基于合作似然检测和球形译码的多用户多输入输出多跳中继系统

针对多输入输出(MIMO)系统在传输数据过程中的误码率(BER)和信道容量优化问题,提出一种基于合作似然检测和球形译码的多用户MIMO多跳中继系统。首先,该系统构建二阶协作的MIMO中继系统模型对信道数据的中继传输过程以及路径损耗、阴影衰落情况进行分析;接着,通过球形译码来推导出等效的最大似然规则进行对数正态阴影衰落检测;最后提出最大调和平均信道功率选择策略,基于相关性链路度量和最大信道功率阈值为用户选择误码率更小的接入链路,从而改善多用户MIMO系统的性能。实验仿真结果显示,与基于互信息最大化的多用户MIMO多跳中继系统以及基于解码转发和多入多出技术正交空时分组编码(STBC)的中继系统相比,该系统在数据传输过程中的平均比特误码率分别降低了27.4%和32.6%,平均信道容量分别提高了9.5%和12.7%,因此在减少误码率和提高信道容量上具有较好的效果。     

不同信道条件下MIMO空时编码技术的特性分析

为了分析多输入多输出（ MIMO）空时编码技术在不同信道条件下的性能优劣,研究了无线信道的衰落统计特性,对比了在Rayleigh信道、Rician信道和Nakagami信道条件下,正交频分复用空时块编码（ STBC-OFDM）、垂直空时分层码（ V-BLAST）及空时格型码（ STTC）的系统误码率。通过仿真分析结果表明：STBC-OFDM系统在衰减指数为5的Nakagami信道条件,系统误码率最低,Rician信道次之,Rayleigh信道最高,而且当系统误码率为10－3时,其所需的信噪比（ SNR）分别为7,9,11 dB;但对于V-BLAST和STTC系统,随着信噪比的增加,不同的信道条件对系统误码率的影响各有优劣。     

衰落信道下SCMA性能仿真研究

本文在一种上行SCMA（稀疏码分多址）系统模型的基础上,研究了衰落信道下SCMA通信系统的误码性能。首先比较了AWGN（高斯）信道以及衰落信道下SCMA和SC-FDMA（单载波频分多址）两种系统的性能;接着分析了快衰落信道、慢衰落信道、平坦衰落信道和频率选择性衰落信道下SCMA系统性能。仿真结果表明,与传统正交多址SC-FDMA相比,衰落信道下SCMA在用户连接数和误码性能上有一定优势。与AWGN信道相比,衰落信道使得SCMA系统误码性能迅速下降。在瑞利平坦衰落信道下,信道衰落的快慢变化导致SCMA系统误码性能最大产生约5dB损失;在频率选择性衰落信道下,多径时延扩散致使SCMA系统误码性能最差。     

基于Turbo信道编码的SC-FDE系统

针对传统单载波频域均衡(SC-FDE)系统在复杂多径信道下误码率较高的问题,提出基于Turbo信道编码的SC-FDE系统。研究该系统在瑞利衰落信道下的误码率,比较不同Turbo译码方法和不同译码迭代次数下的系统性能。仿真结果表明,与无信道编码的SC-FDE系统相比,基于Turbo编码的SC-FDE系统误码率降低了5个数量级,在信噪比为10 dB的情况下可以达到10-7,增强了数据传输的可靠性,更适合未来高速高效通信的要求。     

Throughput improvement of STS-based MC DS-CDMA system with adaptive modulation

The throughput enhancement of space-time spreading (STS)-based multicarrier direct sequence code division multiple access (MC DS-CDMA) system is investigated in this paper. Adaptive modulation is performed to improve the data throughput of the system in Rayleigh fading channel. In this contribution, an analytical approach is proposed to compute a new expression for the bit error rate (BER) performance of the STS-based MC DS-CDMA system for QAM data. The other contribution of the paper is deriving a new analytical expression for the throughput enhancement and the BER performance of the adaptive modulated STS-based MC DS-CDMA system over Rayleigh fading channel. The novel expressions presented in this paper bring out the facility of evaluation of the proposed system with no need for more calculations and simulations.     

Throughput analysis of STS-based CDMA system with variable spreading factor in non-frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel

The throughput enhancement of space-time spreading (STS)-based code division multiple access (CDMA) system is investigated in this paper. Variable spreading factor (VSF) is utilized to improve the data throughput of the system in non-frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. In this contribution, an analytical approach is proposed to compute a new expression for the bit error rate (BER) performance of the STS-based CDMA system against pre-despreading signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) for different values of spreading factor. The other contribution of the paper is deriving a new analytical expression for the throughput enhancement of the VSF STS-based CDMA system in non-frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. Simulation and analytical results demonstrate that using VSF method in STS-based CDMA system improves the throughput of the system by keeping the BER performance at a target level.     

Performance of nonorthogonal FSK for the Internet of Things

IEEE 802.15.4 is a popular standard for low-rate wireless communications used for the Internet of Things (IoT). This IEEE standard contains a variety of physical layers (such as SUN, TVWS, RCC LMR, and LECIM) that make use of different modulations, such as nonorthogonal frequency-shift keying (FSK) and position-based FSK. This paper proposes simple closed-form expressions to evaluate the bit-error rate (BER) performance of nonorthogonal FSK schemes used for the IoT. Both coherent and noncoherent detection cases are investigated in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency-nonselective fading channels. In case of AWGN channels, the proposed BER expressions are obtained by selecting and modifying two terms of a union bound on the error probability. In case of fading channels, the proposed BER expressions are obtained by integration of the conditional BER over the fading statistics. Simulation results confirm the good accuracy of the proposed analytical BER expressions for different channel models (such as AWGN, Nakagami-m, Rice, lognormal) and for different detection techniques (such as noncoherent, coherent, and coherent with a residual phase error). Experimental results with wireless transmission and reception confirm the accuracy of the proposed approach. In addition, this paper also presents a BER expression for coherent detection of position-based FSK. Simulation results demonstrate that the presented BER expression for position-based FSK is more accurate than the BER expressions proposed in the literature.     

A novel quadrilateral companding transform for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems

One of the major limitations of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal is high Peak-to-Average-Power-Ratio (PAPR). Non-linear companding transforms that expand small signals and compress the peak signals reduce the PAPR significantly. The proposed companding scheme transforms the Rayleigh distributed probability distribution function (PDF) of original OFDM signal magnitude into quadrilateral shape PDF; hence the name “Quadrilateral Companding Transform (QCT)”. The proposed method provides better design flexibility to achieve an effective trade-off between PAPR reduction capability and bit-error rate (BER) performance. Theoretical performance of the proposed scheme is characterized by means of transformation gain, complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of PAPR and companding attenuation distortion. The parameters of the proposed companding function are also calculated for optimal BER and PAPR performance. Simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme achieves better BER performance as compared to exponential companding transform, trapezoidal companding scheme and trapezium distribution based companding methods, while achieving almost same PAPR reduction capability. It is also shown that the proposed scheme is a generalized companding scheme and exponential companding transform, trapezoidal companding scheme and trapezium distribution based companding methods are the special cases of our proposed quadrilateral companding transform. BER performance of the proposed QCT is also analyzed over fading channel with and without including the effect of power amplifier.     

多中继协作空间调制的中继选择及性能分析

针对多中继协作空间调制（SM）系统中的中继选择问题,提出一种基于中继节点位置的选择方案,并将该方案应用于系统中,对系统的误比特率（BER）性能进行了分析。该系统在源节点使用SM技术,每一时隙仅激活一根发射天线,并基于中继节点的位置信息,在全部中继中选择最接近源节点和目的节点间中点的一个放大转发（AF）中继进行转发。运用矩生成函数法推导了该系统在瑞利衰落信道下成对错误概率的解,并由此给出了系统的理论BER。仿真结果表明,与随机选择和循环转发中继的方法相比,该中继选择方法能够在系统中获得更好的BER性能。     

存在信道相关及估计误差时V-BLAST系统的功率分配算法

针对信道相关及存在信道估计误差的垂直分层空时(Vertical bell lab layered space-time,V-BLAST)系统,提出以最小化误比特率(Bit error rate, BER)为优化目标的自适应功率分配算法。通过系统建模和性能分析,由接收信号子流的瞬时信干噪比(Signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, SINR),推导出系统子流的平均BER闭式表达式。发送端在总功率约束条件下,以瞬时BER为优化目标,利用拉格朗日极值法得到自适应功率分配矩阵。仿真结果表明,信道相关及估计误差对V-BLAST系统的BER性能有极大影响,采用所提算法可显著改善系统的BER性能并更具实用性。     

Performance analysis of WLAN physical layers using Markov channel model

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple antennas are being used in various standards of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) to enhance data rates and to achieve higher reliability in fading channel conditions. Channel modeling plays a crucial role, especially in wireless environment, in evaluating the performance of physical layer in fading environment. The paper presents a Finite State Markov (FSM) channel model, for computation of fading channel performance measures. Frequency and duration analysis is proposed to evaluate the performance of WLAN physical layers for OFDM, OFDM with Selection Combining (SC) and OFDM with Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) diversity techniques. Level Crossing Rate (LCR) and Average Fade Duration (AFD) are computed with the analysis of FSM model. Bit Error Rate (BER) is then calculated with the help of LCR and AFD. LCR, AFD and BER performances are compared for three physical layers with varying fade depths and for different values of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). Results show that OFDM with MRC gives minimum value of BER for fade depths more than 0 dB, while BER is minimum for OFDM with SC for fade depths below 0 dB. OFDM with diversity always outperforms than OFDM without diversity for all values of fade depths.     

一种基于加窗基扩展模型的OFDM信道估计算法

针对双选择衰落信道下OFDM系统中基于复指数基扩展模型（CE-BEM）的信道估计算法存在的不足,提出了一种基于加窗的基扩展模型信道估计算法。该算法通过时域加窗和去窗处理来减少CE-BEM存在的频谱泄露,并抑制多普勒频移对估计性能的影响;利用设计的导频方案,简化数学模型;再通过正交映射对估计的基扩展模型系数进行转换,从而进一步提高信道估计的精确度。同时采用归一化均方误差和误码率来衡量信道的估计性能,实验仿真表明,提出的算法在高速的移动环境下能有效提高估计性能。     

自适应Turbo-OFDM系统性能研究

分析了多径衰落信道下Turbo编码OFDM系统特性,推导出OFDM系统中Turbo码的译码算法,确定平均信噪比是影响系统性能的重要参数;研究了译码迭代次数对Turbo-OFDM系统的影响,提出一种自适应Turbo-OFDM系统方案,可以兼顾译码性能和译码速度,得到较低的平均误比特率和较高的平均译码速度。仿真结果说明,在平坦慢衰落信道下,采用该文提出的OFDM系统中Turbo码译码算法,不损失性能的同时,降低了对信道估计精度的要求;对于目标误比特率为10时,采用自适应Turbo-OFDM系统方案,与固定迭代4次的方案相比,平均误比特率降低了33%,提高了系统-4性能;而与固定迭代8次的方案相比,迭代次数降低了约1/3,提高了译码速度。     

长期演进系统中一种低复杂度球形译码算法

在长期演进(LTE)系统中,球形译码算法拥有接近于最大似然(ML)的误码率(BER)性能。针对在16QAM和64QAM等高阶调制情况下球形译码算法计算复杂度和所需硬件资源的急剧增加,提出了一种调整符号搜索策略的改进型球形译码算法。该算法在不同的检测层采用特定的符号搜索方案,并结合一种基于信噪比的动态调整半径方法。在无线瑞利信道环境下,对各种球形译码算法进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,提出的改进型算法基本保持传统球形译码算法较低的BER性能,同时还有效地降低了计算复杂度和硬件实现复杂度。     

Performance of multiple access CSK communication system with DF cooperative strategy

A multiple access chaos shift keying cooperative communication (MA-CSK-CC) system over Rayleigh fading channels and in the presence of Gaussian white noise is investigated in depth in this paper. The simplified half-duplex with a single relay decode-and-forward (DF) cooperative strategy is proposed to illustrate and analysis as an example. Exact and approximation bit-error-ratio (BER) performance expressions are derived. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system has a prominent advantage of high BER performance over the conventional multiple access CSK systems that have a single path to transmit signal at the same data rate over Rayleigh fading channels with additive Gaussian white noise. Moreover, based on the BER performance analysis, some useful results are also derived such as the relationships between BER versus spread spectrum factors, BER versus the number of users, etc.     

无人机中继链路传播损耗及性能分析

针对两跳无人机中继通信场景,综合考虑机身姿态、天线特性、气候状况及信道衰落等影响,建立了两跳中继链路的传播损耗模型,分析了传播损耗均值的计算方法,推导了多径阴影复合衰落导致传播损耗随机起伏的统计特性。在此基础上,进一步推导得到了两跳无人机中继系统的中断概率与误比特率的理论表达式。最后,通过对郊区、山区和海洋场景的数值仿真,验证了本文推导的理论结果的正确性,并分析了无人机飞行高度、地面节点位置以及通信场景等因素对两跳中继系统性能的影响。     

Capacity analysis of dual-hop wireless communication systems over α–μ fading channels

In this paper, we consider a dual hop wireless communication system with a non-regenerative relay and study its performance over the α–μ fading channel. Specifically, we derive closed-form expressions for the moment generating function (MGF), the cumulative distribution function (CDF), and the probability density function (PDF) of the harmonic mean of the end-to-end signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) assuming the α–μ fading model. We also derive closed-form expressions for the end-to-end capacity and outage capacity of the system herein. The obtained expressions can be reduced to study the performance of dual hop communication systems over other fading channel models by using the proper values for the α and μ parameters, such as Rayleigh, Nakagami-m, and Weibull fading models. Numerical results are provided for the obtained expressions and conclusion remarks are drawn.     

Performance of multiuser CDMA system with space-time block coding in MIMO Rayleigh fading channels

In this paper, by introducing orthogonal space-time coding scheme, the multiuser CDMA systems with different space time codes are given, and corresponding system performance is investigated over Rayleigh fading channel. A low-complexity multiuser receiver scheme is developed for space-time coded CDMA systems. The scheme can make full use of the complex orthogonality of space-time coding to simplify the high decoding complexity of the existing scheme. Compared to the existing scheme with exponential decoding complexity, it has linear decoding complexity. Based on the performance analysis and mathematical calculation, average bit error rate (BER) of the system is derived in detail, and tight closed-form approximation expressions of BER are attained. Simulation results on average BER are in agreement with the theory analysis. The results show that the proposed scheme can achieve almost the same performance as the existing scheme. Moreover, on the condition of same system throughput and concatenation of channel code, the given full-rate space-time coded CDMA system has lower BER than the full-diversity space-time coded CDMA systems.     

DS-CDMA downlink systems with fading channel employing the generalized receiver

In this paper, we investigate a generalized receiver (GR) constructed on the basis of the generalized approach to signal processing (GASP) in noise employing by direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) downlink wireless communication system with multipath fading. Transmitted signaling technique is based on using the orthogonal unified complex Hadamard transform spreading sequences. The use of GR allows us to maintain the orthogonality between users and reduce the multipath fading effect and interference from other users. A general multipath-fading model is assumed. Bit-error rate (BER) performance of system is evaluated by means of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the output of GR employed by DS-CDMA downlink wireless communication system. Using the orthogonal unified complex Hadamard transform spreading sequences as the transmitted signaling technique, we obtain that SINR at the GR output is independent of the phase offsets between different paths. If the Walsh–Hadamard (WH) spreading sequences are used as the transmitted signaling technique, the SINR at the output of GR employed by the same system is a function of squared cosine of path phase offsets. As a result, the BER performance of the last DS-CDMA downlink wireless communication system is worse in comparison with that of the first system. Comparative analysis between the BER performance of DS-CDMA downlink wireless communication systems employing both the GR and the Rake receiver, which consists of a bank of correlation receivers, with each individual receiver correlating with a different arriving multipath component, shows us a superiority of the first system over the second one both at high and low SINRs.     

Clipping distortion mitigation in OFDM systems over fading channels by using DFT-based method

Saeedi et al. have recently proposed a DFT-based method (DBM) for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems to compensate for the performance degradation caused by clipping distortion. They have analyzed the performance of the DBM only in an additive white Gaussian noise channel. But, it is known that the main advantage of an OFDM system is its robustness in fading channels where this system turns a frequency selective channel into a set of parallel flat non-selective fading sub-channels. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the DBM over a frequency selective fading channel with flat fading Rician sub-channels. Our results show that similar to additive white Gaussian noise channel case, the DBM can properly mitigate the clipping distortion in OFDM signals over fading channels. Furthermore, the performance of a Hybrid method that consists of a channel coding method and the DBM is also examined over fading channels.