Power maximization control of variable‐speed wind generation system using permanent magnet synchronous generator

This paper proposes sensorless output power maximization control of a wind generation system. A permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is used as a variable speed generator in the proposed system. The generator torque is suitably controlled according to the generator speed and thus the power from a wind turbine settles down on the maximum power point by the proposed MPPT control method, where the information on wind velocity is not required. Moreover, the maximum available generated power is obtained by the optimum current vector control. The current vector of PMSG is optimally controlled according to the generator speed and the required torque in order to minimize the losses of PMSG considering the voltage and current constraints. The proposed wind power generation system can be achieved without mechanical sensors such as wind velocity detector and a position sensor. Several experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 150(2): 11–19, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20043     

基于最佳功率给定的最大风能追踪控制策略

采用双馈异步发电机(DFIG)的交流励磁发电技术不但能在变速情况下实现恒频发电,更能通过对DFIG输出有功、无功功率的解耦控制,实现最大风能的追踪.为能在不检测风速的条件下实现最大风能的捕获,提出了基于参考功率优化计算模型的最大风能追踪控制策略,其本质是通过控制DFIG的输出有功功率来间接控制风电机组转速以追踪风力机最佳功率曲线.在此基础上,建立了基于矢量变换控制技术的完整的变速恒频(VSCF)风力发电控制系统.仿真和实验结果验证了该最大风能追踪控制策略的可行性、有功与无功解耦控制的有效性及工程应用的现实性.     

变桨距型双馈风电机组并网控制及建模仿真

变桨距型双馈风电机组在并网过程中,转子励磁控制虽然具有良好的定子电压调节效果,但是对转子转速缺乏控制。针对该问题提出了结合变桨距系统调整转子转速,共同完成并网的方案。由于双馈发电机并网前后的控制策略不同,分析了控制系统间无扰切换的方法。采用分开建模、分时仿真的思路建立了风电机组模型,实现了风机并网全过程仿真,研究结果证明了本文所提方案的有效性。     

Wind turbine emulator based on blade element momentum theory for variable‐speed wind power generation system

This paper proposes a wind turbine emulator (WTE) based on the blade momentum theory, and tests the variable‐speed wind power generation system using a pulse‐width modulation (PWM) converter to verify the accuracy of the emulator. The behavior of the wind turbine for natural wind is reproduced by the WTE based on the proposed theory. The variable‐speed wind power generation system employs a vector control system to control the torque and speed of the permanent magnet synchronous generator in the converter side. The windmill rotational speed is controlled to maximize the efficiency of the wind turbine against wind velocity. And the active power and reactive power are controlled in the inverter side, and the generated power is sent to the grid while controlling the DC link voltage to be constant at the same time. The behaviors of the WTE are compared with the simulation results and experimental results using a real wind turbine. These experimental and simulation results show that the test bench with the proposed WTE has sufficient performance and accuracy to verify variable‐speed wind generator systems. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

双馈风力发电机转子绕组能量回馈技术研究

双馈风力发电机在超同步转速下运行时,定转子绕组能够同时输出功率,将转子绕组这部分能量回馈到电网可以提高双馈风力发电机的运行效率。本文运用交流升压斩波技术将转子绕组的低压交流电泵升为高压直流,再经逆变送回电网。并建立了交流升压斩波的控制算法,计算出系统在各种状态下回馈电压、电流与转差率、占空比之间的关系。仿真和实验结果表明,所提出的控制策略能较好的将双馈发电机转子绕组的能量回馈给电网。     

风力发电机无速度传感器网侧功率直接控制

采用不可控整流和可控逆变的交直交结构作为直驱式永磁同步风力发电机的并网电路。从发电机转速、功率和直流母线电压之间的相互关系出发，提出利用直流母线电压进行转速观测实现无速度传感器。根据风力机特性和并网电路的功率模型，提出网侧功率直接控制实现最大风能跟踪。实现了有功／无功功率的解耦控制，并给出有功／无功的参考值选取范围。最后采用电流滞环方法进行逆变器控制。仿真结果验证了所提出的控制策略简单有效、具有良好的稳态精度和动态性能。     

A Study of Hydrogen Generation with Doubly‐Fed Adjustable Speed Wind Generator

This paper presents a combination system for wind power generation and hydrogen generation. In the proposed system, a doubly‐fed synchronous generator (DFSG) is used as an adjustable speed wind generator, and an electrolyzer is connected to its terminals for hydrogen generation, which is controlled by power electronic converters. The output power from the wind generator is smoothed and supplied to the power system as well as to the electrolyzer to generate hydrogen under cooperative control between the wind generator and the electrolyzer. The performance of the proposed system is investigated by simulation analyses, in which simulations are performed using PSCAD/EMTDC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(3): 27–36, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21003     

双馈风力发电机励磁系统的研究与设计

在分析现有变速恒频双馈风力发电励磁控制系统的基础上,提出了一种基于单神经元自适应PID算法的双馈励磁控制方案,可根据风速的变化调节双馈发电机的励磁,使发电机输出恒定.在额定风速以下,获得最大风能利用系数;在额定风速以上,保证发电机输出功率恒定.该控制方案简化了系统硬件结构,提高了系统稳定性和抗干扰能力,并具有扩展性强的特点.     

Matching between straight‐wing nonarticulated vertical axis wind turbine and a new wind turbine generator

In the current wind turbine generation system, there are substantial problems such as the fact that the maximum power of the wind turbine cannot be obtained in the presence of fluctuating wind speed, as well as high cost and low annual net electricity production (due to mismatch between generators and wind turbines). A new wind turbine generator optimized for the wind turbine output is presented in order to solve such problems. This wind turbine generator consists of a permanent magnet generator, a reactor, and a rectifier, and uses neither a control circuit which requires standby electricity nor a PWM converter having a switching element. By selecting the most appropriate combination of a permanent magnet generator with multiple windings and a reactor connected in series with each winding, the maximum output of the wind turbine can be obtained without using a control circuit. The new wind turbine generator was directly coupled with a straight‐wing nonarticulated vertical‐axis wind turbine (SW‐VAWT), and matching of the generator with the wind turbine was examined in field tests. The test results and review confirm that the new wind turbine generator is highly matched with the wind turbine in the presence of fluctuating wind speed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(2): 26–35, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21036     

直驱永磁同步风电机组在全风速范围内的控制策略研究

为实现直驱式永磁同步风电机组在全风速范围内的高效、稳定运行,提出了一种基于最优转速给定的最大功率点跟踪控制策略与一种变桨距控制策略。当风速波动时,发电机转子转速的参考值将根据风电机组运行状态的不同选择不同的计算方式,使得风力机功率系数最大或稳定在额定转速不超速。而桨距角的大小将根据发电机的输出功率变化,当输出功率小于额定值时保持为0,大于额定值时增大使得输出功率稳定在额定值附近。最大功率点跟踪控制系统及桨距角控制系统都以发电机的输出功率大小作为控制方式的切换条件,无需复杂的切换规则。在Matlab/Simulink仿真平台上全风速范围内的风电机组的运行结果验证了所提出的控制策略的正确性与有效性。     

并网双馈异步风电机组模糊自适应控制

介绍了双馈感应风力发电系统运行的基本原理。在变风速下,根据最大功率跟踪控制原理,利用发电机输出功率误差和发电机的转速误差,提出用模糊控制器代替风速测速仪来跟踪发电机的最佳转速,保证在额定风速下,使风机运行在最佳叶尖速比,风能利用率最佳,避免了湍流塔影等因素对风速测量的影响。同时,在外环功率PI调节器中,引入模糊控制来提高在额定风速下双馈感应发电机功率解耦的快速跟踪。最后,通过对整个风电系统包括风力机、双馈感应电机(含网侧及转子侧变换器)、控制器(含网侧及转子侧控制器)进行建模及仿真来验证模糊控制策略的可行性。     

直驱式风力发电机无位置传感器矢量控制

为满足低压大功率输出的要求,直驱式风力发电系统采用双三相永磁同步发电机和变流器并联技术相结合的拓扑结构.针对位置传感器故障率高、易受干扰等问题,在风力发电机功率控制的基础上提出一种双三相永磁同步发电机无位置传感器矢量控制算法.根据矢量空间解耦原理建立双三相永磁同步发电机的数学模型.利用模型参考自适应系统估计发电机转速,依据波波夫超稳定理论推导出自适应律,分析发电机参数变化对速度估计的影响.通过对电机定子直流励磁获得转子初始位置.仿真和实验结果表明该算法能实现风力发电机可靠起动,有很好的速度跟踪性能和稳态精确度,使发电机能在额定风速下最大限度获取风能,并能稳定运行于恒速和恒功率区域,且对发电机参数变化不敏感,算法计算量小.     

基于遗传算法的直流电机风力发电系统最优励磁控制技术

针对风力发电系统发电机转速波动较频繁,难于同时对电压和频率的稳定性实施控制等特点,结合直流发电机的工作特性,提出了基于直流发电机的风力发电系统控制技术。采用基于遗传算法的最优励磁控制技术对发电机的励磁实施控制,使发电机获得了稳定的输出电压。从理论上分析了直流风力发电系统的可行性及其特点,重点分析和研究了基于遗传算法的直流风力发电机组最优励磁控制技术在稳定输出电压方面的性能,运用Matlab对该系统进行了仿真,并用直流电动机作原动机,通过调节电动机的转速模拟风速变化引起的风力机转速变化。在电力系统动态模拟试验室中进行了大量实验,通过比较和分析获取的数据和仿真结果,进一步验证了该方法的正确性和可行性。     

A maximum power point tracking control method suitable for compact wind power generators with the passive self‐pitch‐controlled blade structure

This paper describes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control method for propeller‐type compact wind power generators with passive self‐pitch‐controlled blades, which quickly makes the output current and voltage converge on the maximum power point based on wind speeds detected from an anemometer. The voltage and current output from these wind power generators vary with wind speeds at locations such as the roofs of buildings. Transient characteristics of the voltage output from compact wind power generators have two modes because of the self‐pitch‐controlled blades: mode I in which the output voltage hardly increases and mode II in which it rapidly increases. Thus, in order to acquire the generated power effectively, irrespective of how the wind speeds may change, a method to perform the MPPT control while searching for mode II is needed. Thus, by judging the mode from the change of the sign of the time differential of the voltage deviation between sampling times, the MPPT control method proposed here makes the output current converge on the maximum point using relationships between the maximum power and optimal current which give the maximum power and the wind speed. Effectiveness of the proposed MPPT control method is verified through simulations and experiments using a wind tunnel. IEEJ Trans 2010 DOI: 10.1002/tee.20609     

大型变速恒频风电系统的建模与仿真

针对兆瓦级变速恒频风力发电系统,基于Matlab/Simulink建立了包括风机、传动齿轮、双馈发电机在内的大型风电系统的整体动态数学模型。传统的最大风能捕获算法往往基于最优功率曲线和部分风机参数已知,当上述参数未知或出现扰动时,风电系统的效率会严重降低。针对此不足,基于所建模型设计了变步长最大风能捕获控制器,该控制器采用矢量控制算法,实现了发电机输出有功和无功功率的解耦控制;针对有功功率控制,控制器根据发电机输出转速扰动时,相应输出有功功率的变化变步长地调整系统输入,直到系统运行到最大风能点。仿真结果验证了风电系统模型的正确性以及控制器的有效性。     

Maximum power control system for small wind turbine using predicted wind speed

This paper describes a novel approach of maximum power control for small wind turbines by using predicted wind speed data. Because of the moment of inertia of the wind turbine, when using conventional control method, the time lag of control will occur due to turbulence in the environment. Our proposed control system uses future information, which is the predicted wind speed, for wind turbine control. The control algorithm creates a reference trajectory of the rotational speed of the wind turbine. The advantage of using the predicted data is that the controller can operate the wind turbine efficiently so that the rotational speed of the wind turbine catches up with the reference speed at the maximum power point. Simulation results show improvement of generation efficiency compared to the conventional control method. Then we discuss the influence of the prediction error of wind speed on control performance. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

永磁直驱风力发电机输出电压控制策略

针对永磁直驱风力发电系统中机侧变换器交流侧与直流侧电压幅值之比不匹配的问题,提出一种永磁同步发电机输出交流电压的控制策略.所提控制策略是基于转子磁链定向下,来分析定子d轴电流分量isd与电机输出电压Us之间的空间矢量关系,通过设定Us的d轴最大分量为Usdmax,来调节isd大小使输出电压与直流侧电压满足比例关系.并在...     

基于自抗扰控制的双馈风力发电系统最大功率追踪研究

为了实现双馈风力发电系统在额定风速以下运行时发电功率的最大输出与平稳运行,提出一种电流内环与自抗扰控制（ADRC）速度外环的控制方式,使双馈风力发电机（DFIG）电流与转速能快速响应风速变化,进行最大功率追踪。仿真分析验证了ADRC控制具备优良的抗干扰性能与应变性,能够实现风力发电系统的最大功率追踪。     

Output power control of wind turbine generator by pitch angle control using minimum variance control

Effective utilization of renewable energies such as wind energy as a replacement for fossil fuels is highly desirable. Wind energy is not constant and wind generator output is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, which causes the power output of wind turbine generators (WTGs) to fluctuate. In order to reduce output power fluctuations of wind farms, this paper presents an output power leveling control strategy for wind farms based on both the mean and the standard deviation of wind farm output power, a cooperative control strategy for WTGs, and a pitch angle control method using a generalized predictive controller (GPC) intended for all operating regions of WTGs. Simulation results using an actual detailed model for wind farm systems show the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 154(2): 10–18, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20247     

直驱式风力发电系统最大风能追踪策略研究

充分利用风能是风力发电控制的主要目的之一,为达此目的,基于原有的直驱式风力发电系统电路拓扑结构,在整流器和逆变器之间加入了Buck-Boost电路,通过控制该电路中开关器件的开断,保证该风力发电系统输出有效电压,从而保证有功功率流向电网或负载,实现风力发电系统的最佳功率系数.基于风力发电机输出功率特性曲线,详细阐述了采用该风力发电系统实现最大风能利用的搜索算法.该算法具有不再需要测风速和电机转速的优点.通过实验验证比较,新系统能实现风能的最大利用.