Generation expansion planning by considering energy-efficiency programs in a competitive environment

Restructuring of the electricity industry and the development of energy efficiency solutions are the two major developments of the recent power systems. Implementation strategies in the use of energy efficiency can be made by utilizing more energy-efficient equipment or increasing penetration rate of production of new sources of energy at the generating side. These new sources of energy can be renewable sources, especially wind resource and energy storage instruments such as grid-connected electric vehicles. The vehicles can be charged during the low load and discharged during peak load. In this study, wind resources and grid-connected electric vehicles are considered as an approach for energy efficiency strategies in generation expansion planning. But, because of high investment cost, great uncertainty of wind resources’ productivity and uncertainty of their supportive policies no one will invest on them without proper supportive policies in a competitive environment. So support policies for wind resource are also considered. One of the fundamental problems of supportive policies is financial support in a competitive environment. Therefore, as an innovation of the paper, grid-connected electric vehicles is used to solve the problem. In the paper, the impact of these vehicles is considered in a way that they act integrated with wind resources and thus increases the capacity factor of wind resources.     

分布式能源商业投资模式及实现路径研究

从分布式能源投资投建阶段和运维阶段详细分析了分布式能源投资的可行模式,并结合已有政策和分布式能源实际运行情况提出了分布式能源投资模式的实现路径,以期能够为分布式能源的投资及运行提供参考和借鉴。     

Valuation of distributed energy resources in active distribution networks

In concert with the transformation of conventional passive power distribution system, distributed energy resources (DERs) have progressively become participants in the provision of electricity services in active distribution networks (ADNs). In this paper, we propose a systematic valuation process to quantify the value of DERs in the ADN context. The paper first provides comprehensive insights into the impacts of DERs on ADN and the society as a whole. Given the technological, locational, and temporal diversity of DERs, a two-part scheme is developed to value and compensate DER portfolios proposed by customers and independent third parties. In particular, DERs are valued for their benefits and costs in both short and long terms. An integrated resource planning model is formulated to quantify the value of a given DER portfolio to be installed, where bi-level optimization techniques are applied to coordinate decisions on ADN planning and operations. In order to determine the short-term operation benefits of the DER portfolio on a continuous basis, a retail market operation model is developed based on peer-to-peer energy transactions among prosumers, when the impacts of DERs on ADN operations are monetized by distribution locational marginal prices. It is finally concluded in the paper that the proposed valuation scheme will not only contribute to the proactive investment of DERs in ADN but also help enhance the role of DERs in offering affordable, reliable, resilient and sustainable electricity services to customers.     

基于改进层次分析法（AHP）的微网-成本-效益评估

对微网中各类分布式能源（distributed energy resource, DER）运行状况进行等年值成本与效益分析,体现了微网整体投资与效益,从而为微网方案的遴选提供参考。应用改进层次分析法（analytic hierarchy process,AHP）从主、客观角度综合分析了微网的成本、效益。利用三标度法构造判断矩阵提高收敛速度和一致性,归一化专家构建判断矩阵的权重向量的期望作为各指标权重;综合考虑DER的经济运行状况、对环境和不同种类负荷造成影响等因素来量化等年值微网成本、效益的各指标。对4种微网方案进行了成本-效益评估,评估结果表明该微网区域采用风机与蓄电池组合可以取得较好经济效益,从而验证了该方法的可行性。     

Adaptive coordinated feeder flow control in distribution system with the support of distributed energy resources

This paper aims to minimize the feeder power flow deviation from scheduled value by balancing generation and load demand within the distribution system under various local disturbances. The available distributed energy resources (DER) can be properly utilized to control the feeder flow which gains significant advantages (i) to support load frequency control (LFC) problem at transmission level (ii) reduces unscheduled interchange in feeder which is priced higher (iii) increased reliability of the grid. The deviation in feeder flow is reduced by properly coordinating the power output from DER such as fuel cell, battery storage system and responsive loads (demand response) through an adaptive fuzzy controller with optimally tuned gains using particle swarm optimization. The level of participation from each DER units are decided using fuzzy inference system based on the availability of resources and level of disturbance. The photovoltaic array and wind turbine are also considered in the system and always operated at the maximum power point. The proposed method is examined on IEEE 37 bus system implemented in the MATLAB based Power Analysis Toolbox (PAT) for performing time-domain dynamic analysis. It is shown that the proposed adaptive controller exhibits better performance for various disturbance conditions.     

Trends in the development of industrially assimilated renewable energy: the problem of resource restrictions

An analysis of the dynamics of the development of wind and solar energy and potential resource restrictions of the dissemination of these technologies of energy generation associated with intensive use of rare earth metals and some other mineral resources are presented. The technological prospects of various directions of decisions of the problem of resource restrictions, including escalating of volumes of extraction and production of necessary mineral components, creating substitutes of scarce materials and development of recycling are considered. The bottlenecks of each of the above-mentioned decisions were founded. Conclusions are drawn on the prospects of development of the Russian high-tech sectors of the economy in the context of the most probable decisions of the problem of resource restrictions of wind and solar energy. An increase in extraction and production of rare earth metals and some other materials, stimulation of domestic research and development (R&D) to create the permanent magnets of new types and new technologies of wind-powered generation, and reduction of the resource-demand and technology development of recycling the components of power equipment are the most prospective directions of progress. The innovations in these directions will be in demand on the European, Chinese, and North American markets in the near decades due to the end of the life cycle (approximately 30 years) of wind and solar energy projects started at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries (the beginning of exponential growth in plants). The private investors and relevant regional and federal government agencies can use the qualitative characteristics of the dynamics of industrially assimilated renewable energy to choose the most promising investment orientations in energy projects and selection of the most economically sound development methods of energy and related industries.     

Increasing DER integration through discrete intraday settlements

Deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs) is accelerating across the United States. These assets have the potential to provide cost-effective grid services and bulk power while supporting a low-cost energy transition to carbon-free electricity. Full integration of these resources into the bulk power system remains a barrier to unlocking the potential value of these assets. The regional wholesale energy markets, originally designed to integrate centralized, dispatchable power plants, must be reformed to adapt to the changing potential resource mix. The current day-ahead and real-time system is poorly designed for DERs. Day-ahead DER forecast errors create exposure to real-time price variations, as resources committed in the day-ahead market are required to rebalance in real-time, challenging the business model for DERs. New intraday markets with multiple discrete intermediate auctions between the day-ahead market and real-time market are needed to enable proper integration of DERs and efficient mitigation of forecast uncertainty risk. These markets must incorporate financially-binding commitments, closer-to-dispatch price signals, and adequate liquidity to ensure competition. Intermediate auctions should be built on top of existing intraday processes in each regional market, incorporating the principles of the existing market structures and leveraging the benefits of the centralized dispatch systems. Regional transmission organization (RTOs) and Independent System Operators (ISOs) should pursue and implement intermediate auctions to support fair, open, and efficient markets in the U.S.     

可再生能源配额制实施中的市场力研究

可再生能源配额制(RPS)要求可再生能源在电力生产中占有一定比例,但实施过程中出现的市场力问题会对可再生能源证书(REC)市场和电能市场带来影响。针对RPS实施中的市场力问题,提出了主导企业竞争边缘模型,分析了不同主导企业的市场力对REC价格和上网电价的影响。在不同RPS要求下,通过实证研究得出不同主导企业的市场力对REC价格和上网电价的影响结果,说明REC价格太低将导致长期可再生能源发展的投资不足,REC价格太高也会扭曲投资的激励信号,导致长期发电资源的低效配置。因此,管制机构需要认真监督市场绩效,从而保障在RPS政策体制下可再生能源的健康发展。     

考虑条件风险价值的虚拟电厂多电源容量优化配置模型

虚拟电厂中风、光等可再生能源出力及市场电价的不确定性会导致其收益具有一定的风险性。合理配置虚拟电厂中风电、光伏、储能以及常规机组的容量,能够降低系统成本,使投资者的利益最大化。以投资和运行成本最小为优化目标,采用条件风险价值作为风险量度的指标,建立了一种基于投资组合理论中计及风险量度的虚拟电厂容量优化配置模型。在此基础上,探讨风险偏好对规划虚拟电厂多电源容量配置的影响,以及环境成本、自然资源及负荷之间的相关性对配置结果的影响。以美国德克萨斯州某地区附近的风、光资源,电价及负荷数据为实例,采用场景技术模拟不确定性。算例结果表明了该模型的正确性,可为不同风险偏好的投资商在规划建设虚拟电厂时面对多电源容量配置问题提供定量依据。     

基于分层储能的主动配电网需求响应控制策略研究及实现

开展需求响应(Demand Response, DR)和提高分布式发电(Distributed Generation, DG)渗透率可以有效地缓解输电和发电建设要求。传统配电网的无法适应DER高渗透率接入,基于价格和激励的需求响应在现有的政策和市场环境下推广应用驱动力不够。为了解决上述问题,将配电网储能系统进行分层分级,通过层级分权和责任授权发挥储能系统的主动性,不同层级的储能通过自主协调进行需求响应。该方法可提高分布式电源的渗透率,延缓配电网升级改造提升资产利用率,满足区域配电网稳定运行、电能质量、供电可靠性等,促进储能在电力系统中的应用。基于该研究成果研制的主动配电网需求侧管理系统已应用于国家能源应用技术研究及工程示范项目,实践验证了策略的有效性和实用性。     

Threshold of Power Investment Still Remains

Being one of the markets most stimulating to investors, the Chinese power market has already shown its investment opportunities that no investor can ignore. But presently, whether experienced power enterprises in market participation or green hands prepared for rushing into the market, they will discover that even under deregulation condition, there are still many inevitable and unsolvable non market problems existing in power investment.     

Coordinating markets for reliability: Resource adequacy as a public good

In parts of the United States where competitive wholesale electricity markets support prior state decisions to embrace retail choice, market-based reliability planning ensures the lights stay on. The assumption that a spot price alone would incentivize both efficient short-term market operations and drive long-term investment decisions was key to economic arguments for restructuring. However, separate capacity markets are needed to ensure that generation resources are available to meet a peak load plus a defined reserve margin, since a spot price alone is insufficient to enable long-term investment decisions. The debates over the future of markets for resource adequacy in wholesale power markets continue to rely on the idea that a market price alone can enable the energy transition. This is especially true in arguments that focus only on adding a price on carbon. At the heart of these assumptions, but largely unrecognized, is the idea that generation resource adequacy is a private good. Transitioning the electricity sector is critical to meeting economy-wide decarbonization targets. Recognizing the limits of prices alone to ensure the public good aspects of electric system reliability is key.     

区块链环境下考虑信用的需求响应资源交易机制

需求响应(DR)资源参与电网互动丰富了电网调度的手段,然而,由于DR资源的不确定性且个体趋利性难以直接控制,相较于传统电力资源,其交易的违约概率更大,使得结算与惩罚机制复杂化.为有效引导需求侧资源积极参与响应,降低违约风险,从而提高DR参与调度的可用性,提出了基于区块链的DR资源信用管理方法,分别搭建了集中交易和双边交易下考虑信用值的DR资源交易机制,设计交易各阶段的智能合约并部署在以太坊测试链上,探讨在不同信用值下用户的响应效果.算例表明,提出的交易方式有效降低了DR资源的调用成本,守信用户可获得更多利益,从而从长期角度有效引导DR资源参与市场交易,维持DR资源交易市场稳定发展.     

Distributed intelligence: A critical piece of the microgrid puzzle

Electric utilities are adding distributed computing capabilities across distribution systems at an accelerated rate. In fact, IDC predicts that the industrial IoT market – which includes utility applications – will exceed $745 billion in 2019, with $61 billion of that serving the utilities sector. Utility IoT applications involve an array of sensors from the substation down to customer premises that provide data and automated controls. As microgrids draw more interest to promote grid stability and DER integration, intelligent sensor networks – and the analytics they support – will become an increasingly important management tool. This article explores some ways sensor data, analytics and distributed computing can and are supporting new distributed energy resource strategies and initiatives.     

关于风电项目设计管理的探讨

风电作为现行推广的一种清洁能源,近年来得到迅猛的发展,设计管理是风电投资项目管理工作重点工作之一,贯穿整个工程建设过程,设计管理的好坏直接关系到项目运行使用、投资收益的影响、投资效益的发挥。而在项目实施过程中,因建设单位管理经验的缺失,各地政策不一,设计标准和可参考规范不健全的情况下,给设计管理工作带来了重重困难,造成项目实施过程中或投运后的较多问题。本文对以往项目实施过程中遇到的设计管理工作相关问题进行总结归纳。     

分布式供能系统探讨

分布式能源已成为国家发展新能源建设的重要组成部分,是我国政府积极倡导的一种先进能源系统技术。探讨了分布式能源的特点和应用背景,并结合某三甲医院的实际案例,分析了分布式供能系统的优势,对其进一步应用发展具有促进作用。     

发电容量长期动态的仿真

供需容量的长期充裕性对电力系统的可靠运行至关重要。借助电力市场与电力系统交互动态仿真平台，暂时用模拟的实验环境（市场规则、报价策略、投资策略）代替部分参与者的行为，以研究发电充裕度的长期动态行为，剖析容量充裕度长期振荡的机理。通过仿真研究，揭示发电建设时滞、容量审批及个体投资博弈行为等因素影响充裕度振荡的周期、幅度以及市场集中度的机理，指导对电力市场环境下容量供需长期振荡的抑制。     

含分布式电源P2P交易的社区微网运营机制

随着越来越多的分布式电源通过微网接入配电网,在微网中开展基于分布式交易机制的新能源交易可以有效提高分布式主体的效益,促进新能源的投资建设。文章构造可交易能源系统在社区微网运营中的应用场景,建立适合含有分布式电源和储能的社区微网用户之间的P2P交易模型。微网用户可以在P2P市场中对需求或多余电量以按报价支付的方式交易,将交易形成智能合约,存储在分布式网络中并自动执行。最后用实际微网的仿真算例验证新能源分布式交易对社区微网中所有用户效益的促进作用。     

Energy systems planning and GHG-emission control under uncertainty in the province of Liaoning,China – A dynamic inexact energy systems optimization model

In this study, a dynamic interval-parameter optimization model (DIP-REM) has been developed for supporting long-term energy systems planning in association with GHG mitigation in the region of Liaoning province. The model can describe Liaoning province energy planning systems as networks of a series of energy flows, transferring extracted/imported energy resources to end users through a variety of conversion and transmission technologies over a number of periods and address the problem of GHG-emission reduction within a general energy planning systems framework under uncertainty. Two scenarios (including a reference case) are considered corresponding to different GHG-emission mitigation levels for in-depth analysis of interactions existing among energy, socio-economy and environment in the Liaoning province. Useful solutions for Liaoning province energy planning systems have been generated, reflecting trade-offs among energy-related, environmental and economic considerations. The results can not only provide optimal energy resource/service allocation and capacity-expansion plans, but also help decision-makers identify desired policies for GHG mitigation with a cost-effective manner in the region of Liaoning province. Thus, it can be used by decision makers as an effective technique in examining and visualizing impacts of energy and environmental policies, regional development strategies and emission reduction measures within an integrated and dynamic framework.