电热联合老化对XLPE电缆绝缘特性的影响

为了探究达到设计寿命的高压交联电缆继续运行的可靠性,文中对一回实际运行32 a的110 kV高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆采用预鉴定试验方法,进行为期180 d的电热循环加速老化试验。通过综合分析比较试验过程中电缆绝缘内、中和外层的电场强度和温度场变化的差异,并将各绝缘层试验条件转化为导体芯表面得到相应的等效试验条件,发现电缆绝缘中层和外层的等效试验条件接近电缆的实际运行情况。通过相关理化实验分析比较试验前后电缆绝缘各层的微观和聚集态状况。结果发现:绝缘内层在严苛的试验条件下热氧化降解占主导;绝缘中层虽然发生一定的氧化降解,但晶体结构仍有所改善;绝缘外层的结晶形态在温度效应的热刺激下趋于完善。因此,可以评估该退役电缆的其余部分在实际运行条件下仍具有长期服役的潜能。     

老化方式对交流交联聚乙烯电缆空间电荷分布的影响

为了研究高压交流交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆老化状态与绝缘空间电荷特征的关系,通过测量高压交流交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆不同位置绝缘的空间电荷特性,分析了老化方式对XLPE电缆空间电荷分布规律的影响。采用电声脉冲(PEA)法测量XLPE内空间电荷分布规律,发现未老化电缆铝电极附近积累同极性电荷,而老化后电缆的铝电极附近积累异极性电荷。沿电缆径向由内向外,未老化电缆及实际运行22a电缆电荷量增高,加速老化1a电缆电荷量降低。分析认为,加速老化电缆的老化可能起始于电缆绝缘内侧,实际运行电缆老化可能起始于电缆绝缘外侧。结果表明不同老化状态下交流XLPE电缆绝缘空间电荷行为明显不同,空间电荷测量可以作为评价交流XLPE电缆老化状态的有效手段。     

温度梯度–直流电场长期协同老化下XLPE中的空间电荷特性

为研究实际电缆运行中的温度梯度效应对高压直流交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)电缆绝缘长期运行可靠性的影响,采用自制的多组片状试样适用的温度梯度场–直流电场协同老化装置,分别对3种XLPE绝缘料(包括国产XLPE料、纳米改性后的XLPE料、北欧化工产高压直流XLPE料)进行温度梯度场–直流电场协同老化试验。为了进行对比研究,同时对以上3种XLPE绝缘料进行了传统高温场–直流电场协同老化试验。通过电声脉冲法空间电荷测量设备,测量了不同老化时间后(未老化、老化一个月和三个月)三种XLPE试样的空间电荷特性。同时测量了3种XLPE试样老化后的电阻率变化及红外光谱特性。结果表明,高温老化试样中空间电荷在体内均匀分布;而温度梯度老化试样中异极性空间电荷主要聚集在两电极附近。同时3种XLPE电阻率均随老化时间增加而降低,且温度梯度老化试样电阻率低于相同条件下的高温老化试样。另外,国产纳米改性XLPE老化后羰基吸收峰峰值最小,表明其老化程度最低,体内电荷积聚最少。     

热循环处理下电缆绝缘空间电荷特性研究

电缆绝缘特性的变化与实际运行工况有关,绝缘层的温度会随负荷波动发生变化,恒温热处理不能对其进行模拟。为了研究电缆投运时绝缘层的温度变化对其交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene, XLPE)绝缘空间电荷特性的影响,对3个不同电缆厂家生产的110 kV电缆绝缘分别进行了最高温度为80℃、90℃和100℃的热循环处理,并结合傅里叶红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)、差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC)和空间电荷实验结果,分析了热循环20次前后XLPE绝缘的空间电荷特性变化。结果表明:热循环处理前,XLPE残留的交联副产物等杂质成为试样电极处异极性电荷的主要来源;热循环处理后,试样内部出现次级结晶,同时XLPE支链和极性端基增多,使得其陷阱数目增大,且以浅陷阱为主;热循环处理温度越高,不饱和基指数越小,极化阶段平均体电荷密度越小,试样中生成的陷阱数目越少;在热循环刺激作用下,XLPE的熔融温度升高,结晶度增大,试样内部的深陷阱数目增多;热循环处理温度越高,次级结晶形成的片晶厚度越厚,试样中生成的深陷阱数目越多。短时适当提高电缆投运时的绝缘层温度,有助于减少电缆绝缘内部杂质以及生成的陷阱数目。     

高压直流交联聚乙烯电缆30天负荷循环试验下的空间电荷特性

为研究高压直流(HVDC)交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆在负荷循环试验中的空间电荷积聚特性,按照国际大电网组织CIGRE TB496的试验要求,对电压等级为30 k V的直流电缆开展了型式试验中的30 d负荷循环试验,采用脉冲电声法(PEA)测量了其空间电荷特性,重点研究了温度和加压时间对直流电缆空间电荷特性的影响。研究结果表明:温度对直流电缆的空间电荷特性具有显著的影响,在加热的过程中,随着温度的升高,电缆绝缘中主要表现为异极性空间电荷的注入(异极性空间电荷通常是由杂质在电场作用下被电离而造成的),且正极性电压作用下的异极性空间电荷注入比负极性电压作用下的要强;此外,随着加压时间的增加,电荷会逐渐由高温侧向低温侧迁移;在冷却过程中,电缆绝缘中会产生与电压极性相同的电荷积聚;48 h正极性负荷循环试验与24 h正极性负荷循环试验下的电荷积聚特性类似,不同的是随着加压时间的增加,相比于加热前,冷却24 h后电缆中积聚了少量的正极性空间电荷。     

温度梯度下XLPE同轴和平板结构试样空间电荷行为对比性研究

直流电场下,电缆绝缘中的温度梯度效应导致绝缘材料空间电荷行为复杂,影响电缆系统长期运行的可靠性.目前,温度梯度下电缆绝缘空间电荷特性的研究多集中于平板结构的切片试样,但平板结构切片试样的空间电荷测量能否反映真实电缆绝缘中的空间电荷特性尚缺乏有力证明.该研究测量并分析了温度梯度场下2种不同结构(同轴结构、平板结构)10 kV交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)试样的空间电荷演变特性以及电场分布行为,基于去压状态下的空间电荷行为,计算了XLPE同轴电缆和切片试样的载流子迁移率以及陷阱深度分布,并对2种结构XLPE试样的空间电荷行为和电荷特性参数进行了对比性研究.该研究结果表明同轴结构和温度梯度效应均会加剧XLPE电缆外半导电层附近的空间电荷积聚,除了结构因素的影响,温度梯度场下XLPE同轴电缆和平板切片试样的空间电荷演变规律以及电荷特性参数均呈现出等效规律.     

预鉴定试验对直流电缆中空间电荷特性的影响

为研究预鉴定试验对直流交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆的影响,对国内自主研发的200 k V直流XLPE电缆进行了预鉴定试验,并采用傅里叶红外光谱测试(FTIR)、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、空间电荷测试等方法,分析了预鉴定试验前后电缆XLPE绝缘中层绝缘的状态变化。结果表明:预鉴定试验前后,电缆绝缘材料本征基团对应的特征吸收峰基本不变,熔融温度、结晶温度变化不大,电缆材料未发生明显老化。预鉴定试验前后,电缆绝缘中层切片试样均有明显的异极性空间电荷积累,30℃下预鉴定试验后试样短路过程中的平均体电荷密度明显大于预鉴定试验前的试样。预鉴定试验使电缆绝缘层内的交联副产物沿电缆径向由线芯侧向外侧扩散,使电缆绝缘中部的交联副产物含量增多。电缆绝缘中层切片经实验室脱气处理后,异极性空间电荷的积累量大幅下降,表明现有200 k V直流XLPE电缆经脱气处理后,仍留存大量的交联副产物,需要进一步改进生产过程中的脱气工艺。     

高压退役电缆空间电荷特性

由电缆老化引起的绝缘层空间电荷的积累与消散对于电缆绝缘性能有很大影响。选择2根退役及1根备用110 kV交联聚乙烯电缆,利用电声脉冲法测量了不同位置的空间电荷分布,初步分析了空间电荷特性与电缆老化之间的关系。结果表明:老化后的试样不同位置的正极性电荷和异极性电荷(不包含正极性电荷)均增加;极化阶段平均体电荷密度差异很小,无法判断电缆老化状况;去极化起始阶段,电荷脱陷使得平均体电荷密度跃变,不同电缆样品不同层的初始值差异较大;随着时间增加,电荷消散速度逐渐减小,很好的反应了绝缘层陷阱能级的变化。总的来说,电荷消散过程中平均体电荷密度的变化及陷阱能级差异更能反应电缆老化状况。     

基于电致发光相位谱对电缆绝缘交流空间电荷特性的研究

为研究交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆的绝缘性能,针对电热老化后的电缆绝缘试样开展电致发光测试,获得不同电压等级下的电致发光光谱和相位谱,分析电致发光光谱相位超前于交流电压相位的原因。结果表明:电缆绝缘在电热老化过程中发生氧化产生羰基;由于电缆绝缘制造过程中的残余交联副产物老化后分解形成杂质,使得电缆绝缘材料在交流电压作用下承受强烈的空间电荷作用,从而导致电缆绝缘交联聚乙烯的电致发光相位超前量远大于低密度聚乙烯。     

等温松弛电流法在高压交联聚乙烯绝缘交流电缆状态评估中的应用EI北大核心CSCD

为探讨等温松弛电流法在高压交流(HVAC)电缆状态评估中应用的可行性,采用等温松弛电流法(IRC)对未老化和运行13 a的国产110 k V高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)交流电缆进行了老化评估,并研究了直流电场下电缆绝缘切片的空间电荷分布,分析了绝缘内部的陷阱分布、松弛机理和绝缘状态的关联性。结果表明,未老化高压电缆的老化因子>1.89,绝缘切片样品表面区域存在明显的异极性空间电荷积累,残留在高压电缆内部的交联副产物以深能级陷阱形式存在,并与等温松弛电流中的第3类松弛相对应。运行13 a的高压电缆的老化因子明显高于未老化电缆的老化因子,且其绝缘切片表面区域的异极性空间电荷积累量和切片内部的最大电场畸变率增大,与等温松弛电流法提取的老化因子变化规律相同。因此老化因子可作为高压交流电缆绝缘老化状态的评估参数。     

交联聚乙烯电缆空间电荷与理化性能的关系

针对高压交联XLPE电缆,通过对未老化、加速老化1年和实际运行30年的电缆绝缘的空间电荷特性、力学性能及理化性能进行研究,分析了老化过程中电缆绝缘空间电荷分布与理化性能之间的关系。结果表明:沿电缆径向由内向外,未老化电缆电荷积累量增加,加速老化1年的电缆电荷积累量呈下降趋势,实际运行30年的电缆电荷积累量上升。结合力学性能及理化分析认为,加速老化电缆绝缘老化起始于绝缘内侧,并且影响到绝缘中间部位;而实际运行30年的电缆绝缘老化起始于绝缘外侧。     

直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷的抑制方法综述

交联聚乙烯(XLPE)因其优异的介电、理化性能而被广泛应用于电缆绝缘领域。在电缆的服役过程中,电缆绝缘内部会积聚空间电荷,严重时可引发电场畸变,导致电缆击穿事故发生。对于直流XLPE电缆,空间电荷的积聚及影响更加不容忽视。针对直流XLPE电缆绝缘中产生的空间电荷积聚效应,目前学界主要采用共混改性、聚合物链段接枝极性基团、纳米掺杂改性及制备高纯净绝缘料等方法来进行控制,改性后的直流XLPE电缆绝缘对空间电荷产生的抑制效果均有所提升。文中首先对上述直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷的抑制方法进行综述,介绍其抑制原理以及相应的抑制效果,然后对比总结不同抑制空间电荷方法的优缺点,最后对未来直流XLPE电缆绝缘中空间电荷抑制方法的研究发展作出展望。     

退役电缆附件微观结构与电荷特性研究

电缆附件是输电线路中最容易出现故障的薄弱环节,从微观结构和电荷特性方面入手,分析和探索退役电缆附件的失效行为和影响规律,是提高电力系统安全稳定运行的关键。该文研究对象取样于退役或故障电缆附件绝缘,通过对其表面化学组成和形貌的观测分析、材料陷阱参数的测量计算以及空间电荷的测试,分析老化作用下三者之间的相互影响关系。结果表明:三元乙丙橡胶(ethylene propylene diene monomer,EPDM)绝缘的电缆附件,其老化标志除了出现C—O、C=O结构外,还包括因终端填充硅油而引入的含Si基团及其比例的改变;而在硅橡胶(siliconerubber,Si R)绝缘的电缆附件中,Si—O—Si比例的下降是其严重劣化的标志;与EPDM相比,Si R浅陷阱能级和密度占据优势,其表面电位衰减和电荷消散速度明显更快,能够有效避免空间电荷的集聚,但是由于Si R较差的抗撕裂性容易产生裂纹;退役电缆附件长期运行在复杂的环境下,材料的氧化、主链和侧链的断裂及其他杂质的生成,是附件绝缘陷阱参数及电荷特性变化的主要原因。     

热老化前后LDPE/SiO2纳米复合材料空间电荷积聚分析

在实际运行中,直流场强和热环境都会对聚乙烯电缆内空间电荷积聚行为产生影响,过量的空间电荷会威胁其绝缘性能,虽然纳米复合材料具备抑制空间电荷的能力,但对于热老化后其空间电荷的积聚特性仍有待进一步研究。采用电声脉冲法对热老化前后不同浓度的低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)/二氧化硅(SiO_2)纳米复合材料内空间电荷的积聚行为进行分析。结果表明,热老化会降低电极注入势垒并产生随机分布的深陷阱和杂质,增加空间电荷积累。纳米SiO_2引入的大量界面区域会产生均匀分布的深陷阱,并形成界面反电场,从而抑制载流子的运输和注入,且纳米粒子可以提高材料稳定性,提升电极注入势垒并延缓热老化进程。相比于纯LDPE,LDPE/SiO_2材料在热老化前后都具有明显的抑制空间电荷的能力。     

Research and development of ±250 kV DC XLPE cables

This paper describes the development of ±250 kV DC XLPE cables. Through a series of material investigations and the evaluation of model cables using two kinds of XLPE compound containing inorganic filler to suppress the accumulation of space charge within XLPE insulation, ±250 kV DC XLPE cables and factory joints were designed and manufactured. To check the DC electrical performance and reliability of ±250 kV DC submarine cable, electrical tests, mechanical test and long-term aging tests were performed. The test results showed that they had sufficient properties and reliability for practical use     

Stress induced electrochemical degradation of the inner semiconlayer of XLPE-insulated cables and model samples

A degradation phenomenon of the inner semicon layer of extruded cable insulation occasionally has been observed in different service aged as well as in laboratory aged polymer insulated cables. To investigate this effect, accelerated aging tests on XLPE-insulated cable cores as well as on a new type of model sample (aluminum wires, semicon and XLPE insulation layer) were performed. It is shown that under the influence of an electrolyte and mechanical strain, channel-like structures develop in the semicon of both test objects, and that vented trees are initiated when these structures reach the interface to the insulation. Thus, this type of degradation also is of particular importance for the long time aging behavior and testing procedures of polymer insulated cables. It is demonstrated that the newly developed model sample test arrangement is a valuable tool for the study of aging of insulation systems     

Field monitoring of parameters and testing of EP and TR-XLPEdistribution cables

Five commercial ethylene-propylene rubber (EP) and one tree-retardant cross-linked polyethylene (TR-XLPE) 15 kV cables are being aged in the laboratory, and in field service on a utility distribution system. The cables were obtained from six different manufacturers. This study subjects commercially available, widely used EP cables, and one TR-XLPE cable to similar conditions at three different sites. Two test sites are located at Orange and Rockland Utilities' (O&RU) distribution system. The first is in normal 15 kV service; the second is a normal 35 kV service site, with the cable aging under accelerated voltage conditions. Line voltage, voltage surges, load current, earth, duct and cable temperatures on the systems are being field monitored. Cable Technology Laboratories (CTL) has provided an accelerated aging set-up for the third site. This paper describes the methodology, characterization testing and some preliminary results from this project     

Computation of the Electric Field in Cable Insulation in the Presence of Water Trees and Space Charge

The presence of space charge changes locally the electric field distribution in power cable insulation and may play an important role in tree development, thus accelerating the dielectric breakdown. This paper is concerned with the computation of the electric field in polyethylene-insulated power cables affected by water trees which grow from the following: 1) the inner semiconducting layer; 2) the outer semiconducting layer; and 3) the inner and outer semiconducting layers, taking into account the space charge corresponding to the ions present in the treeing area. Space charge in plane samples where trees have been developed in an accelerated manner was estimated using the thermal step method. Average charge values given by space charge measurements were then used for the electric field computation in cable insulation with continuous or/and individual water trees. For the calculation of the electric field, an analytical and a numerical method have been used. This paper shows that the space charge changes the electric field distribution inside and outside the trees (the field increases in some areas and decreases in others) and that the field variations depend on the magnitude and on the polarity of the space charge, as well as on the dimensions of the water trees developed in the cable insulation. The obtained results show that, in the presence of water trees and space charge, the initiation of electric trees is more probable in the case of individual water trees than in the case of continuous water trees.     

Space charge in XLPE power cable under dc electrical stress andheat treatment

It is well known that the existence and accumulation of space charge in insulation can be harmful to polymer power cable. Although there is much research done on space charge distribution in various samples, there are still some important problems left unsolved, such as the mechanism of formation and elimination of space charge in dielectrics. Because of its superiority, the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) measurement method is used widely in the measurement of space charge in various geometries of samples such as the multiple layer plate and cylindrical cables. The space charge in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) power cable under dc voltage and heat treatment is investigated by the PEA method in this paper. After heat treatment, the space charge, which previously formed in cable insulation under the applied voltage, disappears. If electrical stress is applied to the insulation again, space charge will appear once more. However, after the cable is heated and degassed in vacuum for a long time, no matter how long the dc voltage is applied to the cable, no more space charge will be formed in the cable. The mechanism of formation and elimination of space charge under the effect of electrical and thermal stress is discussed     

Polymeric HVDC Cable Design and Space Charge Accumulation. Part 1: Insulation/Semicon Interface

From theory and experiments, it can be deduced that materials for DC applications should not accumulate a large amount of space charge if accelerated degradation of the insulation system is to be avoided. Therefore, the characterization of DC insulation must take into account the evaluation of space charge accumulation. This cannot be done exhaustively without taking a system approach considering both the semiconductive material and the insulation, in particular, the properties of the semicon/insulation interface. The latter interface, in fact, plays a major role in space charge injection/accumulation in the insulation bulk. Having analyzed different semiconductive and insulating materials candidate for HVDC cable applications, the best solution to be exploited for HVDC cable design would be the combination showing a high threshold for space charge accumulation, a small rate of charge accumulation as a function of electric field and a small activation energy, i.e., a space charge amount less dependent on temperature. Therefore, space charge measurements will provide important information to cable material manufacturers with the aim of tailoring insulation and semicon specifically for HVDC application and, thus, improving the reliability of polymeric cables.