the focus from “whether” to “how” questions around deployment, including benefits and environmental justice dimensions; exploring new approaches to public engagement globally; and researching how understandings of CCS evolve within the current social media and information landscape.