Adaptive non-communication protection for power lines BO scheme.II. The instant operation approach

This paper presents an instant operation scheme of a adaptive noncommunication protection technique for power lines. In the technique, protection relays make tripping or reclosure decisions adapting to system and fault conditions without the need for communication links. The noncommunication is achieved by the detection of whether or not the system is in a balanced operation, in order to identify the breaker operation at the remote end of the protected section. In the scheme, the distance relay will trip instantly when a fault is detected outside its zone 1, but within its zone 2 reach. Subsequently, it detects whether the fault is on the protected section or not, and recloses when a fault is cleared from the protected line section. Simulation studies with responses to various system and fault condition have shown that the technique is able to give fast and correct response without the need for a communication link     

Adaptive noncommunication protection of double-circuit line systems

This paper presents a new technique for noncommunication protection of double-circuit lines. In the technique, the sequence and superimposed signals are used to detect the remote circuit breaker (CB) operation, from which it is to be determined whether a fault inside the protected section can be derived. Extensive simulation studies with respect to typical double-circuit transmission-line systems show that the proposed technique is able to rapidly and correctly determine whether a fault is inside the protected line section without the need for communication links.     

快速有选择性的辐射状配电网无通道保护

迄今为止的无通道保护只适用于双端电源线路。对于单电源配电线路，由于无电源侧的保护和断路器不会动作，该保护失去了动作依据。针对这个问题，文中提出了无电源侧的故障检测原理和基于该原理的无通道保护方案。使用新保护，当有电源或无电源一侧的断路器首先跳闸后，另一侧的继电器将根据检测到的网络变量加速本端动作，从而将故障线路从两端切除。对于一个典型的开环系统的仿真研究表明：所提出的无电源端的故障检测原理和保护方案是正确的；一个6段线路的系统最长保护动作时间不超过1．5s。     

Application of a distance relaying scheme to compensate fault location errors due to fault resistance

This paper proposes a distance relaying scheme based on the current phase jump behavior during fault conditions to improve the apparent impedance estimated by the distance relay. For a nonpilot protection scheme, the measured impedance is affected by error due to the combined effects of fault resistance and prefault load. An experimental relation between the current phase jump introduced with fault inception and the X/R ratio seen by the distance protection is deduced. The phase jump correction factor obtained is an exponential function of the X/R ratio of the line. This factor is applied to the apparent impedance measured by the relay and it allows mitigating the adverse effect of prefault power. The relaying scheme improves significantly the accuracy in estimation of the resistive fault location. The application of this scheme does not require communication links from the remote end of line and is applicable to all types of fault.     

基于混合法的电网连锁故障评估模型

综合解析法和随机模拟法,提出了基于混合法的电网连锁故障评估模型。应用Markov空间理论建立了计及主保护和远后备保护作用的故障切除概率模型,从而将基于预想事故行为指标和同心松弛法快速筛选出的预想线路故障集划分为不同的初始故障状态,确定出初始故障集;根据实时运行条件下的发电机、线路、负荷的可靠性模型模拟相应的后续故障;基于风险理论定义了连锁故障路径严重度指标,以此评估出系统中的薄弱环节。算例结果验证了该模型的合理性和有效性。     

无信道馈线故障处理技术

研究了配电网中在无信道条件下,故障段定位、隔离和供电恢复的新技术。当馈线发生永久性故障时,出线保护跳闸,随后各分段开关失压分闸。经过预定时延后,自出线开关起依序重合。在重合过程中,由于故障位置不同,出现故障电气量的时间也不同,因而利用出现故障量的时间差异就可准确判断故障线段。通过变电站出线开关与线路上分段开关的协调配合,实现消除暂时性故障,隔离永久性故障线段,恢复非故障线段的正常供电,并由变电站对     

远动遥控的双校验方法研究

为了提高遥控环节的可靠性、提升遥控过程的安全性,结合调控一体化系统,针对远方操作环节,给出了一种基于通信规约的远方操作安全的校核方法。着重研究了远方操作的安全性与可靠性,对原有的远方操作流程进行分析,并对电力系统的IEC60870-5-104通信规约进行解读,找出了原有方法和通信规约的缺陷。提出了远动安全校核的遥控双校验方法,并对IEC60870-5-104通信规约进行了扩展,验证了其有效性。     

远距离输电线路的能量平衡保护

提出了一种应用能量平衡关系实现远距离输电线路保护的新原理。该原理采用2种方法计算在同一时间内输入输电线路的能量,然后进行相比比较,区分内部和外部故障。EMTP仿真结果表明此方案耐过渡电阻能力强,不受电力系统运行方式的影响,动作速度快。     

Adaptive non-communication protection for power lines BO scheme3-The accelerated operation approach

This paper presents the accelerated operation scheme of the adaptive noncommunication protection technique for power lines with complex configurations, such as multi-end feeders and ring mains. In the scheme, the overcurrent directional relays are arranged in two operating modes, the fixed time operation and accelerated operation. The relays with faster operating time in the conventional time grading coordination remain unchanged. The new technique is employed to enable accelerated operation to be achieved for the relays which are in the positions for which slow operating time is set when using conventional time grading technique. For a fault occurring on the protected system, the relays of fixed time operation mode will operate at the preset time for the fault within its protected direction. The relays which are programmed to use accelerated operation mode will determine whether a fault is on the protected section or not by using the BO technique, that is to detect the circuit breaker operation by determining whether the line section is in a balanced operation condition or not. The relay makes accelerated tripping decisions for a fault on its protected section. Simulation studies of the responses to various system and fault conditions show that the scheme can significantly increase the speed of the relay responses in the protection of power line systems with complex configurations     

配电线路无通道保护研究

针对35 kV及以下中低压配电网中三段式电流保护动作速度慢、快速保护范围有限的缺点,提出了利用单端故障分量的快速保护新原理和构成方案。该保护利用线路对端断路器动作后所造成的本端故障分量的变化来识别保护区内外故障,克服了传统电流保护延时较长的缺点。EMTP仿真结果证明了所提保护的正确性及有效性。     

中性点直接接地电网的自适应零序电流速断保护

为了尽可能减小线路零序电流速断保护的保护范围受系统运行方式变化等因素的影响,提出了一种自适应零序电流速断保护的实现方法。该方法假设输电线路两侧的保护之间具有通信通道,系统发生短路时线路两侧的保护能够实时计算出系统等值阻抗并经通信通道实时传送给对侧的保护,两侧的保护装置可根据短路类型实时调整零序电流速断保护的动作整定值。通过计算不同接地短路类型时零序电流速断保护灵敏度的公式,表明零序电流速断保护的保护范围不仅受系统运行方式变化的影响,还受接地短路类型的影响。仿真计算结果表明,文章提出的自适应式零序电流速断保护的实现方法可有效减小系统运行方式变化及短路类型不同对保护范围的影响,使保护的性能大大提高。     

Non-communication protection method for meshed and radial distribution networks with synchronous-based DG

This paper presents an efficient protection method which can be used for both meshed and radial distribution networks (DNs) with synchronous-based distributed generation (SBDG) units. The method does not require any communication system in the both grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. The microprocessor-based relays used in the DNs are programmed with a new time-current-voltage characteristic utilising only local fault voltage and current magnitudes. The proposed method is verified by simulation study on the DN of IEEE 30-bus test system as a meshed network in grid-connected mode. The method is also tested on an Iranian practical radial DN in the both grid-connected and islanded modes of operation. The test cases include different fault conditions, with SBDG at various locations and different DG penetration levels, and also without any SBDG in the networks. It is shown in a comparative study that the new time-current-voltage characteristic achieves a notable reduction in total relay operating times without any communication links. In addition, the method uses the same protection settings for the both grid-connected and islanded modes of operation.     

自动化系统在宝盖220 kV变电站的应用

阐述以太网和Lon网在电力系统中的配合使用。CSC2000变电站自动化系统采用分层分布结构,集变电站保护、测量、就地监视和控制、远方信息传输和控制于一体,将各种数字化智能保护及测量控制等前置设备,通过LonWorks现场总线网络和以太网实现互联网及与上层功能主站（就地监控主站,就地录波工程师主站,远动主站及自动无功调节主站）联接,实现信息交换和数据共享远成对变电站运行的自动监视、控制和调节。     

边缘检测在HVDC系统故障诊断中的应用

为了及时分辨HVDC系统故障类型并快速恢复,对直流输电标准测试系统在各种故障,包括交流系统发生故障、逆变换相失败故障以及直流线路故障下的典型响应特性进行了分析。采用劋trous小波方法将行波信号分解成不同尺度下的小波面,其中包含了该尺度下细节信息,实现对故障的边缘检测;提出了3种故障判别准则,推出了模极大值能量的概念,并利用反射行波信号的小波变换模极大值的幅值、极性及模极大值能量等变化规律对不同HVDC系统故障进行诊断,实现逆变器换相失败和交流系统单相故障的识别。MATLAB仿真结果表明提出的方法能很好地完成HVDC系统的故障诊断。     

基于复小波的快速相差保护研究

针对相差保护虽具有不受系统振荡影响的优点，但由于其对通道要求高，保护动作时间长的问题，该文提出一种利用小波变换提取非工频故障电流相位进行比较的保护新方法：基于故障产生的暂态电流分量在线路上的流向进行保护。它具有快速比相的能力，提高了相差保护在高阻接地和两相运行下的保护性能。新方法能够有效地加快保护速度，提高保护在大负荷电流下的抗过渡电阻的能力，改善保护在缺相运行时的保护特性等。对保护两端同步采样的要求较低，因而很容易实施。大量EMTP仿真试验验证了新方法的快速性和可靠性。该方法如应用于实际中，可提高运行部门的旧有相差保护性能和经济效益。     

Analysis of an accelerated trip scheme for faults in the secondzone of protection of a transmission line

An analysis of a scheme of accelerated trips for faults in the second zone of a transmission line distance protection system is given. By the use of the two-port network theory, variations of the sequence currents and voltages are analyzed when the fault occurs on the protected line followed by a trip of the circuit breaker on the other side. The analysis is supported by tests performed on a laboratory model of a power system. The new scheme can improve sensitivity and avoid improper operation. Thus, it may be possible to use this scheme instead of pilot protection and alleviate any problems caused by the nonavailability of a sufficient number of communication channels for remote control and relaying     

A Decision-Tree Scheme for Responding to Uncertainties in Microgrid Protection Coordination

In addition to the dynamic nature of microgrids, uncertainty in the proper operation of protection system and communication links are other challenges affecting the protection coordination of these networks. Therefore, in this paper, a new protection coordination plan based on decision tree for considering uncertainties in the topology of microgrid, protection system, and communication links is presented. The proposed method allows the adaptive protection to make global decisions and adopt the best strategy to clear faults depending on considered uncertainties. Since circuit breakers are the most prone to failure equipment in the protection system due to fault-caused stress, this paper models uncertainty in the protection system with uncertainty in the performance of circuit breakers. In order to consider uncertainty in circuit breakers and communication links, their probability of correct operation are not considered fixed but variable, respectively, proportional to the fault current flowing through the circuit breakers and the latency of communication links. The proposed plan was tested on a sample microgrid in DIgSILENT Power Factory. Results prove that using the proposed method, adaptive protection can establish an optimal sequence of strategies so that with the failure of each strategy, the best backup strategy is replaced given the uncertainties.     

基于模糊逻辑的UPFC线路新型正序故障分量方向元件

统一潮流控制器(UPFC)可以灵活控制线路潮流,提高电力系统运行稳定性,但其接入会对线路保护的动作性能产生影响。针对UPFC线路正序故障分量方向元件在反方向故障时易发生误动的问题,提出了基于模糊逻辑的适用于UPFC线路的新型正序故障分量方向元件。首先,通过增加UPFC线路侧电压互感器,与原有的母线电压和线路电流测点组成新型保护单元。在此基础上,对传统方向元件的动作区域进行划分,进而应用模糊逻辑,通过设置合理的隶属度函数、权重和故障方向判据,利用综合隶属度函数实现故障方向的判别。最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC的大量仿真结果表明,新型方向元件在UPFC不同运行方式、不同故障类型和过渡电阻等条件下,均可正确判别故障方向,保障了UPFC接入后电网的安全可靠运行。     

区域层次化保护系统研究与设计

利用变电站采样信息,提出了一种实现区域层次化继电保护的方式。系统主要由通信网络组成、变电站层,区域保护层。通信系统将就地信息传送至区域保护,实现区域信息共享。在获取变电站层的全景信息后,区域保护系统根据电力系统运行方式、拓扑结构与各供配电线路的故障类型与负荷发生变化,和就地保护进行配合,利用区域信息进行故障定位,实现了面向系统的保护。     

煤矿自适应微机电流速断保护的研究

针对煤矿6 kV下井线比较短,灵敏度和保护范围直接受电网系统运行方式和短路类型影响,常规微机电流速断定值整定方案往往导致线路没有保护范围,发生短路故障常引起越级跳闸这种情况。利用自适应技术,通过对每条线路的电压、电流进行实时监视和分析、自动识别系统运行方式来改变微机保护的整定值和特性。分析表明自适应速断保护用作相间保护不用判断故障类别,且能够使保护装置始终获得最佳保护性能,可对提高矿井的安全供电提供技术支持。