水中负极性灌木状放电特性研究

该文研究不同外施电压下水中灌木状流注的形貌演化过程、间歇发光特性和分叉机制。实验结果表明,流注形态演化与放电注入能量密切相关。随外施电压增加,流注气相通道阴影面积迅速上升,形态从双分支结构逐渐过渡至多分支结构。灌木状流注在发展过程中呈现间歇发光特性,外施电压增加导致平均发光间隔显著降低。该现象取决于流注通道气—液界面的电荷沉积与消散过程。流注表面电荷的不均匀分布特性及外施场强共同决定了灌木状流注的分叉行为,实验观测与理论分析表明流注通道表面突起形成与分支通道发展在流注半径较小时更为明显,且随外施场强增大而不断加剧。     

纳秒脉冲电压下变压器油预击穿特性的仿真分析

以针—球电极间隙变压器油为研究对象,基于场致电离机理,建立用于表述液体电介质流注预放电过程中载流子的产生及输运的偏微分方程,结合电场泊松方程,以及热扩散方程,仿真研究纳秒脉冲电压下变压器油预击穿特性。得到了预击穿过程中电场强度随电压幅值、极性以及脉冲上升沿时间的变化规律。仿真结果表明:流注速度随电压幅值的增大而增大;负流注相比于正流注轴向传播距离小径向传播距离大;负流注起始放电电压高于正流注,且起始速度大于正流注;正脉冲上升沿时间越短所形成流注半径越大,上升沿时间大于50 ns的负脉冲条件下产生的流注易消散。本文的研究工作和取得的结论有助于加深对变压器油中放电起始、发展过程的认识以及对液体电介质放电机制的理解。     

附着金属颗粒的绝缘介质沿面放电微观发展过程

利用"三电极"结构,研究附着金属颗粒直径和介质介电常数对流注平均沿面发展速率、流注到达阴极时发光强度的影响;并通过COMSOL建立了包含金属颗粒影响的等离子体沿面放电模型,揭示金属颗粒和介电常数对沿面放电微观发展过程的影响机制。结果表明:金属颗粒直径越大,颗粒对背景电场的畸变作用越大,流注前端最大电场强度数值越大,导致流注平均沿面发展速率以及流注端部到达阴极时的发光强度越大;绝缘介质介电常数越大,介质表面电荷密度越大,流注通道内部电荷更易附着,流注前端最大电场强度值越小,导致流注平均沿面发展速率以及流注到达阴极时的发光强度越小。     

沿绝缘介质表面的气体放电等离子体模型

高压直流断路器的断口沿面绝缘性能失效已经成为阻碍直流开断技术发展的主要难点之一,而目前对沿面放电的动态发展规律和放电模型研究还很不完善。该文基于二维自洽流体模拟,建立了N_2/O_2等离子体沿面放电模型,考虑带电粒子的连续性方程和电子能量平衡方程,并耦合泊松方程求解。研究结果发现平板电极中放电由两端向中间发展,累积的表面电荷极性与外加电压一致。根据放电电流波形可判断沿面放电的发展阶段,其中电晕放电阶段电流幅值小且稳定,流注放电阶段电流有小幅波动,火花放电阶段出现电流激增。沿面放电发生在绝缘柱表面的薄层中,其中正、负空间电荷混合存在。并从沿面放电发展速度和表面电荷密度分布两方面验证了该等离子体模型的正确性。     

伞裙结构对绝缘子表面流注发展特性的影响EI北大核心CSCD

绝缘子伞裙结构的设计要考虑诸多影响因素,合理的设计绝缘子的伞裙结构可以提高沿面闪络电压,保证输电线路供电的可靠性。研究了伞裙结构对沿面预放电(流注放电)特性的影响,从如何抑制沿面流注放电的角度探讨了绝缘子伞裙结构的设计。从沿面流注放电的试验结果发现:光滑圆柱绝缘子表面流注拥有两个分量,即"沿面分量"和"空气分量",而带伞裙的绝缘子表面流注"沿面分量"不能越过伞裙传播到达上极板,只有"空气分量"可以到达上极板。此外,带伞裙绝缘子表面流注稳定传播场强大于光滑绝缘子表面流注稳定传播场强。沿面流注稳定传播场强与伞裙直径成正比,而相同电场下的流注传播速度则和伞裙直径成反比。伞裙位置对流注传播特性也有很大影响,在一定距离范围内,伞裙越靠近流注起始位置,流注传播越困难。     

伞裙结构对绝缘子表面流注发展特性的影响

绝缘子伞裙结构的设计要考虑诸多影响因素,合理的设计绝缘子的伞裙结构可以提高沿面闪络电压,保证输电线路供电的可靠性。研究了伞裙结构对沿面预放电(流注放电)特性的影响,从如何抑制沿面流注放电的角度探讨了绝缘子伞裙结构的设计。从沿面流注放电的试验结果发现:光滑圆柱绝缘子表面流注拥有两个分量,即"沿面分量"和"空气分量",而带伞裙的绝缘子表面流注"沿面分量"不能越过伞裙传播到达上极板,只有"空气分量"可以到达上极板。此外,带伞裙绝缘子表面流注稳定传播场强大于光滑绝缘子表面流注稳定传播场强。沿面流注稳定传播场强与伞裙直径成正比,而相同电场下的流注传播速度则和伞裙直径成反比。伞裙位置对流注传播特性也有很大影响,在一定距离范围内,伞裙越靠近流注起始位置,流注传播越困难。     

正极性直流电压下油纸绝缘针板电极局放脉冲波形与局放机理

为研究直流电压下油纸绝缘局放脉冲波形特性,建立了正极性直流电压下针板局放平台,记录局放脉冲与流注形状,同时构建了电场与电荷密度分布仿真模型。根据流注形状可将局放分为:电晕放电、树状放电、单流注放电、多流注放电。仿真表明局放类型与油纸界面电荷及空间电场有关。除电晕放电,其余局放波形均为无过零振荡的单峰脉冲,且随电压幅值增加或油隙宽度降低,脉冲上升沿与下降沿变陡,放电幅值增加。为讨论局放机理,探究脉冲波形与流注演变的时间对应关系,建立了局放电路模型。研究表明,局放脉冲上升沿对应流注发展过程,下降沿对应纸面电荷积累过程。局放脉冲本质是外电路对被流注部分"短路"的缺陷充电而产生的电流脉冲。该文可为油纸绝缘局放特性研究及基于局放的油纸绝缘状态诊断提供理论参考。     

考虑电压上升影响的“针-板”空气间隙直流负流注放电特性研究

负流注放电过程是一个高度非线性动力学过程,且发展过程复杂。该文针对“针–板”电极结构、1cm空气间隙,建立短空气间隙负流注放电模型并通过仿真试验验证模型合理性,分析外加上升时间及电压幅值对负流注放电发展过程空间电场强度、带电粒子浓度、流注发展速度、放电电流变化特性的影响。随负流注由“针”电极向“板”电极发展,放电区域内的轴线电场强度、电子浓度在短暂升高后呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势;随外加电压上升时间增大,流注头部的电场强度和电子浓度呈非线性上升趋势,外加电压上升时间T=0.01ns上升到T=2ns时,流注发展平均速度降低3.38mm/ns;随外加电压幅值增大,负流注头部的电场强度及电子浓度呈非线性上升趋势,外加电压幅值U₀=–20k V上升到U₀=–25k V时,流注发展平均速度上升2.7mm/ns。     

表面电荷积聚对绝缘子沿面闪络影响的研究

通过对典型绝缘子表面电荷分布特点的分析，研究了表面电荷与放电起始间的关系。研究表明在表面电荷作用下绝缘子沿面闪络起始电压会发生变化。对110kV三相共箱式GIS绝缘子的闪络实验表明，表面电荷可使绝缘子沿面闪络电压下降23．4％。对位移电流作用下的绝缘子沿面闪络先导发展模型进行改进，补充了表面电荷对该模型的影响。指出表面电荷产生的附加电场会影响流注电晕内部正负电荷的分离速度及放电的进一步发展。     

空气中沿面流注放电表面电荷分布特性的仿真研究北大核心CSCD

绝缘子表面积聚的电荷会畸变电介质表面电场进而引发沿面闪络。为研究空气氛围中绝缘介质表面在沿面流注放电发展过程中动态电荷积聚情况,在自主开发的二维流体沿面放电仿真模型中增加化学反应体系,模拟了正负极性沿面放电在起始及发展过程中流注自身特性以及介质表面电荷分布特性的演化过程。研究发现施加电压为负极性时,介质表面始终累计负电荷,沿面流注头部累积电荷量极高,流注头部后方界面处电场极性反转,正离子向介质表面运动;施加电压为正极性时,沿面流注头部累积正电荷,尾部电子朝介质表面扩散,介质表面总电荷量为负值。     

Parallel streamer discharges between wire and plane electrodes in water

Streamer discharges in tap water and distilled water have been generated by applying a voltage pulse from 120 to 175 kV and 500 ns duration to a wire-to-electrode configuration. Electrical and optical diagnostics were used to explore the temporal development of the streamers in tap and distilled water, at various applied voltages and both polarities. With the wire serving as anode, multiple, parallel streamer discharges were generated. The number density of these streamers along the wire decreases with decreasing electric field on the surface of the wire. The dependence of the streamer density on electric field indicates the role of field enhancement at inhomogeneous microstructures along the wire as streamer initiation mechanism. The appearance of the discharge was different for tap and distilled water. However, the measured average streamer propagation velocity from the positive wire to the grounded plane electrode, of 32 mm//spl mu/s, was independent of the water conductivity and the applied voltage. This suggests the existence of a self-sustained electric field at the streamer head. With the wire serving as cathode, only a weak light emission from the area close to the wire was observed, and streamers did not appear for the same voltage amplitude as with the positive polarity. This suggests that an ionic current flowing in the water is not dominant in the streamer propagation process.     

Positive streamer discharges along insulating surfaces

By measuring the currents associated with the streamer discharge along silicone rubber surfaces, parameters of streamer propagation such as the minimum field of streamer crossing, the field of stable streamer propagation, the mean velocity and the streamer charge distribution have been analyzed and compared to the streamer discharge in air alone. Clear differences were observed in the measured currents for the individual surfaces at low background fields (285 kV/m). For higher fields the streamer crosses the gap almost independently of the surface type. The minimum streamer field was found to be slightly increased compared to air. The field of stable streamer propagation also was higher than in air. It is ~ 570 kV/m, larger than that of the streamer discharge in air (~ 500), under the same conditions. The streamer speed was found slightly increased in the presence of the silicone rubber surface and the distinction between the individual surfaces was modest. A discussion on possible mechanisms for the observed differences in the streamer speed and currents with and without the insulator surfaces is presented. The net positive charge of the streamer along an insulating surface seems to be distributed along the streamer channel rather than localized in the front part of the channel as the case for the streamer in air     

Measurement of streamer charge distribution on an insulator in SF6 Gas

The charge density produced by streamers on an insulator surface in SF₆ has been investigated by using a probe method with a high-speed temporal resolution. Concentric circular probes, which also act as a plane electrode, are used in this probe method. Probe signals are observed oscilloscopically and converted into the charge densities through a numerical calculation. This method reveals the charge distribution before a disturbance caused by the “back discharge.” The charge density thus obtained ranges from several nC/cm² up to about 60 nC/cm². The density depends on the pressure, voltage height and the position of the streamer. The electric field on the insulator is analyzed numerically taking into account the surface charge. The internal electric field of the streamer is found to be 40 ～ 50 kV/cm · atm when the streamer ceases its propagation. However, it partly exceeds the critical one (89 kV/cm · atm) during the propagation.     

Characteristics of laser-triggered electric discharges in air

An experiment of laser-triggered electric discharges has been conducted in a uniform background electric field. By focusing the beam of a pulsed Nd-YAG laser (wavelength 532 nm, pulse duration 5 ns) in a narrow (15 mm) plane-parallel air gap exposed to a DC voltage, streamer discharges and disruptive discharges were triggered. The laser energy and the background electric field strength were varied in the ranges 0-180 mJ and 0.8-1.4 MV/m, respectively, and the laser plasma was induced either close to the anode, close to the cathode or mid-gap. From images of the electrode gap and from current measurements, the occurrence of and time to the streamer discharge and the disruptive discharge were determined. No distinct level was found of either the laser energy or the plasma energy for the transition from one discharge case to another, even if the general trend was that the energy required for a certain discharge case was reduced when increasing the background electric field. These and other observations make the method of laser triggering a less suitable method for studies of streamer initiation and streamer propagation, but revealed several interesting features of laser-triggered electric discharges.     

棒-板长间隙正极性流注生长概率模型及应用

为研究长空间隙放电分散性和放电路径随机性,建立了结合传统流注放电理论和分形生长理论的正极性流注生长概率模型。首先基于经典的流注起始判据,计算了棒-板间隙流注起始电压;选择空间电位和电子崩形成时间作为流注生长控制变量,结合泊松方程、电荷连续性方程和欧姆定律描述流注通道内部的电荷转移,仿真流注的持续发展过程;当流注到达板电极后,选择放电树枝中电位梯度最大的通道作为最后的主放电通道。分析表明,该模型可描述流注区空间电荷随时间的积累过程,棒-板间隙击穿时间的分散性以及放电路径的随机性;由其计算得的棒-板间隙主放电通道分形维数与试验结果相吻合,同时基于该模型对棒-导线-板间隙放电选择概率分布的计算结果也与试验所得规律一致。     

正流注传播动力学特性随气压湿度的变化

为了解流注传播电场测量中大气参数的影响,利用“三电极系统”研究了不同气压湿度条件下正流注的传播电场和传播速度。利用两个光电倍增管检测流注在平行极板间的传播,获得了流注传播电场的概率分布及平均传播速度,得到了无外加脉冲电压时流注传播的“稳态电场”与相对空气密度、湿度间的经验公式,并和其它研究者提出的公式进行了比较。研究表明:流注传播的“起始电场”和“稳态电场”随着外加脉冲电压的减小而增大,随着气压和湿度降低而减小;电场强度相同时,流注平均传播速度随着气压和湿度的增大而减小,其数量级为105m/s。     

多间隙气体放电管研究及其应用

为了解决气体间隙放电在雷电防护应用中存在击穿电压高、工频续流大的问题,通过对汤森理论与帕森定律的分析,设计了一种多间隙气体放电管,并在帕森定律的基础上提出了单个间隙击穿电压乘以系数β(β1)为多间隙气体放电管的击穿电压。采用模拟雷电流对多间隙气体放电管做冲击试验,结合气体放电理论与试验结果分析得出:与相同材料及极间距的传统气体放电管相比,多间隙气体放电管的击穿电压为其1/5左右,响应时延可缩短至200ns左右,残压上升陡度最大可减小0.3k V/μs;多间隙气体放电管在一定的雷电流范围内能够减少甚至消除工频续流,具有一定的实用价值。     

High field conduction and prebreakdown phenomena in dielectric liquids

The present paper is mainly devoted to phenomena occurring in point-plane electrode geometry, where breakdown is the result of the initiation and propagation of prebreakdown phenomena called "streamers". In this configuration, an investigative study of the streamer initiation processes, requiring very high electric field strengths (/spl sim/ MV/cm), and of propagation (requiring low electric field, /spl sim/ kV/cm) can easily be carried out for negative streamer development as well as for the positive case. From analysis of experimental results in pure liquids the physical processes connected with streamer initiation and propagation, particularly the electronic ones, are presented and discussed. Estimations of the main parameters of slower subsonic streamers and of the faster filamentary ones (such as field strength at the streamer tip, field inside the channel, charge density, etc.) have been obtained from qualitative considerations and compared to experimental data.     

The effect of tip curvature on the prebreakdown streamer structurein cyclohexane

In this paper the effect of tip curvature on the generation and propagation of prebreakdown density change streamer in cyclohexane was investigated. The streamer inception voltage increased with tip curvature, which was higher for a positive point than a negative one. The initial structure of the streamer was a single filament for both polarities in cyclohexane. For a negative point, the streamer structure changed from sphere to hemisphere, pagoda and bush-like form with increasing tip curvature and applied voltage. A slim channel connecting the streamer with needle tip was clearly observed for tip radii >5 μm, while it was not for those <3 μm. For positive streamers, on the other hand, it changed from slow bush-like form to fast filamentary with increasing tip curvature and applied voltage. Both magnitude and propagating speed of the streamer at its inception voltage increased with a tip curvature. After the growth stopped, they broke up into small bubbles and contracted with damped oscillation. From the spatial distribution of the field strength between the point and plane calculated by the finite element method, it was found that there exists a specific distance from the tip where the field strength is equal under any tip radii used in this study for both polarities. This distance and field strength may considered to be the minimum length and field for an electron avalanche in liquid     

Variation of the Dynamics of Positive Streamer with Pressure and Humidity in Air

The dynamics of positive streamer in air under different pressure and humidity conditions was studied. The widely used three-electrode system was used to obtain the streamer propagation probability and average propagation velocity as a function of background field. A simulation was performed based on the 1.5D fluid model. Simulated intrinsic stability field for streamer propagation and corresponding average propagation velocity were in agreement with those deriving from experimental results. The intrinsic stability fields obtained with the empirical equations proposed by the author and other investigators were compared. It was analyzed that the effect of the amplitude and duration of voltage pulse applied on the needle. The statistical distribution of propagation field was explained by the dispersion of discharge time delay. The decrease of intrinsic stability field with the reduction of pressure and/or humidity was due to the increase of the conductivity of the streamer channel as a result of the weakening of attachment and/or electron-ion recombination effect.