A study of autonomous reactive power control method for distributed power generators to maintain power quality of the grid

Distributed power generators, such as cogenerators and renewable energy systems, have continued to advance and their penetration capacity is increasing. However, they may cause power quality problems in voltage regulation because of the reverse power flow. At present, when the distribution line voltage exceeds the limit value, distributed generators control reactive power to reduce the voltage, and if the reactive power output is not enough, they reduce the active power output. Therefore, an imbalance of active power output between distributed generators may occur because the voltage of generators varies by location and generators at lower voltage locations do not control the reactive power. A power control method for distributed generators needs to be established to solve these problems. In this study, an autonomous reactive power control method of sharing reactive power between distributed generators is proposed. The availability of this method is discussed experimentally and its applicability area is considered analytically by use of a model distribution system. © 2006 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Three‐phase voltage control method by single‐phase distributed generators connected to islanded distribution network

We have proposed a concept model of emergency islanded operation by using distributed generators (DGs) such as photovoltaics, electric vehicles, or batteries, which can provide power to customers via undamaged distribution network in order to develop the resilient power system against large disasters, and it is named Islanded Distribution Network (IDN). Since there is no guarantee that the three‐phase generation system is interconnected to the IDN, the single‐phase DGs that are installed in the distribution network may be treated as main generators in the IDN operation. If the IDN has only single‐phase DGs, it is difficult to regulate the three‐phase voltage within the allowable range and to compensate the unbalance voltage. The aim of this study is to develop the method to supply three‐phase balanced voltage by single‐phase generators in the IDN. First, the operating condition of the generators is proposed for the supply of three‐phase balanced voltage in the IDN model by algebra calculation. The control method for three single‐phase generators has been developed by using the conditions obtained from the derivation of the generators conditions.     

考虑通信缺失情景的光伏集群分散式电压控制方法

针对高渗透率分布式光伏接入配电网导致的电压越限问题,以及当前电力通信网络难以实现对接入光伏集中控制的现状,提出了一种光伏集群分散式电压控制方法。根据预测数据对配电网进行集群划分,采用集群间的协调控制策略,以电压越限量和网络损耗加权值最小为优化目标,基于交替方向乘子法进行优化计算。在集群间通信缺失的情景下,基于无功-电压控制曲线自主调节分布式电源逆变器的无功输出,即通过集群内的电压控制策略解决通信中断时发生电压越限的问题。以IEEE 33节点配电系统为例进行仿真分析,结果表明所提控制方法不仅对改善电压分布不均、降低网损、减轻控制器的计算负担具有积极的作用,还能在通信缺失的情景下具有良好的控制效果。     

基于定常海森矩阵的配电网三相最优潮流模型

含有高比例分布式电源和多种离散可调设备的主动配电网最优潮流问题,实质上是一种非凸、非线性混合整数优化问题,这类问题的求解速度较慢。文中提出了基于定常海森矩阵的配电网三相最优潮流模型,模型中考虑了三相变压器、具有三相耦合特性的分布式电源、分相调压器等设备的二次模型,以保证海森矩阵为常数。通过增加支路电流为待求变量,提出直角坐标系下三相变压器的二次模型,使优化模型的海森矩阵为常数阵,从而降低最优潮流的计算时间。构建了计及分布式电源三相功率耦合特征的配电网三相最优潮流模型,比较了二次罚函数和高斯罚函数对离散控制变量的处理效果,并应用预估—校正原对偶内点法对优化模型进行求解。同时,提出加入调压器的二级迭代最优潮流策略,从而进一步优化目标值。最后,通过算例验证了所建模型与所提方法的正确性与有效性。     

含固态变压器新型配电网动态无功多目标优化

风机和光伏电池等分布式电源(distributed generator, DG)大量接入配电网会导致电压波动和网损增大等问题,需要对动态无功进行优化。但是由于风光存在的不确定性会影响动态无功优化的效果,因此提出了一种含固态变压器新型配电网动态无功多目标优化方法。首先,通过 Weibull 分布和 Beta 分布对风速和光照强度进行曲线拟合,再采用风机和光伏电池出力公式生成 DG 出力模型。其次,通过蒙特卡洛仿真抽样法对上述模型进行抽样,生成上千个DG日出力场景,并采用k-means 聚类算法将上千个场景聚类成k个典型场景,以缩短随机潮流计算时间。再次,以IEEE33 节点系统为基础,建立含固态变压器有源配电网方案和含有载调压变压器有源配电网方案,以日内网损和电压波动最小为目标,采用改进型多目标灰狼算法对两种方案的相关参数进行优化。最后,以优化后的相关参数进行仿真和对比,证明了所提方法在降低配电网网损和维持节点电压稳定方面的优越性。     

Autonomous decentralized voltage profile control of super‐distributed energy system using multi‐agent technology

A super‐distributed energy system is a future energy system in which a large part of its demand is fed by a huge number of distributed generators. At one time some nodes in the super‐distributed energy system behave as load, whereas at other times they behave as generator—the characteristic of each node depends on the customers' decision. In such situation, it is very difficult to regulate the voltage profile over the system due to the complexity of power flows. This paper proposes a novel control method of distributed generators that can achieve autonomous decentralized voltage profile regulation by using multi‐agent technology. The proposed multi‐agent system employs two types of agent: a control agent and a mobile agent. Control agents generate or consume reactive power to regulate the voltage profile of neighboring nodes and mobile agents transmit the information necessary for VQ‐control among the control agents. The proposed control method is tested through numerical simulations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 164(4): 43–52, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20484     

全局输配电网电压稳定故障筛选与排序的分布式计算方法

随着传统配电网向含大量分布式电源的主动配电网转变,输电网、配电网电压稳定评估已不再适宜各自独立计算。基于输电网、配电网分属于不同控制中心调控,提出一种全局输配电网电压稳定故障筛选与排序的分布式计算方法。该方法分为两阶段：阶段1中采用输配电网主从分裂分布式潮流工具在系统要求最小负荷裕度值的工况下进行各预想故障的潮流计算,采用最优乘子法筛选出潮流不可解的严重故障;阶段2中采用基于输配电网分布式连续潮流的步长加速二次曲线拟合方法计算严重故障的负荷裕度并进行排序。由1个IEEE 118节点输电网和2个IEEE 33节点配电网组成的全局输配系统的仿真算例表明所提方法能够快速可靠地实现全局输配电网电压稳定故障筛选与排序。     

Optimal Control of Voltage in Distribution Systems by Voltage Reference Management

Recently, renewable energy technologies such as wind turbine generators and photovoltaic (PV) systems have been introduced as distributed generations (DGs). Connections of a large amount of distributed generations may cause voltage deviation beyond the statutory range in distribution systems. A reactive power control of DGs can be a solution of this problem, and it also has a possibility to reduce distribution loss. In this paper, we propose a control methodology of voltage profile in a distribution system using reactive power control of inverters interfaced with DGs and tap changing transformers. In the proposed method, a one-day schedule of voltage references for the control devices are determined by an optimization technique based on predicted values of load demand and PV power generation. Reactive power control of interfaced inverters is implemented within the inverter capacity without reducing active power output. The proposed method accomplishes voltage regulation within the acceptable range and reduction of distribution loss. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulations. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

计及分布式电源集群不确定性的配电网分散鲁棒电压控制

随着光伏、储能等分布式电源广泛接入,导致配电网区域电压波动频繁。针对分布式电源分散接入带来的不确定性问题,提出了一种计及分布式电源集群不确定性的配电网分散鲁棒电压控制方法。将大规模分布式电源聚合成相互关联的集群,对电压控制进行分区域调节。首先,针对配电网结构复杂和分布式电源点多面广的问题,设计一种基于改进Louvain算法的配电网集群划分方案,利用模块度函数并兼顾了集群的电压灵敏度和分布式电源调控容量。然后,由于分布式电源接入后配电网潮流更加复杂多变,在划分集群的基础上提出一种考虑不确定性的分散鲁棒控制方法,协同各分布式电源集群的调控能力,抑制由于模型参数及功率波动等不确定性导致的配电网电压波动。最后,通过算例分析验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。     

Active coordinated operation of a distribution network system for many connections of distributed generators

Recently, the total number of distributed generators (DGs) such as photovoltaic generation system and wind turbine generation system connected to an actual distribution network has increased drastically. The distribution network connected to many distributed generators must be operated keeping reliability of power supply, power quality, and loss minimization. In order to accomplish active distribution network operation to take advantage of many connections of DGs, a new coordinated operation of distribution system with many connections of DGs is necessary. In this paper, the authors propose a coordinated operation of distribution network system connected to many DGs by using newly proposed sectionalizing switch control, sending voltage control, and computation of available DG connection capability. In order to check the validity of the proposed coordinated operation of distribution system, numerical simulations using the proposed coordinated distribution system operation are carried out in a practical distribution network model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 167(3): 46–57, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20655     

考虑光伏集群无功贡献的配电网无功电压优化调节方法

为协调运用配电网各类调压资源,实现经济、灵活的电压控制,整合中高压配电网各类无功治理设备,提出考虑低压光伏无功集群贡献的配电网电压无功控制资源协调运行优化方法。针对配电网低压侧分布式小容量离线运行光伏电源,设计了3种光伏集群无功运行模式,使其按模式预设在线自律运行。提出低压光伏集群无功管控策略,建立配电网电压无功控制资源协调优化模型。采用最优分割联合优化方法对变压器分接头及电容器组的切换时间及切换状态进行优化,在此基础上得出光伏集群无功运行模式及其他治理设备无功输出优化结果。采用前推回代潮流计算嵌套粒子群优化的算法进行求解。仿真算例证明了所提方法的合理性及有效性。     

基于网损二阶灵敏度的分布式电源出力鲁棒优化方法

随着分布式电源大量分散接入配电网,一方面造成了配电网网损增加,另一方面,其出力的波动性造成了分布式电源消纳困难。为此,本文提出了基于二阶灵敏度网损的分布式电源出力鲁棒优化方法。首先,通过泰勒展开推导了基于二阶灵敏度的有功网损和无功网损计算公式,并将其嵌入到分布式电源出力优化模型中,建立了以综合网损最小和分布式电源出力最大化的优化模型;然后,采用多面体不确定性集合来描述分布式电源出力,构造了分布式电源出力的鲁棒优化模型,通过对偶变换将将鲁棒优化模型转化为确定性的二次规划模型。最后,通过70节点配电系统仿真结果表明,本文所提出的二阶灵敏度的网损计算方法误差较小,最大仅为5%,鲁棒优化方法可以通过多面体维数控制保守性,优化效率高。     

一种考虑线损最优的配电网新能源聚类规划方法

当前以风电、光伏为代表的分布式电源在配电网中的占比越来越大,其对电网规划的合理性及可靠性也提出了较高要求。该文提出一种基于k-medoid聚类的配电网分布式发电规划方法,采用轮廓系数法确定最优的聚类个数,以配电网线损最优为优化目标,以配电网线损灵敏度因子作为聚类特性指标,得到分布式发电最优规划位置;并提出基于节点有功变化的部分线损计算策略以获得分布式发电的最优规划容量。最后,以IEEE33节点系统作为测试系统进行了分析。结果表明,所提方法不仅具有较高的计算效率,同时能够一次性给出多个特征指标下的综合最优接入方案,具有较强的实用性。     

带蓄电池储能系统的DSTATCOM有功无功联合优化控制

蓄电池储能系统接入配电网静止同步补偿器(B-DSTATCOM)进行有功无功联合控制可有效缓解高波动性分布式电源大量接入配电网导致的电压越限、网损加重、三相不平衡度增加等系列问题。对此,文中提出一种计及光伏发电的不平衡主动配电网B-DSTATCOM实时有功无功联合优化控制策略。首先,对B-DSTATCOM四象限运行原理进行研究,在此基础上以电压偏移、网损、电压不平衡度及运行成本为子目标函数建立B-DSTATCOM实时有功无功联合多目标优化控制模型,并采用加权求和法、改进粒子群优化及直接潮流法求得最优控制方案。最后,基于澳大利亚某实际含光伏低压不平衡配电网进行MATLAB仿真,验证所提方法及模型的有效性、实用性和鲁棒性。     

A study on cooperative tap control method for voltage profile maintenance in distribution networks with distributed generators

The introduction of distributed generators (DGs) that can utilize renewable energy is of prime importance to solve the energy and environmental issues. When a distribution network has a large number of DGs, voltage maintenance becomes a serious problem. To solve this problem, we had proposed the ‘voltage profile control method’ using reactive power control of DGs. However, the control is limited to continuous reactive power control so far, and tap control has not been considered. It is important that the conventional voltage control equipment such as the load ratio tap changer (LRT) or step voltage regulator (SVR) is utilized in order to enhance the control efficiency of the voltage profile control method. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a new method that can realize a cooperative work between inverters and tap control of LRT and SVR. The proposed method is tested in 8‐ and 24‐node model systems and its effectiveness is shown. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

孤岛微电网分布式P-V协调控制策略

为提升有功功率分配精度和降低线路损耗,研究了一种孤岛微电网分布式有功-电压(P-V)协调控制策略.重点提出了考虑线损系数及节点电压优化量的有功分配因子设计方法,并研究了基于有功分配因子一致原则的功率分配方法.采用分布式稀疏通信网络进行信息交互,利用一致性算法得到二级控制所需的有功分配因子平均估计值和系统平均电压估计值,产生综合电压优化量完成下垂控制优化,实现孤岛微电网分布式P-V协调控制.该策略可有效兼顾线路损耗降低以及有功功率分配精度提升,控制各节点电压在合理范围内,并调节系统平均电压至额定值.最后通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真验证了所提控制策略的有效性.     

Optimal voltage control in distribution systems using PV generators

Recently, renewable energy technologies such as wind turbine generators and photovoltaic systems have been introduced as distributed generation. The connection of large number of distributed generators causes voltage deviation beyond the statutory range in a distribution system. In this paper, a methodology for voltage control in proposed by using the tap changing transformers and the inverters interfaced with the distributed generators. In the proposed method, information of the voltage and power is collected via a communication network. Based on these information, the optimal reference values are calculated at the control center, and sent to the transformers and the inverters. The proposed method accomplishes a coordinated operation among the control equipments and reduces the voltage deviation. Effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by the numerical simulation results.     

分布式电源并网动态无功优化调度的研究

根据分布式电源并网的控制特性,将分布式电源设计为电压控制型和无功补偿型,考虑其与地区电网的电压无功控制手段相结合,参与地区电网动态无功优化调度。建立以降低地区电网网损、抑制电压波动为综合目标的地区电网模糊动态无功优化调度模型。在该模型中,通过构造模糊评价函数,将目标函数转化为对优化结果的满意度,并利用自适应权重法将综合目标进行归一化处理。最后采用改进遗传算法有效求解含分布式电源的地区电网动态无功优化调度策略。算例表明,提出的模型和方法是合理的,具有一定参考价值。     

考虑配电网电能质量改善的分布式光伏优化调度方法

针对配电网中存在的电压越限、谐波畸变、三相不平衡等问题,从综合改善多电能质量问题的角度出发,研究了一种配电网分布式光伏优化调度模型及其求解方法。首先,分析了分布式光伏并网逆变器进行无功功率、谐波电流及不平衡功率补偿的控制方案;在此基础上,以可调度分布式光伏的三相功率及谐波电流输出为控制变量,基于配电网三相基波及谐波潮流方程,建立了最小化网络损耗、不平衡电压以及谐波电压的最优潮流模型;然后,提出了一种潮流计算与优化计算交替迭代的两阶段优化求解算法,对非凸非线性的最优潮流模型进行变量削减,并将其转换为凸二次约束二次规划模型从而实现高效求解;最后,通过一个162节点三相配电网进行算例分析,结果表明,根据最优潮流模型结果对分布式光伏进行调度后,配电网谐波畸变、三相不平衡以及电压越限问题得到了有效改善,且两阶段优化求解算法的计算效率也满足配电网调度时间要求,验证了所提分布式光伏优化调度方法在改善配电网电能质量方面的有效性。     

考虑配电网电能质量改善的分布式光伏优化调度方法

针对配电网中存在的电压越限、谐波畸变、三相不平衡等问题,从综合改善多电能质量问题的角度出发,研究了一种配电网分布式光伏优化调度模型及其求解方法。首先,分析了分布式光伏并网逆变器进行无功功率、谐波电流及不平衡功率补偿的控制方案;在此基础上,以可调度分布式光伏的三相功率及谐波电流输出为控制变量,基于配电网三相基波及谐波潮流方程,建立了最小化网络损耗、不平衡电压以及谐波电压的最优潮流模型;然后,提出了一种潮流计算与优化计算交替迭代的两阶段优化求解算法,对非凸非线性的最优潮流模型进行变量削减,并将其转换为凸二次约束二次规划模型从而实现高效求解;最后,通过一个162节点三相配电网进行算例分析,结果表明,根据最优潮流模型结果对分布式光伏进行调度后,配电网谐波畸变、三相不平衡以及电压越限问题得到了有效改善,且两阶段优化求解算法的计算效率也满足配电网调度时间要求,验证了所提分布式光伏优化调度方法在改善配电网电能质量方面的有效性。