基于反射测量的噪声源阻抗提取方法

提出了一种提取受试设备(EUT)电源端口的噪声源阻抗的方法.该方法采用反射测量法测量EUT端口与人工电源网络(AMN)端口的S参数,并通过EUT的噪声源阻抗模型推导出共模阻抗与差模阻抗.分别采用纯电阻π型网络与无源滤波器作为模拟EUT负载进行实验,结果表明所提方法在9 kHz～30 MHz频段内提取1 Ω～1 kΩ内的共模、差模噪声源阻抗数据与采用传统S参数法的测量数据相吻合,实现了对EUT噪声源阻抗的简便测量.     

基于S参数的空气开关高频模型研究

空气开关是低压配电网中重要的电器设备。然而由于其内部的特殊结构,导致对电力线通信信号某些频段产生深度衰减。为了深入研究空气开关对通信信号的衰减规律,准确建立空气开关的高频电路模型是非常必要的。文章基于二端口网络散射参数与阻抗、传输参数间的转换关系以及串并联谐振电路特性建立了空气开关的高频电路模型,通过MATLAB仿真与实际测量结果的对比分析,验证了空气开关高频等效电路模型的可行性。该空气开关的高频电路模型能够较为准确地表达空气开关的阻抗及传输特性,建模方法简单适用,为低压电器建模提供了参考。     

一种光伏电池动态模型的参数提取方法

文中研究了光伏电池的动态特性、动态模型及其参数提取问题.提出了光照下光伏电池输出阻抗频率特性的隔离电容测试法,分析了光照情况下的小信号频率特征.建立了光伏电池动态模型以及小信号阻抗模型.基于光伏电池的实验测试数据,提出了一种结合阻抗频率特性、光伏数学解析模型和非线性拟合迭代算法的动态模型参数提取方法.该方法通过先提取固定的、耦合性较低的参数,再提取耦合性强的、随环境变化的参数,极大降低参数提取的难度.通过对比模型仿真与实验结果,验证了参数提取方法的正确性、有效性.     

基于改进遗传算法电力系统仿真软件间模型参数转换研究

现存电力系统各商业软件的模型结构和参数不统一,造成了大量异构数据源的存在,仿真软件间的数据交互困难。为解决该问题,提出了基于改进遗传算法(IGA)的模型参数转换方法。通过分析数据交互仿真软件的模型结构及参数设计的差异性,实现了电力系统仿真软件间的模型参数转换。在将IEEE 39节点算例的BPA仿真数据导入PSASP软件的过程中,基于改进遗传算法对PSASP中的动态模型进行了参数转换。并利用转换结果进行仿真计算,其结果与BPA软件的仿真结果基本一致。验证了该方法对电力系统仿真软件动态模型参数转换的有效性,并提高了电力系统仿真软件间数据交互的准确度。     

考虑频率耦合特性的VSC序阻抗建模

基于序阻抗模型的稳定性理论在并网电压源换流器(Voltage Source Converter,VSC)系统稳定性分析中得到了广泛应用.为了更准确地描述VSC的外部阻抗特征,提高稳定性分析的准确性,文章将锁相环和直流母线的非理想特性引入到VSC序阻抗建模过程中.首先,分析了这二者对序阻抗的影响,指出这二者使得序阻抗中含有频率耦合项.在此基础上,建立了考虑该频率耦合特性的VSC序阻抗模型,通过仿真验证了模型的准确性.随后,根据该模型研究了锁相环和直流电压控制器参数对耦合项的影响,结果表明频率耦合现象在低频段较为明显,可通过适当选取参数降低耦合强度.     

利用单端口阻抗测量值和灵敏度分析的耦合线圈参数辨识

在无线电能传输技术中,电磁耦合线圈的电路模型参数是设计阻抗补偿电路、计算功率损耗、研究频率特性的关键参数。该文利用单端口阻抗和灵敏度分析,提出了一种电磁耦合线圈模型参数的离线辨识方法。将电磁耦合线圈连接成单端口网络,利用阻抗分析仪的测量值和基于模型参数的理论计算结果,构造了以阻抗误差模的平方和为最小的目标函数;利用单端口等效阻抗对模型参数的灵敏度,计算目标函数的寻优方向;借助双端口网络的T形等效电路,提出了计算灵敏度的单位电流源激励法。该方法根据单位电流源相量作用下,元件上的电流相量或电压相量的平方,或它们的乘积,便可计算出阻抗对不同参数的灵敏度,避免了难以求解的阻抗解析表达式及其偏导数。在实验研究中,将耦合线圈置于海水槽中,在参数辨识中考虑了海水的电磁作用和导线的集肤效应与内电抗。     

一种调整共模噪声源阻抗并优化EMI滤波器性能的方法

提出一种调整变换器共模噪声源阻抗的方法。通过在对称式Boost变换器的耦合电感上加入平衡绕组,并在平衡绕组的末端加入平衡阻抗实现。对比不同噪声源阻抗下变换器的电磁干扰(electromagnetic interference,EMI)频谱,实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。文中所涉及的端口网络均采用散射参数(S参数)来描述,变换器的寄生电容通过有限元仿真得到。基于测得的S参数和寄生电容的仿真结果,建立平衡阻抗和EMI滤波器共模插入损耗之间的关系,并对平衡阻抗的取值进行预测。论文提出的方法可扩大噪声源端的阻抗失配,同时增大EMI滤波器的共模插入损耗。本方法的优势在于即使EMI滤波器的元件布局及其参数是固定,其性能仍可以通过调整平衡阻抗进行优化。因此,有效减少了传统EMI滤波器的重复设计过程,同时也避免了EMI滤波器的过设计问题。     

低压配电网三相不平衡负载参数的辨识方法研究

为了解决现阶段计算低压配电网负荷上实际压降、三相负荷不平衡度时忽略三相负荷不平衡与中性线阻抗同时存在的实际情况所引起的求解结果不准确问题,提出一种实时计算负荷实际大小及负荷侧虚拟中性点电压的方法,以此辅助监测低压配电网安全。首先建立与低压配电网等值阻抗网络匹配的高阶微分方程模型,再利用方程系数与等值阻抗参数之间的关系,采用暂态数据辨识模型参数,实时求取三相负荷等值阻抗,中性线阻抗及虚拟中性点电压。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。     

基于阻抗测量的共模扼流圈高频建模

共模扼流圈是EMI滤波器的核心元件,它的高频特征极大地影响了EMI滤波器抑制传导EMI噪声的性能,有必要建立共模扼流圈的高频模型,以便更准确地评估和预测EMI滤波器的性能.本文提出了基于150kHz～30MHz频率范围内的阻抗测量实现的共模扼流圈高频建模方法,并通过一个实例给出了它的高频集总参数模型,该模型包括了共模电感、差模电感、寄生绕组电容和等效的损耗阻抗等参数.最后通过比较共模扼流圈插入损耗的测量结果和仿真结果,证实了本文所提出的共模扼流圈高频建模方法.     

液中大电流脉冲放电电弧阻抗特性分析

液中大电流脉冲放电电弧通道阻抗与外回路阻抗的关系决定了注入通道能量的速率与大小,进而影响电能向机械能等能量形式的转换效率。为此建立了液中大电流脉冲放电电弧阻抗特性测试平台,通过间隙两端电压、电流中电感分量的剥离,获得了不同间隙参数下的电弧通道阻抗特性。建立改进的Braginskii-Martin液中电弧阻抗模型,并提出了模型参数的选取方法。试验与计算结果对比表明,改进的电弧阻抗模型能够合理表征电弧阻抗的时变特性。对于幅值为22 kA、周期为22μs的脉冲电流,水中电弧通道单位长度阻抗约为0.01?/mm。     

Introduction to measurements for power transistor characterization

In this article, we will introduce you to measurements for power transistor characterization: why they matter, why they are such a complicated, highly specialized field, and where we think the technology of power transistor characterization is headed. The characterization of microwave power transistors is an important and emerging field with many interesting engineering challenges. One can basically distinguish two areas: model extraction measurements and model validation measurements. To make things simple, isothermal pulsed-bias pulsed S-parameter measurements are typically used for model extraction purposes and load-pull measurements are typically used for model validation purposes. Both areas are rapidly evolving in order to keep track of new power transistor technology. The main issue with pulsed-bias pulsed S-parameter characterization is the need to apply pulses with ever-increasing amplitude (up to 200 V and 10 A) and ever-decreasing pulse width (smaller than 400 ns). The load-pull measurements can be done with a variety of setups, with active or passive approaches, and with or without handling harmonic frequencies. The challenges of load-pull system development are to offer time-domain voltage and current waveforms at the transistor terminals-an invaluable tool to provide insight in highly nonlinear transistor behavior-in addition to the capability to present low input impedances (1 Omega) and to handle high power levels (up to 100 W).     

有限大电源系统短路电流的一种计算机求解方法

有限大电源系统的短路电流周期分量随时间变化,二程上采用运算曲线来计算。提出了电源对故障点的转移阻抗的的计算机算法。运用节点阻抗矩阵和正序等效定则推导出各砷短路类型下通用的转移阻抗求解模型;经换算进一步得到电源的运算电抗,再采用插值法查取存入计算机中的相应运算曲线,从而自动实现短路电流的求解,算法简单、可行。     

Measurement of the source impedance of conducted emission using mode separable LISN: Conducted emission of a switching power supply

In the procedure for reducing conducted emissions, it is helpful to know the noise source impedance. This paper presents a method of measuring noise source complex impedances of common and differential mode separately. We propose a line impedance stabilization network (LISN) to measure common and differential mode noise separately without changing LISN impedances of each mode. With this LISN, conducted emissions of each mode are measured inserting appropriate impedances at the equipment under test (EUT) terminal of the LISN. Noise source complex impedances of switching power supply are well calculated from measured results. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 139(2): 72–78, 2002; DOI 10.1002/eej1154     

Research of Impedance Characteristics for Medium-Voltage Power Networks

The general method to investigate the impedance characteristics with a network analyzer is discussed. The common properties of the impedance are studied based on two-months observation of two 10-kV medium-voltage power networks. Meanwhile, the difference of the impedance measured at the headside and tailside of a feeder, the impedance characteristic impacted by the operating mode of the power system, the time variance of the impedance, and the characteristic obtained from a different coupling mode are also studied carefully. The results show that the characteristic impedance is in correlation with the power system structure and its configurations, and its value is about several tenths of ohms. The input impedance varies scarcely with the time. The capacitor group connected to the bus has no influence on the input impedance. And the input impedances in common mode and differential mode are both symmetric. The impedance value in differential-mode coupling is higher than that in common-mode coupling     

分类谐波阻抗统计应用于弱交流系统换流站交流滤波器设计分析

探讨了传统的谐波阻抗圆统计方法对弱交流系统换流站交流滤波器设计带来的不利影响,以糯扎渡直流工程送端普洱换流站为例,采用分类谐波阻抗统计方法进行了分析,指出直流孤岛方式应按直流输送容量分类统计谐波阻抗,直流联网方式则应按直流输送容量及交流系统强度分类统计谐波阻抗。     

Complementary reciprocity theorems for two-port networks andtransmission lines

Two complementary reciprocity theorems have been formulated in this work; one for two-port passive networks and another for transmission lines. The theorems involve two networks or two identical sections of lines with different load impedances that must satisfy a complementary impedance condition relating to the characteristic impedances of the network or the characteristic impedance of a line     

220kV武广牵引线运行的理论建模与问题探讨

以电力系统相序、线性代数分析为基础,通过对牵引线路和变压器的数学运算,获得牵引变压器和牵引负荷的电压变换,阻抗及电流变换(统称为系统变换的等值电路模型)。并进行故障分析及负序和谐波的计算,评估其对电力系统的影响。     

Extraction of high frequency power cable characteristics from S-parameter measurements

A technique is developed for extraction of the wave propagation properties of power cables from S-parameter measurements. The method extracts the complex propagation constant and the characteristic impedance, as well as the LCRG telegrapher's equation parameters. The extraction process is developed after clarifying the effect of the connection between the measurement port and the power cable. It is concluded that treating the connection solely as a characteristic impedance change could lead to considerable errors in the parameter extraction. Furthermore, the method corrects for electrical lengths, which are not accounted for by the standard network analyzer calibration. The extraction is demonstrated for a medium voltage cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable over the frequency range 300 kHz to 300 MHz. The results are compared to a time domain short pulse propagation method for cable characterization. Both measurement methods are evaluated against a cable model.     

Toward Integrated Circuit Size Reduction

In this article, voltage-basis, current-basis, and normalized scattering matrices were introduced and it was shown that three different scattering matrices are the same only with equal termination impedances but only the normalized scattering matrix is correct with arbitrary termination impedances. The scattering matrices can be calculated from impedance, admittance, or ABCD matrices characterizing a network. However, if the network has more than three ports, the calculation process from the admittance or impedance matrices is not simple. For this, conversion formulas of the ABCD parameters into the normalized scattering parameters were presented for the impedance-transforming directional couplers. If one can have any choice of the termination impedances of the directional couplers as shown in this article, the total size of a microwave integrated circuit can be reduced.     

观音岩电站送出直流工程系统谐波阻抗特性研究

观音岩电站送出直流工程是南方电网异步联网工程的重要组成部分。相对于其他直流工程,该直流的特点主要有:1送受端换流站可能存在的运行方式较多;2受端换流站送出线路加装串补,且最终串补度尚未确定。针对观音岩电站送出直流工程的特点,采用NIMSCAN程序对该直流工程送受端换流站的系统谐波阻抗特性进行了研究。对于送端换流站,比较了联网运行方式和孤岛运行方式下的系统等值谐波阻抗特性;对于受端换流站,按照送电方向的不同对系统的谐波阻抗进行分别计算。最后,分析了换流站出线串补的串补度变化对系统谐波阻抗参数的影响。