硅橡胶表面分离水珠放电特性的研究

通过试品模拟试验研究了硅橡胶表面存在单个和多个水珠时的放电特性 ,分析了洁净硅橡胶表面凝结水珠时的闪络过程。结果表明 ,硅橡胶表面的分离水珠使水珠、硅橡胶和空气的三者交接处的场强加强 ,产生强烈局放以及间歇式的小电弧 ,水珠周围局部丧失憎水性和电场力的作用使水珠拉长 ,场强进一步加强发生闪络。     

室温硫化硅橡胶表面污秽水珠放电特性

为了研究不同极性电场下室温硫化硅橡胶（RTV）表面存在分离水珠时的放电特性,进行了表面放电试验;利用有限元法计算了水珠对憎水性表面沿面电位及电场强度的影响;捕捉了RTV 表面和玻璃表面存在分离水珠时的放电现象。试验结果表明,同种布液情况下电场呈现极性效应,RTV 表面水珠附近电场值发生严重畸变,水珠发生强烈局部放电并变形,局部小电弧由两极向中间发展沿水珠顶部贯通完成闪络,玻璃表面电弧则直接燃烧贯通两极。     

湿润污秽绝缘表面电场及针板电极下的沿面放电

为研究湿润污秽条件下绝缘表面电场分布和沿面放电特性,基于ANSYS软件建立了绝缘表面存在水膜和水滴的简化模型,用准静态谐分析法计算了湿润污秽对绝缘表面电场和沿面电位的影响。对针板电极下瓷和室温硫化硅橡胶的沿面放电进行了研究,对其影响因素展开分析。结果表明:以湿润污秽为中心的小区域电场发生畸变;瓷绝缘表面的污秽水膜影响绝缘子电压和电场分布,其电导率对绝缘子局部区域的电压分布具有影响。分离污秽水珠的个数、体积和电导率对室温硫化硅橡胶表面电场造成不同程度的影响,绝缘表面闪络过程存在阶段性。不同电场下的污秽水珠运动存在差异,不同绝缘表面沿面放电存在明显区别;电场极不均匀是导致针板电极下沿面放电存在极性效应的主要因素,湿润污秽的分布、体积和数量对极性效应均存在影响。     

橡胶表面分离水珠在不均匀电场中的放电特性分析

通过针板电极模拟硅橡胶表面的极不均匀电场,研究硅橡胶表面分离水珠在不均匀电场中的放电特性,结果发现:在针板电极电场中,水珠的数量要达到一定程度后才能显著影响硅橡胶表面的闪络电压,少量分离水珠处于硅橡胶表面时闪络电压基本不变;水滴体积对不均匀电场中的闪络电压影响较小;硅橡胶表面闪络电压随分离水珠电导率的增大而减小。     

硅橡胶表面附着水珠电场分布与闪络特性研究

淋雨或毛毛雨条件下,水珠的附着状态和分布情况对电场有很大的影响,绝缘材料表面会发生放电。为了研究硅橡胶表面附着水珠后的电场分布与闪络特性,首先通过试验测试硅橡胶表面附着水珠后的闪络特性,然后通过有限元电场仿真进行验证分析。结果表明,沿面闪络电压随着水珠体积的增大而降低,随着硅橡胶憎水性能的下降而逐渐降低;水珠在交变电场作用下会发生形变;水珠、空气和硅橡胶三相界面电场会发生畸变;闪络电压的大小随着水珠长度的增大而降低。     

界面压强和表面粗糙度对聚乙烯与硅橡胶界面的局部放电的影响

设计了聚乙烯与硅橡胶界面在不同界面压力下的局部放电试验系统,通过施加一定的界面压强模拟电缆附件中的界面压强,研究不同界面压强和不同表面粗糙度的聚乙烯对聚乙烯与硅橡胶界面的局部放电起始电压和局部放电特性的影响,通过建立界面接触放电模型和界面电场分布计算方法计算了局部放电起始电压,并结合试验结果分析界面放电机理。结果表明:聚乙烯表面越粗糙,局部放电起始电压越低;随着界面压强的增大,界面的局部放电起始电压增大,局部放电量逐渐减小,总放电次数也减小。     

用动态滴水法评估硅橡胶复合绝缘子表面憎水性

为有效评估硅橡胶复合绝缘子在实际运行过程中表面憎水性变化情况,利用CIGREWGD1.14提出的动态滴水实验法搭建了憎水性检测系统,以不同老化程度的硅橡胶复合绝缘子为试样,在交流电压下以12滴/min的速率将电导率为2.0mS/cm的液滴匀速滴至试样表面,运用高速摄像机记录液滴在试样表面动态变化过程及其引发的表面放电现象,采用光电倍增管测量表面放电强度,通过分析放电分布及特征建立了绝缘子表面放电图谱、放电发光分布、发光亮度、放电相对光强与试样憎水性的对应关系。研究表明,随着憎水性的下降,绝缘子表面放电强度、放电发光分布、发光亮度和放电光强均呈现增大的趋势。研究结果为复合绝缘子表面憎水性变化提供了一种基于放电光学特征分析的评估方法。     

硅橡胶在不同电晕老化阶段下的表面电荷对沿面闪络的影响

为深入探究硅橡胶电晕老化后的表面电荷变化及其对沿面闪络的影响,首先通过多针–板电极对硅橡胶试样进行电晕老化。通过测量不同老化时间下硅橡胶的表面电荷分布以及一定老化时间下硅橡胶在外加电压为零至闪络过程中的表面电荷分布,探究了硅橡胶在不同老化阶段的表面电荷变化以及电晕老化后硅橡胶的沿面闪络。最后通过热刺激电流试验、扫描电镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱分析方法研究试样在电晕老化过程中微观电特性与物化缺陷的变化,并讨论了电晕老化后硅橡胶的陷阱特性对其表面电荷的影响。研究结果表明:随着电晕老化时间的增加,硅橡胶的陷阱能级加深、陷阱电荷量增加,同时硅橡胶表面俘获载流子能力增强、表面电荷增多;随着外加电压的提高,硅橡胶的表面电荷最大值逐渐向两电极间距离最小处移动,直至局部放电贯穿两电极,发生闪络。因此可知,随着电晕老化时间的增加硅橡胶的表面带电能力增强,表面电荷引发的局部放电更剧烈,是导致硅橡胶闪络电压降低的原因。     

基于紫外成像的憎水性表面电晕起始放电研究

由于紫外成像仪能对电晕放电刚开始辐射出的紫外光子进行及时捕捉,所以通过紫外成像的方法能更加准确的确定电晕的起始电压。采用紫外成像仪观察电晕放电时辐射的紫外光子,研究了憎水性表面水珠的数目、大小对电晕起始电压的影响。结果表明:在测试条件完全一致的情况下,在水珠体积一定时,憎水性表面水珠电晕放电的起始电压随水珠的数量增加而下降;水珠数量一定时,电晕放电起始电压随水珠的体积增大而下降;憎水性表面的电晕起始电压比亲水性表面的电晕起始电压高20%~40%。电晕放电状况与监测到的光子数有关,在利用紫外成像仪监测绝缘材料表面电晕放电时,应结合表面的湿润情况进行综合判断,才能有效得到该状态下的起始电晕放电特性。     

电机定子线棒绝缘表面放电和内部放电特征对比研究

电机定子绕组端部绝缘间隔垫块、主绝缘等固体绝缘由于表面缺陷和内部缺陷将产生局部放电，区分不同类型的局部放电对电机定子检修维护和状态评估具有一定意义。本文利用环氧树脂设计了4种固体绝缘表面缺陷、6种固体绝缘内部缺陷模型放电试验来模拟定子线棒端部固体绝缘的局部放电，采用脉冲电流法测试其局部放电信号，分析了其放电脉冲频谱特征、放电脉冲相位等信息。结果表明：表面缺陷模型局部放电脉冲频谱特征峰的峰值频率约在2～3MHz附近，内部缺陷模型局部放电脉冲频谱特征峰的峰值频率约在10～30MHz之间；固体表面的放电正脉冲幅值较大而负脉冲幅值较小，固体内部放电正负脉冲幅值均较大且放电分布近似；固体表面放电在相角为0°和180°附近没有明显的脉冲；对于固体内部放电，当气隙较小时，在0°和180°附近没有明显的脉冲，当气隙较大时，放电在0°和180°具有明显的脉冲。     

Effect of Hydrophobicity on Electric Field Distribution and Discharges Along Various Wetted Hydrophobic Surfaces

According to hydrophobicity and hydrophobicity transfer studies on silicone rubber surfaces, although the silicone rubber can transfer its hydrophobicity to various contaminants deposited on its surface, the hydrophobic states of water droplets on clean silicone rubber surfaces and on various contaminated silicone rubber surfaces were found to be different based on evaluation by contact angle measurement. Furthermore, surface discharge and aging of materials decreases the hydrophobicity of the surface. Focused on the difference of hydrophobicity and the effect of water droplets on the hydrophobic contaminated surfaces, some contrastive computations and tests of water droplets on various surfaces were carried out in this study. The results showed that the water droplets existing on the surface of silicone rubber materials might change the electric field and voltage distribution along the surface, and even reduced the initial voltage of the corona discharge, which was verified with a comparison test on a high voltage side of polymer insulator monitored by a photomultiplier tube (PMT) system. Since the leakage current provides much useful information to diagnose the state of outdoor insulation, this study investigates the time and frequency distributions of surface discharges on ceramic insulators, new room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber coated insulators and aging RTV insulators with various hydrophobic states with the short time Fourier transform and Gabor transform methods. Then a correlation was found between the distribution of the spectrum of surface discharges and hydrophobicity via the joint time and frequency analysis of discharges on various hydrophobic surfaces.     

Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-II

Flashover mechanisms of silicone rubber used for outdoor insulation is presented and experimentally proven. A hydrophobic surface of silicone rubber wets and accumulates contaminants differently compared to conventional porcelain and glass insulators. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators is different than porcelain and glass. This part of the paper experimentally investigates ohmic heating, electrical field caused interaction between water droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharges and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. These studies have resulted in a new flashover mechanism which provides a better understanding of silicone rubber outdoor insulators and their excellent contamination performance. These results will be used for the development of a better laboratory test procedure to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions     

A study of partial discharges from water droplets on a siliconerubber insulating surface

This paper presents measurements of partial discharge (PD) from water droplets on a silicone rubber insulating surface in an ac field. Tests are done by placing droplets on the surface using a micro-pipette, and by condensing water in a controlled humidity chamber. The field enhancement factor due to droplets placed on the insulation surface is experimentally and numerically determined. Values in the range of 3.8 to 6.3 are obtained depending on the size and number of droplets. The time resolved analysis of PD from water condensation indicates a threshold field, between 3.0 and 3.5 kV/cm, above which the PD activity increases with time, and brings the insulation to a surface breakdown. The corresponding field enhancement factor obtained for the condensation experiments is between 5.8 and 6.8. The results therefore suggest that the PD activity on the hydrophobic surface can be used effectively to learn about the insulation surface conditions     

A basic study on the effect of voltage stress on a water droplet on a silicone rubber surface

Observations and analyses have been conducted on the behavior of water droplets deposited on the surface of polymer insulators. As an index to characterize the repellency of water droplets on the polymer surface, the contact angle was measured for different situations. Experiments were conducted to see the behavior of water droplets of different volumes and their size distribution on silicone rubber. Electric field strength calculation was performed to analyze the effect on water droplets. Finally, effects of the Maxwell stress and the Coulomb?s force were compared, to conclude that, even if there is some true charge on the water droplet, the Maxwell stress is predominant.     

A method for detecting the transition from corona from water droplets to dry-band arcing on silicone rubber insulators

The paper presents an investigation on the use of partial discharge (PD) as a means to study the development of leakage current (LC) on silicone rubber insulators in a salt-fog chamber. Simultaneous measurements of LC and PD on dead-end type silicone rubber insulators exposed to different combinations of electrical stress and salt-fog salinity are performed. The results show that for an electrical stress of 33 V/mm applied to the insulator, the average LC experiences gradual changes and reaches a critical level (around 1 mA) where dry-band arcing is observed after 20 minutes at 2300 /spl mu/S/cm, and after 25 minutes at 1800 /spl mu/S/cm. The corresponding PD levels reach hundreds of pC after 15 minutes at 2300 /spl mu/S/cm, and after 20 minutes at 1800 /spl mu/S/cm. For a salinity corresponding to 1800 /spl mu/S/cm and stress of 26 V/mm, the LC changes much more gradually and reaches the critical level only after approximately 60 minutes. The corresponding PD reaches hundreds of pC after 30 minutes and more than 1500 pC after 60 minutes. Pattern recognition techniques have been applied to investigate the transition from corona to dry-band arcing. The features extracted from the maximum and mean apparent charge trends are found to be useful to cluster and classify the two phenomena. Simultaneous visual observations of the discharges on the insulator surface support the results. The investigation, therefore, shows that PD is a sensitive method for detecting the transition from corona from water droplets to dry-band arcing and an alternative method for studying the early aging stage of silicone rubber insulators.     

Electrical and environmental stress and the hydrophobic stabilityof SIR, EVA and their blends

This paper treats the effects of electrical and environmental stresses on the hydrophobicity of polymers intended for use in nonceramic insulators. We investigated the effect of UV radiation, corona discharges, dry-band arcing, acid rain and water absorption on hydrophobic transfers in, and the aging of, room temperature vulcanized (RTV)-silicone rubber (SIR), high temperature vulcanized (HTV)-silicone rubber (SIR), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) rubber and the blends made from HTV-SIR and EVA. Acid rain had little influence on hydrophobicity in any of the samples. EVA and the blends with low silicone ratios to EVA allowed much larger reduction in hydrophobicity after or while subjected to the above stresses (except for acid rain) than did the silicone rubbers and a blend with a high silicone ratio to EVA. Salt-fog tests were conducted to correlate the hydrophobic stabilities of materials with leakage current levels thereon. The hydrophobic stability of the silicone rubbers was attributed to low-molecular-weight silicone components that were able to migrate and finally cover the aged surface layers. Because EVA possessed less fluid components and less chemical stability under electrical and environmental stresses, its hydrophobicity was readily reduced and hardly recovered, which led to higher current leakage and early material aging. For each material, the critical hydrophobic level permitting leakage current to develop was determined by adding a non-ionic wetting agent to saline water     

Flashover mechanism of silicone rubber insulators used for outdoorinsulation-I

Experimental results show that the contamination performance of silicone rubber composite insulators is better than porcelain insulators. This is attributed to the hydrophobicity of the silicone rubber. This suggests that the flashover mechanism of these insulators is different. This paper experimentally investigates contamination build-up, diffusion of low molecular weight (LMW) polymer chains, surface wetting, electrical field caused interaction between droplets, generation of conductive regions and filaments, field intensification caused spot discharge and the ultimate flashover of silicone rubber along wetted filaments. The studies resulted in a new flashover mechanism, which provides a better understanding of the superior performance of silicone rubber outdoor insulators. The results will be useful for the development of improved laboratory test procedures and to evaluate composite insulators' performance in contaminated conditions. The part of the paper describes an overview of the flashover mechanism and the diffusion of LMW polymer chains and wetting of the silicone rubber surface in detail     

硅橡胶材料表面老化及其对绝缘性能的影响

通过对硅橡胶材料的表面腐蚀、化学腐蚀以及老化引起污秽层形成这3种老化途径的机理分析,表明硅橡胶具有极好的抗老化性。同时,指出漏流径形成是造成硅橡胶老化的最主要原因。盐雾试验证明,老化引起绝缘性能降低后,经过一段时间,硅橡胶表现出本身具有自恢复性。