Study on Grain Quality Effecting Factors and MonitoringMethods by Using Hyperspectral Data in Winter Wheat

冬小麦品质的影响因素及高光谱遥感监测方法黄文江,王纪华,刘良云,赵春江,宋晓宇,马智宏(国家农业信息化工程技术研究中心,北京　100089)摘要:研究了小麦品质的分类及其构成因素与环境条件之间的关系,各品质因素之间的关系。运用相同栽培条件下不同品种品质指标间的关系和变化规律,研究了品种因素对小麦品质的影响程度以及品种因素与品质指标之间的相关性,得出相同环境条件下籽粒的蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量、沉降值、吸水率、形成时间和稳定时间之间存在极显著的相关性。并利用不同品种、不同肥水条件下的作物关键生育时期的生化参量与光谱指数进行分析,得出开花期冬小麦叶片的类胡萝卜素与叶绿素a的比值与结构不敏感植被指数(SIPI)之间存在极显著的正相关,决定系数达到0.7207,冬小麦体内的全氮含量与类胡萝卜素与叶绿素a的比值之间存在极显著的负相关,决定系数为0.7245,并通过分析开花期冠层生化组分与籽粒品质指标间的相关性,得出开花期叶片全氮与籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋、干面筋和沉降值之间存在极显著的正相关,表面运用开花期光谱指数来反演叶片全氮含量,进而用来预测预报籽粒品质是切实可行的。关　键　词:冬小麦;高光谱数据;籽粒品质;监测方法中图分类号:TP 79     

氮素水平对不同穗型水稻品种植株衰老和产量的影响

在大田条件下,研究了两种氮素水平对直、弯穗水稻品种植株生长、叶片衰老和产量的影响。结果表明,高氮条件下两品种的朱粗度和叶片性状均优于低氮条件。增施氮肥能提高剑叶的叶绿素含量,延长叶绿素含量缓降期,使植株在生育后期能保持较高的绿叶面积;同时能提高剑叶的全氮含量,延长光合速率高值持续期,增加植株的干物质积累和籽粒产量。在同一氮素水平下,直立穗型品种的植株粗度、剑叶活力、籽粒灌浆速率、千粒重、生物产量及籽粒产量均略优于弯曲穗型品种。     

在水分胁迫下棉花冠层叶片全氮含量的高光谱遥感估算模型研究

研究利用美国产ASD地物光谱仪,获取新疆北部地区棉花冠层关键生育时期的高光谱数据,采用红边积分面积变量估测棉花冠层叶片的全氮含量,对反射光谱进行一阶微分,应用一阶微分光谱数据,衍生出基于光谱位置变量的分析方法,以红边积分面积(SDr)为自变量,冠层全氮(TN)含量为因变量,做相关分析与处理,构建新陆早6号红边积分面积与冠层叶片TN含量的相关数学模型。研究在不同水处理条件下,对棉花冠层单叶叶绿素含量和单叶全氮含量做相关分析,结果表明:叶绿素含量与TN含量呈显著的正相关(R=0.8723,n=39),叶绿素含量能有效的估计棉花单叶TN含量;红边积分面积变量与冠层TN含量呈显著的相关性,相关系数是0.7394(n=40),利用构建的相关模型可以较为精确地估测棉花两个品种新陆早6号与8号冠层叶片的全氮含量,RMSE分别为0.3859和0.4272。研究认为红边积分面积变量具有预测棉花冠层全氮含量的应用潜力,研究得出利用3边面积变量构造的数学模型对反演作物冠层TN含量有较高应用价值。研究认为,红边位移现象结合红边幅度的变化的研究,用于诊断棉花水分胁迫也是可行的,关键是建立相应合理的诊断指标体系。研究结果证明:①随着棉花的生长发育,叶片的生理生化参数发生变化,冠层的生理生化参数随之发生变化;②.棉花叶片叶绿素含量与叶片的全氮含量相关性显著(R=0.8723,n=38),通过建立数学模型,可以估测叶片中全氮的含量;③由一阶微分光谱衍生出基于光谱“红边”位置变量的分析方法,使我们认识到“红边”的变幅、形状和面积包含了各个波段的信息,这些波段综合产生的变量所构造的模型,为棉花氮素营养参数的估计提供了预测能力;④如果棉花叶绿素含量高,说明水分充足、氮代谢旺盛,植株处于生长旺盛时期,红边向蓝光方向发生了位移。利用红边位移现象结合红边幅度的变化的研究,用于诊断棉花水分胁迫也是可行的,关键是建立相应合理的诊断指标体系。     

在水分胁迫下棉花冠层叶片全氮含量的高光谱遥感估算模型研究

研究利用美国产ASD地物光谱仪,获取新疆北部地区棉花冠层关键生育时期的高光谱数据,采用红边积分面积变量估测棉花冠层叶片的全氮含量,对反射光谱进行一阶微分,应用一阶微分光谱数据,衍生出基于光谱位置变量的分析方法,以红边积分面积(SDr)为自变量,冠层全氮(TN)含量为因变量,做相关分析与处理,构建新陆早6号红边积分面积与冠层叶片TN含量的相关数学模型。研究在不同水处理条件下,对棉花冠层单叶叶绿素含量和单叶全氮含量做相关分析,结果表明:叶绿素含量与TN含量呈显著的正相关(R=0.8723,n=39),叶绿素含量能有效的估计棉花单叶TN含量;红边积分面积变量与冠层TN含量呈显著的相关性,相关系数是0.7394(n=40),利用构建的相关模型可以较为精确地估测棉花两个品种新陆早6号与8号冠层叶片的全氮含量,RMSE分别为0.3859和0.4272。研究认为红边积分面积变量具有预测棉花冠层全氮含量的应用潜力,研究得出利用3边面积变量构造的数学模型对反演作物冠层TN含量有较高应用价值。研究认为,红边位移现象结合红边幅度的变化的研究,用于诊断棉花水分胁迫也是可行的,关键是建立相应合理的诊断指标体系。研究结果证明:①随着棉花的生长发育,叶片的生理生化参数发生变化,冠层的生理生化参数随之发生变化;②.棉花叶片叶绿素含量与叶片的全氮含量相关性显著(R=0.8723,n=38),通过建立数学模型,可以估测叶片中全氮的含量;③由一阶微分光谱衍生出基于光谱“红边”位置变量的分析方法,使我们认识到“红边”的变幅、形状和面积包含了各个波段的信息,这些波段综合产生的变量所构造的模型,为棉花氮素营养参数的估计提供了预测能力;④如果棉花叶绿素含量高,说明水分充足、氮代谢旺盛,植株处于生长旺盛时期,红边向蓝光方向发生了位移。利用红边位移现象结合红边幅度的变化的研究,用于诊断棉花水分胁迫也是可行的,关键是建立相应合理的诊断指标体系。     

不同氮素营养条件下的冬小麦生理及光谱特性

通过对氮胁迫下冬小麦叶绿素含量、叶面积指数等参数的分析，得出养份胁迫下冬小麦生理反应的特点，并且分析了其光谱特征及与叶绿素含量等的相关关系。     

水稻叶片叶绿素含量的光谱反演研究

通过研究不同叶绿素含量的水稻叶片的光谱特性，发现叶绿素含量与光谱特性之间具有明显的相关性，并建立了水稻叶片叶绿素含量的光谱反演模式。研究表明，水稻叶片光谱反射率及其一阶导数的峰值参数与叶绿素含量之间具有很强的相关性，复相关系数均达到0．4以上，经多元线性回归分析显示回归显著，线性相关密切，回归方程的复相关系数为0.63，可作为水稻叶片叶绿素含量反演的方法，并为大面积水稻冠层叶绿素含量遥感监测提供理论依据。     

轻壤质潮土氮肥基追比对小麦产量与品质的影响

田间试验研究轻壤质潮土氮肥基追比对冬小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明:供试麦田氮肥施用的基追比例以4:6为宜,追肥氮在拔节期施用,可获最高小麦子粒产量。基追比不同对小麦品质也有较大影响,在基追比5～6:5～4的范围内,籽粒蛋白质含量、产量、湿面筋、沉淀值均相对较高。生育期氮素积累量对蛋白质含量与产量有显著的影响。     

播种期对各生育时期甜高梁叶片性状的影响

对甜高梁品种辽饲杂3号在4个播种期条件下进行了叶片性状指标测定试验，分析了不同播种期甜高粱在拔节、孕穗、开花、灌浆期叶绿素含量、比叶重、叶面积指数及成熟期绿叶数等叶部性状变化规律。结果表明，叶片叶绿素含量在孕穗期与开花期达最大值，早播时甜高粱前期叶绿素含量高，晚播时后期叶绿素含量较高。比叶重在灌浆期达最大值，且以晚播甜高粱的比叶重较大。叶面积指数随播种期延迟，并有下降趋势，但晚播甜高粱在成熟期时叶面积指数较高。绿叶数的变化趋势类似于叶面积指数。     

覆膜对不同小麦品种的品质影响

不同小麦品种覆膜后，籽粒容重有不同程度的提高；蛋白质含量比同期晚播提高 １．８％，与正常播种差异不显著。与正常露地播种比，覆膜对不同品种的于、湿面筋和沉淀值没有影响，但品种间的容重、于面筋、湿面筋和沉淀值存在较大的差异。     

高光谱反演叶片叶绿素及全氮含量

植物的含氮量和叶绿素含量指示了植被的健康状况.本文利用野外采集的叶片样本获取叶片的光谱反射率及叶绿素和全氮的含量,分析和利用高光谱数据反演叶片叶绿素及全氮含量的可行性及精度.鉴于高光谱数据存在冗余这一特性,本次试验采取了偏最小二乘法来对光谱数据进行回归分析,进行叶绿素和氮素含量的估算.同时,本文也比较了叶片叶绿素含量和氮素含量在不同单位表达形式下,偏最小二乘法对其的估算精度.试验结果表明,基于偏最小二乘法分析叶片反射率估测叶片的叶绿素含量及全氮含量具有很好的结果,精度全都达到85%以上,具有应用价值.     

Inversion of foliar biochemical parameters at various physiological stages and grain quality indicators of winter wheat with canopy reflectance

Canopy reflectance data selected at key growth stages of winter wheat were analysed. Regression equations between foliar total nitrogen content and other foliar biochemical concentrations, dried biomass indices, and grain quality indicators were established. The results showed that there were robust correlations between foliar total nitrogen content and other foliar biochemical concentrations, dried biomass indices, and grain quality indicators. The predictions of soluble sugar content, foliar water content, stem water content, foliar starch content, foliar dried weight, plant dried weight, and Leaf Area Index (LAI), etc. by foliar total nitrogen content were successful and feasible. The predictions of grain protein and dry gluten content by foliar total nitrogen content at anthesis were surprisingly good. The wavelength bands related to foliar total nitrogen content selected by regression equation were located at 1000–1140?nm and 1200–1300?nm.     

An evaluation of imaging spectrometry for estimating forest canopy chemistry

Abstract

High spectral resolution Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) data were acquired over 20 well-studied Wisconsin forest sites to evaluate the potential of remote sensing for estimating forest canopy chemistry. Intensive nutrient cycling research in these forests demonstrates that canopy lignin content is strongly related to measured annual nitrogen mineralization at the undisturbed sites and may serve as an accurate index for nitrogen cycling rates. Ground measurements were made of foliar biomass and canopy nitrogen and lignin content, the latter within two weeks of the AIS overflight. The spectral data were transformed using derivative techniques modified from laboratory spectroscopy. Stepwise regression assisted in determining combinations of wavelengths most highly correlated with canopy chemistry and biomass. Strong correlations between AIS data and total canopy lignin content in deciduous forests and canopy lignin concentration (total lignin/biomass) in both deciduous and coniferous stands indicate that imaging spectrometry can be used to estimate canopy lignin content and, from that, the spatial distribution of annual nitrogen mineralization rates.     

不同株型夏玉米群体冠层反射光谱特征及其应用研究

比较不同株型夏玉米在不同时期的反射光谱差异性,研究分析了红边位置(λred)、红边振幅(Dλred)、最小振幅(Dλmin)及Dλred/Dλmin与叶片全氮含量(LTN),叶绿素含量(Chl)及叶面积指数(LAI)间的相关性,并建立预测模型。结果表明,光谱差异随生育进程呈不同程度的规律性变化。在全生育期,用Dλred/Dλmin能更好地推算LTN,尤其在吐丝期,在开花前用Dλred也佳,在拔节期和喇叭口期用λred也有较高的精度。估算Chl时,在开花前用Dλred较可靠,在喇叭口期和抽雄期用λred也可考虑。估算LAI时,抽雄期后用Dλred推算有较高的可信度,在抽雄期用λred较好,在开花期和吐丝期用Dλred/Dλmin推算更为可靠。     

利用光谱指数进行冬小麦变量施肥的可行性及其效益评价

变量施肥技术作为精准农业一个新的发展方向，如果能以适时获得的高光谱数据代替传统繁琐的实验室土壤养分测定数据来指导变量施肥实践，那将对我国精准农业的发展具有重要的实践意义。研究根据冬小麦起身拔节期冠层光谱数据，选用反映冬小麦长势信息的优化土壤调节植被指数（OSAVI）进行变量施肥，对光谱指数（OSAVI）指导变量施肥实践的可行性进行了探讨，结果表明起身拔节期的冠层光谱特征值与产量之间表现出很好的线性相关关系，可以根据起身期的冠层光谱特征值预测当李作物目标产量。对变量施肥效益也做了研究，结果显示通过变量施肥能够改善冬小麦的长势差异状况，显著提高了冬小麦籽粒产量，降低各处理产量之间的变异，但各处理籽粒品质之间的差异却略有增加。     

苹果叶片氮含量高光谱反演方法对比

快速、无损、及时地准确估算苹果叶片氮含量是保证苹果产量和质量的基础,利用高光谱技术对苹果叶片氮含量进行遥感反演可为合理施肥提供理论依据。利用2012年和2013年山东省肥城市潮泉镇下寨村不同生育期的苹果叶片氮含量和相应的叶片光谱数据进行分析和建模。首先分析了叶片氮含量与原始光谱、一阶微分及三边光谱指数之间的相关性,筛选出对叶片氮含量敏感的光谱指数;构建了对叶片氮含量敏感的光谱指数NDSI和RSI;最后利用筛选的敏感光谱指数及构建的NDSI和RSI光谱指数,结合灰色关联分析（GRA）-偏最小二乘（PLS）方法及袋外数据重要性（OOB）-随机森林（RF）方法对叶片氮含量进行反演。结果表明：①叶片氮含量与原始光谱、一阶微分光谱之间的敏感波段分别为553、711 、527、708 和559 nm;构建的对叶片氮含量敏感的光谱指数分别为NDSI_{（567,615）}和RSI_{（554,615）};叶片氮含量对三边光谱指数之间相关性最好的光谱指数是SDy。②建模和验证结果表明用OOB-RF建立的苹果叶片氮含量估算模型具有较好的精度和可靠性,可以用来指导果树变量施肥,为监测氮素营养状况提供一种新的方法。     

基于SVM的加工番茄细菌性斑点病氮素含量反演

氮素是作物需要最大量的营养元素,严重影响作物的生长发育和产量品质。高光谱遥感对氮素含量进行反演,具有快速、低耗及非损伤性等优势。提出了一种多光谱指数和SVM模型相结合的方法,选取不同生育期和不同病害严重度的加工番茄细菌性斑点病的病叶,同时测定病叶的氮素含量。通过相关分析、线性回归的绝对系数R2和F值,优选了光谱指数PSSRb、ND705、GMI-2和PTBSc,作为SVM模型的输入变量,反演氮素含量和不确定性分析。结果表明:SVM模型反演氮素含量的真实值与预测值的相关系数为0.849,均方误差MSE为0.012,平均相对误差为0.007。与单光谱指数PSSRb和GMI-2构建的指数模型比较,SVM模型的预测能力更强,真实值与预测值拟合方程的绝对系数R2最大(R2=0.720)。说明多光谱指数的SVM模型,提高了加工番茄细菌性斑点病氮素含量的反演精度,同时为多波段协同反演氮素含量提供了新的思路。     

Retrieval of chlorophyll concentration from leaf reflectance spectra using wavelet analysis

The dynamics of foliar chlorophyll concentrations have considerable significance for plant-environment interactions, ecosystem functioning and crop growth. Hyperspectral remote sensing has a valuable role in the monitoring of such dynamics. This study focussed upon improving the accuracy of chlorophyll quantification by applying wavelet analysis to reflectance spectra. Leaf-scale radiative transfer models were used to generate very large spectral data sets with which to develop and rigorously test refinements to the approach and compare it with existing spectral indices. The results demonstrated that by decomposing leaf spectra, the resultant wavelet coefficients can be used to generate accurate predictions of chlorophyll concentration, despite wide variations in the range of other biochemical and biophysical factors that influence leaf reflectance. Wavelet analysis outperformed predictive models based on untransformed spectra and a range of spectral indices. The paper discusses the possibilities for further refining the wavelet approach and for extending the technique to the sensing of a variety of vegetation properties at a range of spatial scales.     

Forage quality of savannas — Simultaneously mapping foliar protein and polyphenols for trees and grass using hyperspectral imagery

Savanna covers about two-thirds of Africa, with forage quantity and quality being important factors determining the distribution and density of wildlife and domestic stock. Testing hypotheses about the distribution of herbivores is hampered by the absence of reliable methods for measuring the variability of vegetation quality (e.g. biochemical composition) across the landscape. It is demonstrated that hyperspectral remote sensing fills this gap by revealing simultaneously the spatial variation of foliar nitrogen (crude protein) as well as the total amount of polyphenols, in grasses and trees. For the first time, the pattern of resources important for feeding preferences in herbivores (polyphenols and nitrogen) is mapped across an extensive landscape and the modeled foliar concentrations are shown to fit with ecological knowledge of the area. We explain how estimates of nitrogen (crude protein) and polyphenols may be scaled up from point-based observations to reveal their spatial pattern, and how the variation in forage quality can influence the management of savannas, including farms, communal grazing areas, and conservation areas. It provides a glimpse of the choices herbivores must face in selecting food resources of different qualities.     

Usefulness of spectral reflectance indices as durum wheat yield predictors under contrasting Mediterranean conditions

Early prediction of crop yield can be an important tool for identifying promising genotypes in breeding programmes. To assess whether measurements of canopy reflectance at given stages of development could be used for yield forecasting and to identify the most appropriate indices, locations and growth stages for durum wheat yield assessment, nine field experiments, each including 20 or 25 durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) genotypes, were carried out under a wide range of Mediterranean conditions. Canopy reflectance was recorded with a portable field spectroradiometer at several times from booting to physiological maturity, and nine indices were further derived. Grain yield was measured at harvesting. The results indicated that milk-grain stage was the most appropriate developmental stage for yield assessment. However, some indices were also sensitive to yield variations when determined at anthesis or even heading or booting. The capacity of spectral reflectance indices to forecast grain yield increased on locations that allowed genotypes to express their yield potentiality. Reflectance at 550?nm (R550), water index (WI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI), structural independent pigment index (SIPI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and simple ratio (SR) explained jointly a 95.7% of yield variability when all the experiments were analysed together, 92% being explained by R550. When regression analyses were carried out separately for each experiment, spectral reflectance indices explained from 17.3% to 65.2% of total variation in yield, and the indices that best explained differences in yield were experiment-dependent. Our data suggest that reflectance at 680?nm (R680), WI and SR may be suitable estimators of durum wheat grain yield under Mediterranean conditions, when determined at milk-grain stage.