Fault Location in Neutral Non-effectively Grounded Distribution Systems Using Phase Current and Line-to-line Voltage

Abstract—A scheme of single-line-to-ground fault location in neutral non-effectively grounded distribution systems is proposed in this article. The characteristics of phase current traveling waves and line-to-line voltage traveling waves are analyzed. The wavelet transform technique is used to extract the information of the arrival times, polarities, and amplitudes of the recorded traveling waves. The fault location scheme can simultaneously realize faulty feeder identification, fault section location, and fault position location even if only two-phase current transformers are installed in the Phases A and C and feeder terminal units only to provide line-to-line voltage information. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed scheme have been verified by PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results.     

配电线路暂态行波的分析和接地选线研究

对于中性点非有效接地的配电系统，当某回线路发生单相接地时，系统的接地电流只有很小的电容电流，并且系统时常运行在不平衡状态，导致利用工频量来选择接地线路很困难。该文以行波理论为基础研究了配电线路单相接地后所产生的暂态电流行波的传播规律和特点，以小波变换为工具，刻划了该行波的接地故障特征，并发现：单相接地瞬间所产生的初始暂态电流行波与接地方式无关，从而为接地选线开辟了新思路。论文最后给出了基于初始电流行波和小波的接地选线判据，并以一个仿真例证明了文中理论推导和所提方法的正确性。该方法为小电流接地选线技术的研究提供了新的思路和出发点，可以构成准确、可靠的接地选线新原理，满足不同的现场CT配置情况。     

Fault Location Using Local Mean Decomposition on Traveling Waves with Three Current Measurements in an Overhead Conductor

A fault-location scheme based on local mean decomposition on traveling waves with three current measurements in an overhead conductor is presented herein. In the fault-location scheme, local mean decomposition is used to detect the arrival time of the initial traveling wave at each measurement. To obtain more accurate wave velocity, a third Rogowski coil current transformer is used to measure the fault current in the midway of a transmission line besides a couple of measurements used by the two-ended traveling-wave method at both its ends. The faulted line section can be identified by comparing the phase angles of the measured current data at its two ends; wave velocity can then be calculated by the ratio of the length of the non-faulted line section to the time that the fault wave travels through this line section. The proposed scheme can reduce the errors of previous methods on wave velocity determination. After wave velocity is determined, the fault distance can be calculated according to the two-ended traveling-wave method. The proposed fault-location scheme is tested by many simulations, and the results demonstrate it has higher accuracy than those using wavelet transform and Hilbert–Huang transform.     

基于小波理论的暂态量故障选线研究

针对中性点经消弧线圈接地系统,目前研究的各种选线方法测量误差较大、选线正确率低等缺点,本文提出基于小波理论的暂态量故障选线方法,该算法可以直接利用各线路的暂态零序电流进行故障选线,计算量很小。并通过仿真实验,证明了本文提出的新算法在各种故障模式下可以准确地实现接地故障选线,适用于包括中性点经消弧线圈接地的各种小电流接地系统。     

基于三点电流测量的输电线路行波故障定位新方法

鉴于输电线路在线监测取得了长足的进步,针对目前行波定位法中波头检测算法存在缺陷和波速测定精度差的不足,本文提出了基于导线电流三测量点局域均值分解(LMD)的行波故障定位新方法。该方法首先对测量点电流线模分量进行局域均值分解,然后根据分解得到的第一个PF分量瞬时频率曲线的首个频率突变点来确定行波波头第一次到达测量点的时刻。其次,根据相位差动保护原理判断出故障点所在线路段,并利用无故障段线路的长度和故障行波到达其两端测点的时间差之比计算出故障行波波速。最后,通过双端行波法的定位原理计算出故障距离。仿真结果表明,本文定位方法同基于小波变换或希尔伯特-黄变换的定位方法相比具有较高的定位精度。     

A combined impedance and traveling wave based fault location method for multi-terminal transmission lines

A new fault location method suitable for multi-terminal transmission lines that combines the advantages of both impedance and traveling wave based methods has been developed and presented in this paper. The proposed method first determines whether the fault is grounded or ungrounded by comparing the magnitude of the ground mode wavelet coefficients at the measurement end. Next, the impedance based method is used to identify the faulted half of the line in the case of two-terminal line and the faulted line section as well as the faulted half of the line section in the case of multi-terminal lines. Finally the fault location is determined by taking the time difference between the first two consecutive aerial modes of the current traveling waves observed at one end of the multi-terminal line. The proposed method has been tested on four- and five-terminal transmission lines with different types of faults, fault resistances and fault inception angles using ATP simulation.     

Fast isolation of faults in transmission systems using current transients

This paper presents a protection scheme that is capable of very fast isolation of faults in high voltage transmission systems. Proposed scheme comprises set of relays connected through a telecommunication network, located at different nodes of the system. Relays use wavelet coefficients of current signals to identify the fault directions relative to their location. Fault directions identified at different locations in the system can be combined to determine the faulted line (or busbar) and isolate it. A robust single ended traveling wave based fault distance estimation approach is proposed as a backup in case of communication failure. Investigations were carried out using time domain simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC for a high voltage transmission system.     

基于两相电流行波的接地选线方法

中性点非有效接地配电系统大多只安装两相电流互感器,其接地选线问题是长期困扰实际运行的技术难题。为了解决只装有两相电流互感器配电系统的单相接地选线问题,在分析了中性点非有效接地配电系统接地所产生的电流行波特征的基础上,提出了基于两相初始电流行波和小波变换的接地选线新算法。该算法仅仅利用接地时所产生的两相行波,不受中性点接地方式和系统正常运行时不平衡电流的影响,解决了现场的实际运行需要。仿真和试验结果验证了所提出的方法的可靠性和有效性。     

基于电流行波的微电网保护策略

针对微电网的故障电流小、潮流双向性等特性,提出了适合微电网的保护策略并进行了仿真。传统的基于过电流的电网保护技术对于微电网的保护受到一定限制,因而需要对新的技术进行探索。在对这些因素分析的基础上,提出了微电网的保护策略:通过小波变换对电流行波进行分析判断故障位置,母线电压确定故障发生与否及扰动电压判断故障类型。利用SVPWM控制原理在Matlab/Simulink中使用SimPowerSystems搭建微电网的模型,并对孤岛运行模式下微电网不同的故障类型进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明所提出的保护策略在孤岛运行的方式下是有效的。     

与波速无关的输电线路双端行波故障测距研究

根据现有的输电线路双端行波故障测距原理,提出一种与波速无关的双端行波测距方法。采用小波变换法对行波信号进行分析,判断故障初始行波和故障点反射行波到达线路两端母线的时间,求解一组由距离、时间和速度组成的方程组,得到与波速无关的故障测距公式。理论上该方法不受行波波速的影响,并且具有较高的测距精度。通过Matlab软件仿真,证明了该方法的有效性和正确性。     

一种基于方向行波的多端VSC-HVDC系统保护策略

针对星型连接的多端柔性直流输电(VSC-HVDC)系统,提出一种基于方向行波小波能量比值的保护策略。首先分析了星型连接VSC-HVDC系统故障行波的传播特性,找出故障线路和非故障线路方向行波的不同传播规律;然后对电压和电流线模分量进行离散小波变换,计算相应线路方向行波的小波能量;最后通过各个线路正反向行波小波能量的比值确定故障线路。PSCAD/EMTDC仿真结果表明:提出的方法能够快速准确地判断星型拓扑VSC-HVDC系统的故障线路,并且不受故障线路、故障距离、故障类型和故障电阻的影响,具有很好的鲁棒性。     

10kV配电线路单相接地故障暂态电流行波选线研究

研究了基于暂态电流行波理论在10kV配电线路单相接地故障选线中的应用.介绍了B样条小波变换理论、行波的产生,以及电流行波模量分析.通过B样条函数小波变换提取故障时配电线路各支路出线的初始电流行波模量信号的故障特征,构成新的故障选线选相判据.利用Matlab建立了一个10kV配电系统模型,从动态仿真模型中采集大量针对不同故障模式的测试样本,仿真实验结果表明该方法能够准确、可靠的实现选线.     

基于小波变换模极大值的输电线路单端故障定位

基于故障行波的输电线路单端故障定位利用故障点的反射行波与入射行波到达母线的时间差计算故障距离,但如何区分来自故障点和对端母线的反射行波仍是一个难题。在分析故障点和母线的反射特性的基础上,利用电流行波线模分量小波变换的最初2个模极大值之问的相对极性区分来自故障点和对端母线的反射行波．并提出了一种改进的基于小波变换模极大值的输电线路单端故障快速定位方法,能够不受故障类型、故障电阻及耦合线路的影响。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法切实可行。     

基于DSP技术和小波理论的小电流接地系统故障选线装置的研究

着重研究了利用小波包变换提取故障信号的暂态高频分量,通过比较各馈线零序电流小波变换的模值来实现故障选线,并结合DSP技术,以TMS320VC33为核心,以模块化设计完成装置的开发,实现小电流接地系统的故障选线功能.     

基于波前陡度的输电线路单端行波故障测距

输电线路单端行波故障测距方法中故障点反射波头识别困难.故障初始行波的波前陡度与故障距离相关,文中分析了波前陡度与故障距离的关系,提出了波前陡度与小波波头识别相结合的单端行波定位方法.方法首先对线路故障后记录的单端行波波形求取小波变换模极大值,获取初始波头及各反射波头起始点,再通过首波头波前陡度计算初步故障距离,筛选最接近该距离的小波模极大值以确定故障点反射波头并进行精确测距.算例结果证明了该方法的有效性.     

Fault location scheme for a multi-terminal transmission line based on current traveling waves

As very little research on the fault location for multi-terminal transmission lines based on current traveling waves only has been done, a new fault location scheme on this is proposed. The proposed scheme is different from the traditional ones based on fundamental impedance. Fast Intrinsic Mode Decomposition (FIMD) and Teager Energy Operator (TEO) are combined (FIMD&TEO) to detect the arrival time of the traveling wave at each terminal. Fault Distance Ratio Matrix (FDRM) and rules for identifying faulted sections of a multi-terminal transmission line are proposed and the method for building FDRM is presented in this paper. After several couples of local and remote terminals connecting through the faulted section are got, their fault distances are calculated by means of a two-ended traveling wave method, and then the fault point can be located by averaging the fault distances. Many simulations under various fault conditions have been done, and the results show that the proposed scheme can locate faults more accurately than existing impedance-based methods.     

基于电压行波波形特征的柔性直流输电线路雷击识别方法

柔性直流输电系统的线路主保护速动性要求极高,线路受雷击干扰后引入大量高频暂态信号易引发线路保护误动作。针对此问题,首先根据行波的传播规律分析雷击后线路电压行波特征,得出雷击干扰与故障的特征差异。雷击干扰时,暂态过程中电压行波经线路边界反射后波头极性不发生改变,行波波头到达线路边界的时间间隔大。雷击故障时,电压行波经故障点反射后波头极性发生改变,行波波头到达线路边界的时间间隔小。然后,根据电压行波波形特征差异提出长短窗结合的雷击干扰识别方法。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC电磁暂态仿真软件对所提方法进行验证。结果表明,所提出的雷击干扰识别方案能够快速、可靠、准确地识别雷击干扰与故障情况,不受雷击位置、线路参数、雷电流参数和噪声的影响。     

基于三端法的HHT行波故障测距研究

输电线行波故障定位的技术关键在于提高捕捉故障行波波头信号到达时间的精确度以及行波波速度的确定。小波变换(Wavelet Transform,WT)是目前主要采用的波头识别算法,而希尔伯特-黄变换(HilbertHuang Transform,HHT)作为分析非平稳和非线性信号一种强大的工具值得深入研究,文章提出了基于三端测距法的HHT行波测距方法。采用Simulink建立输电线路仿真模型,通过haar、db4小波和HHT分析对比,结果表明HHT能更有效地提高故障定位精度,且克服了小波变换需要选择小波基函数和分解尺度的缺点。     

小波包频带能量分析在馈电线路行波特征提取中的应用

文章提出了一种利用小波包变换对馈电线路行波信号进行特征提取的新方法,应用信号的小波包各频带能量与信号总能量的比值作为特征参量对馈电线路进行故障诊断.试验结果表明,小波包能量谱分析用于馈电线路行波特征提取是行之有效的.     

基于小波包和包络线的行波相关法单端故障测距研究

针对行波相关法时间窗不固定导致单端行波故障测距可靠性低的问题,提出将小波包和包络线结合的新方法。首先利用db1小波基对故障行波信号进行小波包多尺度的分解重构,验证了在不同尺度下正反向行波初始波头的宽度都是相同的;以正反向行波初始波头的宽度作为行波相关法中时间窗宽度,使时间窗宽度成为一个定值。其次,利用包络线把正反向行波中前两个不同极性的波头变为单极性波头,最后通过相关算法处理实现单端行波故障测距。所提方法使行波相关法中的时间窗宽度不再受故障距离、过渡电阻等因素的影响,且经包络线处理后的正反向波避开了相关函数出现多余极值。经PSCAD和MATLAB仿真分析,与传统行波相关法相比,所提方法明显提高了单端故障测距的可靠性。