Comparison of on-line partial discharge detection methods for HV cable joints

The capacitive coupler, acoustic emission (AE) sensor and radio frequency current transducer (RFCT) have been used to detect partial discharge (PD) activity within a 132 kV prefabricated cable joint containing a known defect. Although each of the three methods has been applied individually under different situations, a comprehensive investigation and comparison of these three methods has not yet been made. Results obtained were compared to measurements made using the conventional electrical detection method. The quantification of the capacitive coupler measured signal in mV with a discharge apparent quantity in pC has been investigated and an on-line quantification method proposed. The capacitive coupler has good detection sensitivity and PD location can be realised by studying the time of Right between signals from two sensors. The difference in pulse shape, spectrum and time of flight between an internal discharge and external interference has been investigated. The AE approach has the advantage of being free from electrical interference. However, investigation indicated that AE signals were significantly attenuated within the cable joint. RFCTs were used to detect the discharge current flowing through the cable sheath. Where the detection sensitivity was low, a wavelet de-noising method was applied to process the RFCT signals and proved to tie effective in increasing the measurement signal to noise ratio.     

An improved optically based PD detection system for continuous on-line monitoring of HV cables

An optically-based remote sensing technique using a laser source, polarization scrambler, standard single mode fibers, fiber polarizer, electro-optic (EO) modulator and optical receiver, for continuous on-line monitoring of partial discharges (PD) in high voltage cable joints is proposed. Both the fiber polarizer and EO modulator, which are placed near cable joints, are passive without any power requirements. An EO modulator with no electrical bias, which operates close to the half-intensity point, was used and proved to have much better light transmission performance and higher measurement sensitivity than the bias modulator approach investigated earlier. Various multiplexing techniques including optical switches and a fused fiber coupler have been investigated in order to implement multi-channel monitoring so that one laser source can be used to provide light to several fibers. The revised PD optical remote sensing technique has been applied to practical PD measurements on both 132 kV cable joint at the University of Southampton in the UK and 400 kV cable joints at Sudkabel GmbH in Germany. Obtained results have verified the principle and demonstrated the effectiveness of the developed technique.     

超高频技术检测高压电力电缆及接头中局部放电的研究

本文介绍了超高频技术检测高压电力电缆及接头中局部放电的特点 ,对超高频电容耦合器做了一定的研究 ,并给出了试验系统和结果 ,此外简介了国内外在这方面的发展现状     

Partial discharge on-line monitoring for HV cable systems using electro-optic modulators

A technique for the remote inspection and monitoring of partial discharge (PD) activity using an optical network is described. The network uses a LiNbO/sub 3/, modulator to modulate the intensity of the transmitted laser light approximately proportional to the voltage applied across the modulator. The laser light is transmitted along an optical fibre and measured remotely by a high-speed optical receiver. A capacitive coupler has been used to detect partial discharge activity and act as the modulator's input voltage source. The electro-optic modulator is passive and does not require a power supply at the site of the PD detection sensor. The system has the additional advantages of being immune to electromagnetic interference, having very little signal transmission attenuation, with good sensitivity, compact size, as well as being convenient to use and safe. Both simulation experiments and practical PD tests on two cable systems have indicated that the optical system provides a feasible remote PD monitoring technique for high voltage cable systems.     

On-line partial discharge detection in cables

This paper describes an on-line PD (partial discharge) detection technique applicable to power cables. The method can be applied to both wire screen and solid shielded cables. In wire screen shielded cables, PD components with frequencies <100 MHz can be detected at distances over 150 m from the source, PD activity with levels as low as 20 pC can be detected within 100 m. However, in the case of solid shielded cables, PD levels of ⩾50 pC can be measured within 60 m in the frequency range <50 MHz. This method also can be utilized to check cable accessories such as splices and terminations. PD pulses with frequencies to ~300 MHz can be measured near the joints and terminations. The suitability and the sensitivity of the VHF technique were checked against two other alternative PD detecting techniques (pulse phase analyzer and high speed digital oscilloscope) by performing PD measurements in standard air gap and defects induced in EPR-insulated cable under laboratory-controlled conditions. The suitability and sensitivity of the VHF method were as good as the two alternative PD detection techniques     

XLPE电缆及接头局部放电的超高频测量与分析

超高频的局部放电测量是目前国外电力设备绝缘检测研究的焦点问题之一。本文建立了一套超高频局部放电的测量系统，设计了XLPE电力电缆及其接头局部放电超高频测量的电容耦合传感器，分析了传感器的等效电路，测量了其频率响应，对电缆以及接头中的实际放电进行了测量分析。     

Numerical simulation of partial discharge propagation in cable joints using the finite difference time domain method

In this second of a series of three papers, the authors investigate partial discharge (PD) detection and propagation in cable joints. The complex nature of cable joints leads to errors when PD analysis is carried out using conventional equivalent circuits. The authors use the finite difference time domain method to determine the transient electromagnetic fields caused by simulated PD in model cable joints.     

振荡波电压法检测交联聚乙烯电缆中间接头新缺陷的试验与仿真

振荡波电压法主要是利用电缆等值电容与电感线圈的串联谐振原理。振荡电压的多次极性变换可在电缆缺陷处激发出局部放电信号,通过高频耦合器测量该信号可达到检测目的。采用振荡波电压法对一条退运电缆且中间接头分别存在压接管表面误用绝缘胶带、主绝缘表面存在水膜时的情况进行了研究。结果表明振荡波电压法对压接管表面误用绝缘胶带缺陷的检出效果比较明显,对其它一些缺陷检出效果不明显,基于有限元分析方法的电场仿真结果也验证了这一点。因此振荡波电压法可否作为10kV交联聚乙烯电缆入网试验的一种替代方法有待进一步研究。     

Calibration of capacitive couplers for online PD detection in HV cables

Possible online quantification and calibration methods for capacitive couplers have been investigated experimentally. The purpose of the calibration is to ensure that if two different systems are used to measure the same sample, they measure the same "apparent PD magnitude," which is the charge transfer at the sample electrodes. Evolved from the conventional electrical method, the terminal injection method for calibration of capacitive couplers has been accepted as a standard approach. However, for online, on-site calibration, alternative methods that approximate the terminal injection method have to be used, because the terminals generally either not accessible or are too distant from the sensor. This paper investigates possible online calibration methods used for capacitive couplers and compares the obtained results. The advantages and limitations as well as the sources of error are discussed in detail. Frequency response test have been undertaken on capacitive couplers to determine their performance over their potential bandwidth. According to linear systems theory, this is an efficient experimental method to determine system behavior when the theoretical model of the system is difficult to obtain. Approximated transfer function model can be obtained from analysis of the frequency response data.     

基于电磁耦合注入的电力电缆局部缺陷在线定位方法

为了解决现有频域反射方法仅能在离线情况下对电缆缺陷进行定位检测的不足,提出了一种基于频域反射法和电磁耦合技术的电缆缺陷在线定位方法。首先,依据电缆分布参数模型对含有局部缺陷的电缆进行仿真建模,分析了不同电容变化程度的缺陷点与不同测试频率对电缆缺陷定位效果的影响。然后,探究了传感器结构对信号注入效率的影响。最后,分别在实验室105 m和500 m电力电缆上进行验证,在离线测试情况下,通过改变105 m电缆末端负载阻值,模拟不同电缆负载下的线路情况,并分析其对局部缺陷处和电缆末端处反射强度的影响。在带电测试情况下,通过串联谐振平台对500 m电缆进行通电,利用所提在线定位方法对该电缆进行测试,以检验所提方法的有效性。仿真及实验结果表明：相较于电缆离线定位测试方法,该方法能够在电缆通电的状态下,实现对电缆缺陷点的在线定位,且具有较高定位精度和识别灵敏度。     

Partial discharges and associated transients: the induced charge concept versus capacitive modeling

Ensuring a reliable electric service to industrial, commercial and residential customers is becoming an important parameter for every electricity company due to the increased demand from the customers for less downtime, high productivity and reduced maintenance cost of machinery caused by unscheduled frequent interruptions due to underground power cable failures. The presence of partial discharges (PD) is one of the most prominent indicators of defects and ongoing degradation processes of electrical insulation. The capacitive network representation of the void (model) has long been used for the study of the transients generated by a breakdown void. As an alternative to the capacitive representation of the void (model) the induced charge concept has been introduced expressing strong criticism against the capacitance modeling of voids. This paper discusses and argues this criticism and exploits the potential and weakness of the classical capacitive representation of the voids from a theoretical point of view. Finally, a new capacitive model for voids is proposed based on the induced charge concept.     

导电硅橡胶弹性体的性能与影响因素

介绍了在一定用途的绝缘聚合物上加适量导电填料(导电炭黑)生产导电塑料与导电硅橡胶弹体等导电聚合材料的方法。聚合材料的导电率随填料量的增加先缓慢上升,当填料量达到渗透极限后则以指数曲线快速上升。这种材料的机、电性能取决于原料和加工方法,与温度、拉伸、压力、电场状况等多种因素相关。此材料产品可应用于高电压及电子技术、医疗技术等领域。     

基于向量分析法的三相交联电缆局部放电检测与分析识别技术

三相交联电缆的局部放电诊断易受到外界环境、相间串扰等因素的影响。为了解决信号的串扰问题,介绍了基于向量分析法的三相交联电缆局部放电检测与识别技术。该方法基于不同的局放脉冲衰减程度不同的原理,利用三相信号脉冲组的幅值关系构建三相幅值相位关系图,用来区分外部噪声和内部局放信号,同时分离不同的局放源。通过理论研究与现场实例的分析可以得出结论,该方法在高压交联电缆的局放诊断方面具有较好的可行性和优越性,可有效应用于三相交联电缆局放现场检测和绝缘诊断。     

基于图像特征和深度森林的乙丙橡胶电缆绝缘

为了更准确地对乙丙橡胶电缆绝缘老化状态进行识别,提出了一种基于局部放电图像特征和深度森林的识别方法。文中制备了不同老化状态的乙丙橡胶试样,搭建了局部放电试验平台,通过试验获得了不同老化状态的乙丙橡胶试样局部放电谱图,并从局部放电谱图中提取了19个特征参量,结合深度森林网络对不同老化程度的试样进行识别。结果表明：通过结合局部放电谱图特征和深度森林网络能够准确的识别电缆老化状态,且识别率优于其他传统分类算法。将局部放电图像特征与深度森林结合应用于电缆的绝缘老化诊断具有较好地工程应用前景。     

Discrimination between internal PD and other pulses usingdirectional coupling sensors on HV cable systems

On-site partial discharge (PD) measurement is required to ensure proper installation of extra high voltage (EHV) cable systems accessories. To achieve high sensitivity and good localization, two problems have to be overcome. First, the strong high frequency in long XLPE cables requires that the sensors be located along the cable, preferably directly at the accessories. Secondly, the detection system must be able to distinguish internal PD from other pulses. This paper describes a solution based on directional coupling sensors and a data visualization system, which displays phase-amplitude diagrams for individual PD sources which are identified by the direction of pulse propagation. It has been applied to on-site measurements, type and routine testing of HV cable joints and stress cones. Due to the reliable discrimination between internal PD from the accessory measured and from other pulses, testing can be done in unshielded rooms even using terminations with internal PD and corona. The method works independently well on line voltage, resonance sources, oscillating voltages and 0.1 Hz cosine-square voltage. It has been used to verify the cable accessories installed in the 6.3 km long 380 kV cable system in Berlin, Germany     

XLPE电力电缆附件局部放电测量与分析

为研究XLPE电力电缆附件现场常见典型缺陷的放电特征,在3根电缆实体上分别设计制作了中间接头尖刺、主绝缘划伤和终端头应力锥错位3种放电模型,建立了基于PDBase的局部放电测量分析系统。对比研究了3种典型缺陷的局部放电特征,分析了放电次数相位分布谱图H_n(φ)、放电最大幅值相位分布谱图H_(qmax)(φ)和放电幅值分布谱图H(q)3种统计特征。试验结果表明,不同缺陷类型其放电发展过程不尽相同,呈现的PRPD谱图、单个脉冲波形、相位分布趋势及统计特征区别明显;而同一缺陷在相同条件下其放电特征呈现出相似规律且重复性好;这些特征为进一步开展电缆附件放电机理研究及放电类型的模式识别提供了有力的试验依据。     

电力电缆极限传输长度研究

电力电缆不同于架空线路,其并联电容很大,导致电容充电电流大,空载运行时引起末端电压升高严重。针对该问题,基于电力电缆的正序模型,采用稳态解析分析方法研究电力电缆极限传输长度。所提出的方法适用于任何稳态运行下的有损电缆。研究发现电缆空载电压升高对200 km内电缆的限制不大。40 km以内的电缆空载末端电压升高在1%以内,与现场实测的结果相符。充电电流是限制电缆传输长度的瓶颈,然而计算结果表明,0.3补偿度两端点补偿的电缆在长度100 km时的功率因数还可以达到0.94, 比目前大部分工程应用的长度60 km大很多,说明100 km的超长电缆输电线在理论上是可行的。     

Ultra-wide-band PD diagnostics of power cable terminations in service

During the past decade the PD probing in the ultra-high frequency (UHF) range has successfully been proven for on-site PD diagnostics of GIS cable terminations in service. Therefore it was decided to apply this non-conventional method also for condition assessment of the insulation integrity of outdoor cable terminations. In order to evaluate the minimum detectable PD level the paper deals with comparative PD studies using the IEC and the UHF method. Moreover, experimental studies on the attenuation of PD pulses traveling through power cables were performed in order to assess the spatial selectivity of the UHF method applied.     

电缆接头局部放电在线检测中的抗干扰研究

为实现强干扰环境下电力电缆接头有效的局部放电在线监测,研制了一种具有Rogowski线圈结构的宽频差动传感器并研究了小波分析方法对噪声的抑制性能。试验表明研制出的传感器对<1 MHz的窄带信号抑制比>50,灵敏度优于10pC;采用阈值法的小波分析可以有效提高测量信噪比。在此基础上开发了一套局部放电测量系统,该测量系统与传统的TE 571型局放仪的对比试验结果表明:所研制出的在线局放监测仪能够在高噪声环境下有效的检测到电缆接头的局部放电信号,并能够识别出导致放电的缺陷类型。     

中压配电网载波通信卡式电感耦合器耦合模型

为满足载波信号在中压配网电缆线路的耦合通信要求,需要高耦合效率的卡式电感耦合器。提出一种中压配网载波通信卡式电感耦合器耦合模型,并对其耦合效率进行了分析。首先在卡式电感耦合器结构型式及电缆线路结构特征基础上,分析卡式电感耦合器的耦合机理。然后结合罗氏线圈与松耦合变压器模型,推导卡式电感耦合器的耦合数学模型,修正卡式电感耦合器互感系数。并利用ansoft电磁软件搭建仿真模型,验证所推导的卡式电感耦合器耦合数学模型的正确性。最后利用耦合器数学模型及仿真模型,分析卡式电感耦合器不同影响因子:耦合器磁环气隙、磁环相对磁导率、绕组匝数以及耦合器骨架尺寸对电缆侧电压耦合效率的影响。仿真结果与计算结果均表明,所提耦合器数学模型能够准确地反映耦合器的耦合情况,为电力线载波技术在智能配电网中的实用化提供了较好的分析方法和理论依据。