A novel fault protection system using communication-assisted digital relays for AC microgrids having a multiple grounding system

This paper develops a novel fault protection system for AC microgrids having a multiple grounding system. Communication-supported digital relays which have different protection modules are used for this novel microgrid protection system. The protection modules in a digital relay have various functionalities to protect AC microgrids from various fault types, such as: low/high-impedance ground faults and short-circuits. To effectively use the developed novel microgrid protection system, the first step is to reconfigure different microgrid structures into a standard microgrid configuration having a multiple-grounding system through using delta/wye-grounded or wye-grounded/wye-grounded transformers. Then, a fast–dependable–adaptable (FDA) fault protection algorithm is developed to protect AC microgrids from faults occurring at trunk lines, common buses or branch lines. At an islanded operation mode of AC microgrids, by using digital relays, a new protection module is designed to detect, locate, and classify the faults occurring at trunk lines and common AC buses, while other protection modules can use the existing protection methodologies (e.g. directional/non-directional overcurrent protection principles, etc.) to detect and clear the faults at source branches or load branches of the microgrids. At a grid-connected operation mode, standard overcurrent protection modules are applied for the FDA fault protection system. Simulation and experiment results obtained from various fault cases at a real low-voltage AC microgrid have validated the effective operation of the FDA fault protection system.     

零序非工频分量注入式微电网接地故障保护方案

微电网中含有大量的分布式电源,且具有很多不同于传统配电网的特点,传统配电网中的保护方案难以满足其对可靠性与稳定性的要求。基于微电网的结构和故障特点,建立了含多个逆变型分布式电源的微电网故障网络模型,提出了一种基于零序非工频分量注入的微电网接地故障保护方案。该方案利用注入的零序非工频电流产生的故障特征,能够正确识别并切除微电网内部的各类接地故障,且同时适用于并网和孤岛2种运行方式。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC软件中进行了仿真分析,结果验证了所提保护方案的有效性与可靠性。     

基于电流行波的微电网保护策略

针对微电网的故障电流小、潮流双向性等特性,提出了适合微电网的保护策略并进行了仿真。传统的基于过电流的电网保护技术对于微电网的保护受到一定限制,因而需要对新的技术进行探索。在对这些因素分析的基础上,提出了微电网的保护策略:通过小波变换对电流行波进行分析判断故障位置,母线电压确定故障发生与否及扰动电压判断故障类型。利用SVPWM控制原理在Matlab/Simulink中使用SimPowerSystems搭建微电网的模型,并对孤岛运行模式下微电网不同的故障类型进行仿真分析,仿真结果表明所提出的保护策略在孤岛运行的方式下是有效的。     

面向多能互补微网的故障辨识与继电保护算法

由于含有多种具有互补特性的分布式电源,多能互补微电网在能源综合利用、供电可靠性和运行经济性方面具有明显的优势。然而与传统配电网相比,各类分布式电源的并入导致微电网拓扑结构和运行方式变得更为复杂,并网和离网运行对应的故障特性存在差异,使得传统继电保护方案难以满足此类微电网保护的要求。针对这一问题,首先围绕传统继电保方案的不足展开讨论,分析微电网网内故障特点,继而提出一种适用于微电网的改进故障辨识算法,以实现对网内故障的快速准确辨识。综合考虑多能互补微网继电保护的需求,结合改进故障辨识算法,将改进电流差动保护与广域自适应电流速断保护相结合,提出一种适用于微电网分布式电源上下游线路的综合继电保护算法,在缩小故障影响范围的基础上,提高保护响应速度并降低保护拒动的概率。最后,利用RT-LAB实时仿真系统构建含风、光、储、微型燃气轮机等分布式电源在内的多能互补微网模型,通过网内模拟不同类型故障,验证了所提故障辨识和继电保算法的有效性。     

微网保护分析

对微网特性以及影响保护的因素进行了分析,提出了微网的保护机制并进行了仿真。微网系统内部的保护须考虑逆变式电源的限流作用和微网双向潮流特性,还须综合考虑通信的应用,保护在不同运行方式下的适应性,与控制方式的协调性以及动作时间的合理设置等问题。在对这些因素进行分析的基础上,提出了微网的保护机制:对于线路故障,采用纵联保护;对于负荷故障,采用各相电流矢量和作为故障判据。研究中利用下垂控制原理在PSCAD中搭建了微网的模型,并对微网孤岛运行模式下各种负荷故障情况进行了仿真,仿真结果表明了所提负荷故障保护方法在孤岛运行方式下的有效性。     

Numerical inverse definite minimum time overcurrent relay for microgrid power system protection

Access of distributed generation gets complicated at the distribution level, and hence managing these systems effectively becomes highly challenging. Microgrids have been proposed as a way of integrating a large number of distributed renewable energy sources with a distribution system. They are low to medium voltage networks of small load clusters with distributed generation sources and storages. Microgrids can be operated in the islanded mode or the grid‐connected mode. If a microgrid is connected to the system, it is seen as a single aggregate load. One of the potential advantages of a microgrid is that it could provide more reliable supply to customers by islanding itself from the system in the event of a major disturbance. However, a major problem with microgrid implementation in islanded operation is designing a proper protection scheme. The fault currents for grid‐connected and islanded microgrids are significantly different. Additionally, high penetration of inverter‐connected distributed generation sources leads to conditions where no standard overcurrent protection method will work. Overcurrent protection is considered as the backbone of any protection strategy, especially in distribution systems. Distribution systems constitute the largest portion of the power system network, and therefore the diagnosis of faults in this system is a challenging task. Faults occurring in distribution systems will affect the reliability, security, and quality of a power system. Field‐processable gate array (FPGA) Xilinx Zynq‐based numerical overcurrent relay protection is provided to the microgrid that is operated in islanded mode. This results in faster discrimination and quicker isolation of the faulty section from the microgrid. This improves the reliability of the microgrid because the fault is rapidly diagnosed and isolated from the healthy part, thanks to the high‐speed operation of the 800‐MHz FPGA Xilinx Zynq‐based numerical overcurrent relay. This system is simulated using MATLAB Simulink SimPower system tool box and LabView software. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

基于故障分量的微电网保护适用性

微电网具有潮流双向流动、并网孤岛运行时故障电流差别大以及拓扑结构灵活多变的特点,给微电网的保护带来了很大的挑战。基于故障分量原理的保护相较于其余的保护方法具有明显的优势,但微电网中的大多数微电源经逆变器接入电网,其故障特性主要受控制策略影响,不同于传统的同步发电机,现有的故障分量分析方法已不再适用。因此,分析故障分量保护在含逆变型分布式电源(IIDG)的微电网中的适用性十分必要。文中主要针对IIDG在恒功率控制策略下的等效模型,建立含多个IIDG的微电网故障附加网络,比较同一母线上的故障线路与其余馈线的正序电流故障分量,从幅值和相位两个角度对故障分量原理进行了分析,并在PSCAD软件中对微电网模型进行了仿真,验证了分析的正确性。     

基于故障分量的孤岛微电网保护

微电网孤岛运行时的故障特性与并网情况有所区别,且与微电源的控制策略紧密联系,因而需要对孤岛微电网的保护进行具体的研究。根据U/f控制及PQ控制微电源在故障穿越下的故障模型,分析了不同故障类型时的输出电流特性,并对微电网中不同线路故障时各母线及馈线的相位特征进行分析,提出利用母线正序电压故障分量和各馈线正序电流故障分量的相位特征实现故障定位的孤岛微电网保护方案。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中建立了仿真模型,结果验证了该保护原理的正确性。     

基于分布式电源的微电网群柔性聚合与分层控制

微电网群柔性聚合是采用柔性直流输电技术将多个微电网互联成一个整体的技术,可以很好地克服交流互联所带来的低频振荡、互联冲击电流、高低压电磁环网等问题,并具有高度的延展性和灵活性.文中对微电网群柔性聚合方法进行了系统性的研究.提出多种柔性聚合的基本结构;构建柔性聚合分层控制体系,包含优化调度层、协调控制层和子微电网自治管理层;针对于不同的运行场景,提出聚合并网、聚合孤岛、解列并网和解列孤岛运行模式及相对应的切换控制策略.采用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建柔性聚合仿真模型,仿真结果表明柔性聚合在不同运行模式下均可表现出可靠性和稳定性.     

Coordination of dual setting overcurrent relays in microgrid with optimally determined relay characteristics for dual operating modes

Fault current magnitude in a microgrid depends upon its mode of operation, namely, grid-connected mode or islanded mode. Depending on the type of fault in a given mode, separate protection schemes are generally employed. With the change in microgrid operating mode, the protection scheme needs to be modified which is uneconomical and time inefficient. In this paper, a novel optimal protection coordination scheme is proposed, one which enables a common optimal relay setting which is valid in both operating modes of the microgrid. In this context, a common optimal protection scheme is introduced for dual setting directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs) using a combination of various standard relay characteristics. Along with the two variables, i.e., time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS) for conventional directional overcurrent relay, dual setting DOCRs are augmented with a third variable of relay characteristics identifier (RCI), which is responsible for selecting optimal relay characteristics from the standard relay characteristics according to the IEC-60255 standard. The relay coordination problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem, and the settings of relays are optimally determined using the genetic algorithm (GA) and the grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm. To validate the superiority of the proposed protection scheme, the distribution parts of the IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 bus benchmark systems are considered.     

抑制电压波动与规避频率越限的孤岛微电网并网预同步方案

传统孤岛微电网并网预同步过程中存在因风光电源出力变化而导致的电压波动问题,以及因比例-积分(PI)参数取值不当导致的频率越限问题.为解决这些问题,首先,对储能系统V/f控制策略引入负荷电压与电流的前馈扰动补偿以平抑电压波动;其次,基于Simplex算法优化PI参数以兼顾预同步过程中的并网速度与频率波动,并设计了离线优化与在线查表相结合的优化PI参数取值方法;然后,设计了兼顾电压波动与频率越限的孤岛微电网预同步优化控制方案;最后,利用仿真实验证实了该孤岛微电网并网预同步方案可实现相位迅速同步,并可有效抑制电压波动与规避频率越限风险.     

Modeling methodology and faultsimulation of distribution networksintegrated with inverter-based D

This paper proposes a pattern recognition based differential spectral energy protection scheme for ac microgrids using a Fourier kernel based fast sparse time-frequency representation (SST or simply the sparse S-Transform). The average and differential current components are passed through a change detection filter, which senses the instant of fault inception and registers a change detection point (CDP). Subsequently, if CDP is registered for one or more phases, then half cycle data samples of the average and differential currents on either side of the CDP are passed through the proposed SST technique, which generates their respective spectral energies and a simple comparison between them detects the occurrence and type of the fault. The SST technique is also used to provide voltage and current phasors and the frequency during faults which is further utilized to estimate the fault location. The proposed technique as compared to conventional differential current protection scheme is quicker in fault detection and classification, which is least effected from bias setting, has a faster relay trip response (less than one cycle from fault incipient) and a better accuracy in fault location. The significance and accuracy of the proposed scheme have been verified extensively for faults in a standard microgrid system, subjected to a large number of operating conditions and the outputs vindicate it to be a potential candidate for real time applications     

Research on the protection coordination ofpermanent magnet synchronous generatorbased wind farms with low voltage ridethrough capability

This paper proposes a pattern recognition based differential spectral energy protection scheme for ac microgrids using a Fourier kernel based fast sparse time-frequency representation (SST or simply the sparse S-Transform). The average and differential current components are passed through a change detection filter, which senses the instant of fault inception and registers a change detection point (CDP). Subsequently, if CDP is registered for one or more phases, then half cycle data samples of the average and differential currents on either side of the CDP are passed through the proposed SST technique, which generates their respective spectral energies and a simple comparison between them detects the occurrence and type of the fault. The SST technique is also used to provide voltage and current phasors and the frequency during faults which is further utilized to estimate the fault location. The proposed technique as compared to conventional differential current protection scheme is quicker in fault detection and classification, which is least effected from bias setting, has a faster relay trip response (less than one cycle from fault incipient) and a better accuracy in fault location. The significance and accuracy of the proposed scheme have been verified extensively for faults in a standard microgrid system, subjected to a large number of operating conditions and the outputs vindicate it to be a potential candidate for real time applications     

微电网保护研究综述

微电网的保护是微电网大规模发展过程中需要解决的关键问题之一。由于微电网存在孤岛运行模式以及分布式电源的大量接入,导致其故障电流的特征不明显,使得配电网中传统的保护策略存在拒动或者误动的情况,国内外研究人员针对此问题展开广泛研究。总结并分析了近年来微电网保护领域内的研究成果,首先梳理出微电网保护需要克服的难点和关键技术,然后将相关文献中采用的微电网保护方法分成七类,分别归纳了差动保护、过流保护、距离保护、自适应保护、基于电压量的保护、基于智能算法的保护以及故障电流补偿方法的技术特点和适用性。最后,在结论部分给出了微电网保护技术的主要特点和未来发展趋势,为其后续研究和应用提供参考。     

一种新型的微网自适应过流保护方法

微网灵活的运行模式给保护带来了严峻的挑战,对此提出了一种新型的微网自适应过流保护方法。以微网三处典型的故障为案例,从并网和离网角度剖析了微网自适应保护应具备的功能。以此为基础,给出了微网自适应保护方案并阐述了集中式微网保护的主从工作机制;提出了三段式自适应保护的过电流整定算法,设计了故障识别流程;基于分析传统过电流保护时限配合在微网保护中存在的弊端,提出了微网自适应保护在并网和孤岛时的动作时限优化方案,结合案例分析了其优点。理论和案例分析表明,所提自适应保护方法能够快速可靠地识别故障区域,满足微网对保护的要求。     

考虑光伏出力间歇性的微电网故障辨识方法

在光伏高比例接入的孤岛微电网中,太阳辐照度变化将导致光伏出力明显波动,继而影响微电网线路故障电流变化趋势。对于不同辐照度光伏出力,如何准确完成微电网故障辨识是微电网故障保护研究面临的一个重要问题。针对这一问题,首先建立了含有光伏发电的典型微网模型,分析了孤岛模式下太阳辐照度变化对网内故障电流的影响;然后利用快速小波能量熵(wavelet energy entropy,WEE)算法提取线路故障电流的暂态特征,继而选取简洁清晰的暂态特征并构建故障综合样本集;最后,利用典型故障样本集对极限学习机进行训练,形成一种新的考虑光伏出力间歇性的微网故障辨识方法。算例仿真结果表明所提方法既能精确提取不同辐照度下微网故障的暂态特征,又可准确地实现故障辨识,为微电网故障分析和保护提供了技术支持。     

基于换流器归一化模型的微电网无缝切换控制策略

针对采用主从控制模式,以储能系统作为组网单元的联网/孤岛双模式运行的微电网系统,首先介绍了微电网联网/孤岛双模式无缝切换控制策略;其次提出了“外环并行,内环共用”的储能换流器P/Q模式与V/f模式归一化控制模型,同时完成归一化控制器的参数设计以及归一化控制系统的稳定性分析;依托RT_Lab实时仿真平台,完成微电网联网/孤网双模式运行实时仿真模型搭建,完成控制策略的仿真分析,最后在国家能源大型风电并网系统研发（实验）中心微电网实验平台进行了微电网联网/孤岛双模式无缝切换实验,实验结果验证了控制方法的有效性。     

基于GOOSE通信技术的微电网故障定位及隔离

微电网的运行及故障特性与传统电网区别明显,给微电网保护带来了挑战,为此文中提出了一种基于通用面向对象变电站事件(GOOSE)的微电网故障快速准确定位及隔离技术。将微电网区域化,以任一节点为中心,利用GOOSE通信传递相邻设备的方向过流信息完成微电网的故障定位,并通过GOOSE跳闸信号的传递实现故障隔离。文中从微电网运行特性、故障特性及故障定位隔离、工程实现以及工程验证等方面进行了阐述。此技术能够解决微电网多电源、多结构、多种运行方式(合环、开环、并网、孤岛等)、网络拓扑变化情况下的故障快速准确定位及隔离。目前,该技术已应用于多个工程项目,验证了其正确性和可行性。     

Distributed cooperative synchronization strategy for multi-bus microgrids

Microgrids can operate in both grid-connected mode and islanded mode. In order to smooth transfer from islanded mode to grid-connected mode, it is necessary to synchronize the point of common coupling (PCC) with main utility grid (UG) in voltage frequency, phase and amplitude. Conventional synchronization methods based on centralized communication are very costly and not suitable for multi-bus microgrids that have a large number of distributed generators (DGs). To address this concern, this study presents an active synchronization control strategy based on distributed cooperation technology for multi-bus microgrids. The proposed method can reconnect the microgrid in island to UG seamlessly with sparse communication channels. Synchronization correction signals are generated by a voltage controller, which are only transmitted to the leader DGs. Meanwhile, each DG exchanges information with its neighbors. Finally, the voltage of PCC will synchronize with the main grid and all DGs will achieve the consensus behaviors. Compared with traditional synchronization methods, the proposed method does not need complex communication networks and improves flexibility and redundancy. Even if the distributed communication breaks down, the primary droop control can still operate robustly. Small signal model of entire system is developed to adjust the parameters of distributed active synchronization controller. Simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于HHT的微电网差分能量保护策略

针对微电网双向潮流和并网/孤岛运行时故障电流差异大的特点,在微电网差动保护的基础上,提出了基于HHT变换的差分能量保护新方法。对故障线路两端电流进行时-频变换(HHT变换)获得Hilbert谱,并计算谱能量,利用差分能量是否超出阈值判断是区内故障还是区外故障,且不同故障类型阈值无需改变。在PSCAD中搭建10 kV微电网模型并在Matlab中进行算例验证。大量仿真表明此方法能够可靠检测出并网和孤岛两种运行状态下的各种故障,而且有效解决了高阻抗故障(HIF)保护失效问题。