Electrical Engineering Education in the U.S.

Electrical engineering education in the U.S. is described for comparison with other educational systems discussed in this issue on international education. Some of the changes that have taken place since World War II are given, including enrollments, popularity of fields in terms of student choice and employment opportunities, reduction in the structure of the curriculum, and differing views on the time required to reach the first engineering degree. Finally, some guidelines are offered for the future development of education for electrical engineering in the U. S.     

美国的照明系统及照明产品能效标准

1　概述据估计 ,美国的照明用电量达到 515TWH,占美国总电量消耗的 16% ,商业用电量的 37% ,居民用电量的 11% ,工业用电量的 7%。其照明用电量的具体分布情况如图 1所示。图 1　美国照明用电量的分布根据美国劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室为美国能源部所作的分析 ,如果所有的建筑物照明都采用可行的提高能效的措施 ,商业室内照明用电量将节约 64%～ 71% ,民用建筑室内室外照明用电量将节约 4 9%～ 56%。以目前的价格计算 (经济可行性 ,包括项目成本 ) ,如果采用最低寿命周期成本技术 ,将节约 4 9%～ 59%的商业室内照明用电量 ,而居民用电量将节…     

National security strategy for U.S. water

In The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, poet Samuel Coleridge entwines us in the mystical journey of a mariner bound to a becalmed ship and mercilessly surrounded by volumes of water unfit to drink, ". . .water, water everywhere, Ne any drop to drink" [1]. Coleridge's tale of man's action, reflections, and subsequent remorse seems to demonstratively tell the tale of humankind's longstanding convoluted struggle to gain supremacy over the one crucial element that sustains life on this planet: water.     

美国聚合物电池的研究与开发

阐述了聚合物电解质中离子迁移的基本概念、固体电解质膜 (SEI)层以及纯聚合物电解质的组成 ;新型的正极和负极材料 ,如低成本的磷酸铁和锂锡合金体系在显著提高电池性能方面很有潜力。聚合物体系新的封装概念和内部粘结可有效地减小电池的质量和体积 ,同时一些新型高能电池体系 ,如锂硫聚合物电池的研究正在进行中 ,这些高能电池的体积比能量和质量比能量在以后的几年中分别有望达到 5 0 0Wh/L和 40 0Wh/kg。     

Overlapping authorities in U.S. energy policy

Overlapping intergovernmental authorities explain much of the complexities in U.S. energy policy, by accounting for limited powers, uncertain autonomy, cooperation and conflict, inter-state differences, and intersecting policies. Among the implications of overlapping authority are polycentric policymaking venues, direct and indirect policy effects, and energy system governance. Overlapping authority provides a framework for understanding the intersecting roles of national, state, and local governments in energy policy.     

国产超超临界锅炉用S30432钢管性能试验研究

介绍了国内钢管公司按优化成分与工艺试制的超超临界锅炉用ASME SA-213M S30432钢管性能试验研究结果,对批量生产的国产管与进口管的特性进行了对比性的统计分析。结果表明,国产管满足ASME规范的要求,也达到国外同类产品实物质量水平。     

美国新能源发展概况

概述了美国新能源的发展现状、开发策略和发展前景,提供了各种新能源的所有详细数据。此外,还简要介绍了美国联邦政府和州政府关于鼓励开发新能源的一些政策,包括建立相关法案、政策定价和税收补偿等。最后阐述了美国新能源产业的发展前景。     

Task for engineers-resuscitating the U.S. rail system

It is noted that, to create an effective new rail system in the US, passenger and freight services would be needed, both of them integrated and standardized in a national plan. It is suggested that it is absurd to pose the future of railroads as a complete dichotomy between superspeed passenger lines on one hand and slow freights meandering over decrepit trackage on the other hand. One would hope that the latter category would steadily shrink, but a unified system means that long-distance passenger service, commuter lines including airport access, and freight would move at optimal speeds and provide maximum convenience for their users. This objective-an integrated system, electrified for maximum energy saving and security-defines the details of what should be national policy as well as the tasks that US engineers must face in tackling the job. It is concluded that, if a new system is to fulfil its purposes, engineers will have to become part of an industrial rescue operation that has few parallels     

The poor condition of the U.S. infrastructure

Our national infrastructure is in a dire condition, and this crisis is endangering the nation's future prosperity. In 2005, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) became so alarmed over the parlous state of the national infrastructure that its Report Card for America's Infrastructure concluded that the physical condition of 15 categories of infrastructure rated a barely passing grade of D [1]. Nowhere is the problem greater than in the area of our water supply, which is challenged by aging wastewater facilities and leaking drinking-water pipes and received a collective grade of D minus in 2005. The federal government has directly invested an estimated US$80 billion in the construction of publicly owned sewage treatment works (POTWs) and their related facilities since the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972 [2]. Nevertheless, the physical condition of many of the nation's 16,000 wastewater treatment systems is poor because of a lack of investment in plant, equipment, and other capital improvements over the years. The nation's 54,000 drinking-water systems face staggering public investment needs over the next 20 years. Although the United States spends billions on infrastructure each year, the most reliable estimates conclude that our drinking-water infrastructure faces an annual shortfall of at least US$11 billion to replace aging facilities that are near the end of their useful life and to comply with the existing and future federal water regulations [3]. Also, this shortfall does not even account for any growth in the demand for drinking water over the next 20 years.     

美国标准电流互感器设计制造

介绍了美国标准电流互感器的技术要求及其与国标的区别,指出了其设计中应注意的若干问题。     

美国电力市场发展现状

介绍美国电力市场发展的最新情况，对其改革初衷与现实做了比较，还介绍了得克萨斯州的电力可靠性强制导则及中西部电力系统运营者(MISO)和PJM的联合运营协议。     

Optics Technology Education Programs in the U. S.

The need for and the development of optics technology education programs in the US. are discussed. The resulting programs (primarily two-year associate degree programs) supply technicians and technologists for the rapidly expanding optics and electro-optics industry.     

美国海军对电池的需求及研制

介绍了美国海军四种水下武器装置（声纳浮标、水雷、水下探测器、鱼雷）对电池的需求以及海军为未来应用正在进行的研究工作。     

美国能源需求问题

美国是世界最大的能源消费国和进口国,其主要能源需求品石油的消费量在过去10年里增长了约18％,目前每天消耗近2000万桶,其中三分之二依靠进口。随着全球经济的迅速扩张,世界能源需求不断增加而备用能源日益匮乏,能源安全问题也越来越受到美国政府的重视。近年,包括美国联邦储备委员会主席格林斯潘在内的经济界人士,不断呼吁美国加强对天然气等其