船舶电站柴油机非线性H∞调速器

船舶电力系统频率的稳定性主要取决于船舶电站柴油机调速系统的转速响应特性.船舶电站柴油机调速系统是一个非线性控制系统,为了分析系统的动态特性,首先建立柴油机调速系统的非线性数学模型,然后以此为基础设计非线性H∞调速器.将直接反馈线性化和H∞控制理论相结合应用于柴油机调速器的设计,把系统的性能要求转化为标准H∞控制问题,通过解Riccati方程,获得了柴油机非线性H∞转速控制律.计算机仿真结果表明,设计的非线性H∞调速器能在充分考虑系统模型不确定性的情况下,有效地提高系统的动态精度和抑制扰动的能力,改善了船舶电力系统频率的稳定性.     

电励磁同步风力发电机输出电压DL-H∞控制

针对前端调速式电励磁同步风力发电机励磁系统的快速性、时变性等特点,提出了一种基于H∞控制的同步风力发电机输出电压的DL-H∞控制方法。在该方法中,采用了简化的无刷励磁系统结构,建立了系统数学模型,设计了用于励磁控制的内环H∞励磁控制器;针对快速励磁引起发电机振荡和失步等问题,设计了保证同步风力发电机并联稳定运行的外环H∞电力系统稳定器,有效解决了同步发电机快速励磁和暂态稳定之间的矛盾。仿真结果表明,基于H∞理论的同步风力发电机输出电压DL-H∞控制在快速性和稳态性能上优于单一H∞励磁控制。     

直驱式永磁同步风力发电机的H∞控制

研究了直驱式永磁同步风力发电机的H∞控制,应用直接反馈线性化,建立了鲁棒控制模型,采用H∞控制理论得出控制律,算法简明实用.仿真表明,H∞控制可以保证在风速变化、系统参数不确定和外部干扰的情况下,直驱式永磁风力同步发电机仍能安全可靠地获取最大风能,向电网输送恒频恒压的电能.     

电励磁双凸极无刷直流发电机非线性PI调压技术的研究

针对12/8极电励磁式双凸极（EMDS）无刷直流发电机的非线性特性，提出了一种新的非线性PI调压控制方法，该算法中比例和积分参数随调压误差的变化而非线性变化。设计了以 DSP为核心的数字调压器，利用实验离线辨识的方法建立发电机系统的数学模型，在此基础上设计了算法参数，与传统PI算法做了实验对比，结果表明其抗干扰能力比常规PI调节器强。为了进一步提高系统的动态性能，在非线性PI算法中加入了负载电流前馈补偿控制。实验结果表明，在系统突加和突卸负载两种情况下，采用具有负载电流前馈补偿的非线性PI控制后，发电机电压不仅恢复时间明显缩短，而且电压波动幅值也大大减小，系统的动态性能得到了明显的提高，而且具有高的稳态精度。     

变速恒频双馈风力发电机的H_∞控制

研究了变速恒频双馈风力发电机的H∞控制,利用其定子磁场定向矢量控制的非线性方程组,应用直接反馈线性化建立了双馈风力发电机的鲁棒控制模型,采用H∞控制理论得出控制律,算法简明,适合工程应用。仿真表明,H∞控制可以改善双馈风力发电机的运行性能,使其具有高精度抗干扰的特性。     

电压源虚拟同步发电机并网控制及实现

并网逆变器的虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制技术利用电力电子装置控制灵活的特点,通过在控制系统中对同步发电机及其调速器/调压器的基本数学模型和调节特性的模拟,使得并网逆变器具有与同步发电机类似的自主参与系统调频/调压等优良特性.这里在VSG控制策略基础上,提出了一种新颖的电压源VSG并网实现方式,免去了传统VSG并网所需预同步(预同期)等环节,有效提高了新能源发电系统的并网友好性,简化了电压源VSG并网流程.系统仿真及原理样机运行实验结果充分表明了所提基于VSG算法的并网逆变器系统整体控制策略及并网实现方式的有效性和正确性.     

飞机交流发电机调压技术研究

介绍了三级式无刷交流发电机调压系统组成,阐述了调压器的调压原理以及基于电压平均值检测的单反馈调压电路工作原理。为改善非线性负载对发电机输出电压品质的影响,对电压检测方法和反馈环节进行改进,采用基于AD536A有效值-直流检测专用芯片进行电压有效值检测,并引入励磁电流进行双反馈调压控制,同时对多环控制等其他调压技术进行了研究。     

现代实用同步发电机调压特性和调速特性与并联运行负载分配

结合船舶和海洋平台中的工作实际以及国内外理论研究成果,对现代交流同步发电机的调压特性和调速特性的基本理论进行了实用性描述,对于孤立系统现代发电机并联运行有功功率和无功功率分配基本理论也结合工作实际进行了探讨.     

交流伺服系统的H∞鲁棒控制策略

永磁同步电动机交流伺服控制系统中,扰动成为影响系统性能的主要因素,在建立永磁同步电动机鲁棒控制模型的基础上,提出了基于H∞控制理论的标准H∞控制方法,根据永磁同步电动机的鲁棒控制模型设计出了鲁棒H∞控制器,仿真结果表明鲁棒H∞控制具有良好的鲁棒稳定性和抗干扰性.     

谐波励磁同步发电机的非线性仿射模型建立

为建立谐波励磁同步发电机(HESG)的非线性仿射模型,根据谐波绕组的结构特点,基于同步发电机电枢双反应理论,推导了三次谐波电势公式.结合转子运动方程、功率方程、励磁绕组电磁方程,得到了HESG的非线性仿射模型方程.基于军用电站的具体参数和相同的励磁调压系统参数,进行了仿真验证,结果表明:在突加额定负载的情况下,相对于传统结构的同步发电机,在向武器装备供电时,HESG的端电压振荡次数少,恢复稳定的时间短,功角变化迅速,更容易满足GJB1488对军用电站供电指标的要求.     

MICROPROCESSOR BASED NONLINEAR EXCITATION CONTROLLER FOR SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

ABSTRACT

The synchronous machines in power systems have the excitation systems of field winding to improve the transient stability of power systems. The synchronous machines are nonlinear systems, however, the excitation systems have been designed based on linearized systems, because the stability analysis of nonlinear systems is difficult and the generalized control method of nonlinear systems has not been developed yet.

This paper proposes a nonlinear excitation controller for synchronous machines in power systems. For the sake of simplification of the nonlinear state feedback control, this paper considers both the transient stability and the suppression of the rotor swings in transient conditions. The effect of the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) for the synchronous generator is not discussed here. This controller is designed based on Lyapunov's direct method that can directly judge the stability of nonlinear systems. The usefulness and validity of the proposed excitation controller are confirmed by numerical simulations and experiments. The microprocessor based generator excitation system that consists of a nonlinear controller, state variable detector, and PWM inverter, is constructed. The nonlinear excitation controller can improve the transient stability of synchronous machines.     

Robust control of an isolated hybrid wind-diesel power system using Linear Quadratic Gaussian approach

This paper presents the application of the Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller for voltage and frequency regulation of an isolated hybrid wind-diesel scheme. The scheme essentially consists of a vertical axis wind turbine driving a self-excited induction generator connected via an asynchronous (AC-DC-AC) link to a synchronous generator driven by a diesel engine. The synchronous generator is equipped with a voltage regulator and a static exciter. The wind generator and the synchronous generator together cater for the local load and power requirement. However, the load bus voltage and frequency are governed by the synchronous generator. The control objective aims to regulate the load voltage and frequency. This is accomplished via controlling the field voltage and rotational speed of the synchronous generator. The complete nonlinear dynamic model of the system has been described and linearized around an operating point. The standard Kalman filter technique has been employed to estimate the full states of the system. The computational burden has been minimized to a great extent by computing the optimal state feedback gains and the Kalman state space model off-line. The proposed controller has the advantages of robustness, fast response and good performance. The hybrid wind diesel energy scheme with the proposed controller has been tested through a step change in both wind speed and load impedance. Simulation results show that accurate tracking performance of the proposed hybrid wind diesel energy system has been achieved.     

发电机组非线性预测综合控制设计

定义状态变量和它们的参考轨迹之间的偏差为目标状态方程,并以此状态方程为基础,运用预测控制理论知识进行非线性预测控制设计,找到了一种新的非线性控制设计方法.针对单机无穷大系统,对发电机进行非线性预测综合控制设计,得到了新的发电机组非线性综合控制规律.反馈系统包含了跟踪误差的未来信息,以便改善发电机的跟踪速度和控制效果.仿真结果表明,该方法能很好地协调发电机的动、静态性能,解决了由于电压调节或有功功率调节而引起的有功功率或发电机机端电压对给定值的偏移,改善了发电机的动态响应特性.     

虚拟同步机多机并联稳定控制及其惯量匹配方法

虚拟同步发电机(VSG)技术作为一种分布式电源主动参与电网频率电压调整的新型控制方式,得到了越来越多的关注。通过对同步发电机外特性的模拟,使得微电源逆变器具有同步发电机相同的转动惯量、一次调频、无功调压等特性。提出简化的VSG虚拟惯量控制器,避免了锁相环(PLL)误差引起的频率指令波动对系统稳定性的影响,建立包含中间控制环节状态变量的VSG并联系统小信号模型,并针对主要控制参数对系统稳定性及动态响应的影响进行了分析,最后利用等效同步发电机原理,提出了虚拟同步发电机多机并联运行的虚拟惯量匹配方法,仿真和实验结果验证了所提方法的正确性和有效性。     

Recurrent modified Elman neural network control of PM synchronous generator system using wind turbine emulator of PM synchronous servo motor drive

The recurrent modified Elman neural network (NN) controlled a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous generator system, which is driven by wind turbine emulator of a PM synchronous motor servo drive, is developed to regulate output voltage of rectifier (or AC to DC power converter) and inverter (or DC to AC power converter) in this study. First, the wind turbine emulator of a closed loop PM synchronous motor servo drive is designed to produce the maximum power for the PM synchronous generator system. Then, the rotor speed of the PM synchronous generator, the output DC bus voltage and current of the rectifier are detected simultaneously to yield maximum power output of the rectifier through DC bus power control. Because the PM synchronous generator system is a nonlinear and time varying dynamic system, the online training recurrent modified Elman NN control system is developed to regulate DC bus voltage of the rectifier and AC line voltage of the inverter in order to improve the control performance. Furthermore, the online training recurrent modified Elman NN control system with the variable learning rate is derived based on Lyapunov stability theorem, so that the stability of the system can be guaranteed. Finally, some experimental results are verified to show the effectiveness of the proposed recurrent modified Elman NN controlled PM synchronous generator system.     

带电压反馈的ESO发电机励磁系统滑模变结构

针对发电机励磁系统的非线性及易受内、外扰动等特点,应用坐标变换、ESO及滑模变结构控制理论,设计了一种新颖的提高系统动、静态特性的ESO滑模励磁控制器,并在此基础上引入了电压反馈,使其更好地稳定了机端电压,即对系统的状态方程进行坐标变换,然后通过构造扩张状态观察器(ESO)对发电机励磁系统进行动态补偿,实现线性化;采用极点配置法设计滑模切换函数,从理论上保证发电机转子方程具有期望的极点;采用指数趋近率和准滑动模态方法求取滑模控制率.仿真结果表明,该控制器在动态、静态特性上明显地提高了系统的稳定性、快速性和准确性,而且鲁棒性较好.     

On the Rotor Angle and Voltage Dynamics Decoupling in Synchronous Generators with Nonlinear AVR

Abstract

In this paper, rotor angle and voltage dynamics decoupling in a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus using a partial feedback linearization-based nonlinear voltage regulator (FBLAVR) is described. It is well known that the fast voltage regulation using static excitation system introduces negative damping in the system. If this coupling can be eliminated then one can simultaneously achieve fast voltage regulation and desired damping performance. This paper identifies such a decoupling behavior using an FBLAVR and shows that the damping with the FBLAVR only depends on the inherent damping of the machine. The necessity of a power system stabilizer (PSS) is identified even with the FBLAVR, if the natural damping is not sufficient. Thus motivated, an FBLAVR?+?PSS control scheme is proposed and compared with a linear automatic voltage regulator (AVR)?+?PSS control scheme. It is shown that the generator-exciter-power system [GEP(s)] characteristics with FBLAVR does not change with the system operating conditions. The superiority of the proposed control scheme is validated over a wide range of operating conditions on a single machine infinite bus (SMIB) power system.     

基于差分进化机理优化的PID控制的AVR系统

在现代电力系统工程中,电力系统的动态稳定已成为目前一个极具挑战性的问题。同步发电动机励磁控制是加强电力系统稳性和保证电力质量的最重要的装置,但它的转子与其他部分之间的机电耦合会产生类似阻尼系统中出现的弹簧式的振荡现象。对此,提出一种基于差分进化机理优化的PID控制的自动电压调节系统。首先将多变异策略和优劣淘汰机制引入到差分进化算法中,然后由新的差分进化机理调节PID参数,从而实现由PID自适应地控制自动电压调节系统的目的。仿真结果表明了该调节系统的可行性,同时它比其他系统具有更好的动态响应性能。     

非线性励磁控制中输出函数对系统性能的影响

发现在进行非线性系统的非线性控制设计时，状态方程中输出函数的选取对线性化以后系统状态方程的形式有很大的影响，进而影响到所设计的控制器性能。在此研究结果的基础上，改进了电力系统非线性控制器的设计方法，可以在统一的非线性控制设计框架下同时对多个状态量的性能指标提出要求，兼顾受控系统多个状态量的响应特性，使系统的动态性能和静态性能能够很好地协调，实现高性能的非线性控制。将改进的设计方法应用于发电机组的励磁控制，采用逆系统非线性控制原理设计了一种具有综合性能指标的非线性励磁控制规律。将所设计的多指标非线性励磁控制律用于单机无穷大电力系统的同步发电机组中进行仿真实验，其结果表明所提出的控制器不仅能明显地提高发电机的动态稳定性，而立能准确地将发电机的端电压控制在其给定值上运行，不会因受扰而发生偏移。     

CONCEPTS OF STATIC VAR SYSTEM CONTROL FOR ENHANCING POWER TRANSFER IN LONG TRANSMISSION LINES

ABSTRACT

This paper is concerned with the influence of different levels of complexity in modelling various constituent subsystems on the dynamic stability of power systems compensated by static var systems (SVS) operating on pure voltage control. The system components investigated include thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) transients, SVS delays, network transients, the synchronous generator and automatic voltage regulator (AVR). An overall model is proposed which adequately describes the system performance for small signal perturbations. The SVS performance is validated through detailed nonlinear simulation on a physical simulator.