InSAR技术获取高山峡谷区DEM精度研究

通过对金沙江河段高山峡谷区L波段的Alos-Palasar和C波段的Radarsat-2雷达单视复数数据的干涉处理,获取此区域的数字高程模型(DEM)。利用SRTM 90m分辨率的DEM为参考数据,通过对比分析发现InSAR技术生成的DEM精度与相干系数、地形和波长有密切的关系。同时也验证了在相干性好,地形起伏不太剧烈的地区,用InSAR技术生成DEM是可行的。     

机载X-波段双天线InSAR数据森林树高估测方法

短波长的干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)适用于数字表面模型(DSM)提取,但难以提取准确的林下地相位,在缺乏高精度数字高程模型(DEM)的森林区域,短波长InSAR数据估测树高的能力受到限制。针对这一问题,采用机载X-波段单极化(HH)双天线InSAR数据开展了森林树高估测方法研究。双天线InSAR可以忽略时间去相干的影响,并且X-波段波长较短,入射角较大(中心入射角45.77°),地表对干涉去相干的贡献可以忽略,因此可将干涉复相干作为体去相干,对体去相干模型中的结构函数进行勒让德展开,截取第0阶展开式得到了基于相干幅度的森林树高估测模型,利用均匀选取的LiDAR冠层高度模型(CHM)检验样本对估测结果进行严格的精度评价,并与差分法的树高估测结果进行对比。精度评价结果显示:相干幅度法与差分法都得到了较高的估测精度,两者的R~2、RMSE、总精度分别为0.81、0.86;1.20m、0.97m;86.4%、88.7%。研究结果表明:相干幅度与森林树高具有负相关关系,适用于估测树高,基于单极化相干幅度的估测模型也可以得到较高的估测精度,与差分法的估测结果相比,虽然估测精度略有降低,但此方法具有两方面的优势:一方面,估测结果不需要实测样地数据标定,对于没有实测样地数据的森林区域亦能进行高精度的树高估测;另一方面,相干幅度法不需要高精度的DEM,具有更强的实用性。     

顺轨机载InSAR海面运动舰船成像

研究了顺轨双天线机载干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）的海面运动舰船目标成像问题.分析了船体散射点三维运动对舰船目标成像的影响,给出了顺轨InSAR对舰船目标成像的信号处理流程.利用双通道干涉对消处理,检测出存在三维运动的散射点,并对其信号相位进行估计.通过对存在三维运动的散射点实施相位补偿,改善对舰船目标成像效果,InSAR仿真数据的处理结果表明了本文方法的有效性.     

SIR—C C波段和L波段雷达干涉数据生成DEM的比较

为了研究波长对干涉雷达生成DEM质量的影响，以黑龙江省加格达齐地区为实验区，通过对美国航天飞机SIR－C／X－SAR C波段和L波段雷达单视复型（SLC）数据的处理，分别得到了两个不同的DEM，这两个DEM存在着一定的差异，通过与干涉相关性、相位解缠等干涉处理中的关键因素相结合进行的分析，揭示了干涉SAR技术生成DEM的精度与干涉相关性、波长的关系；同时，从另一个侧面说明了用InSAR技术生成DEM的可行性和影响因素；最后，利用1：50000地形图对干涉SAR生成的DEM误差进行了分析，并分析了地形图控制点精度对干涉SAR生成DEM的影响。     

基于三维重建模型的机载双天线干涉SAR外定标方法及实现

采用三维重建模型,研究了机载双天线干涉SAR系统的外定标问题。算法采用基于敏感度方程的方法,通过对干涉成像方程各参数求导,得到基于敏感度方程的误差模型,在此基础上,依据若干地面控制点的精确数据,求解干涉参数偏差。通过迭代求解,得到定标后的干涉参数,并生成精确的数字高程模型。利用我国自主设计、研制的机载干涉SAR系统获得的数据,进行了外定标处理实验,验证了方法的有效性。     

基于正侧视模型的机载双天线干涉SAR外定标方法

采用基于敏感度方程的方法,研究了基于正侧视成像模型下的机载双天线干涉SAR系统的外定标问题。算法通过对干涉成像方程各参数求导,得到基于敏感度方程的误差模型,并在此基础上,依据若干地面控制点的精确数据,求解干涉参数偏差。通过迭代求解,得到定标后的干涉参数,并生成精确的数字高程模型及对地面目标点进行定位。利用我国自主设计、研制的机载干涉SAR系统获得的数据,进行了外定标处理实验,验证了方法的有效性。     

一种机载InSAR水体阴影的提取和识别方法

为了解决机载InSAR DEM中水体和阴影区域质量不佳需要区分修复的问题,提出一种综合利用机载InSAR数据源自动提取水体和阴影并加以识别的方法。首先基于InSAR DEM进行粗差点检测,利用粗差点作为种子点在SAR图像中区域生长,提取完整的水体和阴影区域;然后利用沿斜距向高程差和雷达俯角构造约束条件自动识别两者。通过对实测的机载高分辨率InSAR数据进行处理,水体阴影的识别率达到92%以上,其中水体和地形阴影的识别较好,而受制于DEM内在噪声等因素的影响,由树木造成的小块阴影容易造成误分。     

POS数据在机载干涉SAR运动补偿中的应用

提出了一种利用高精度的定位定向系统(POS)数据,在SAR成像阶段实现机载干涉SAR运动补偿及图像配准的成像处理方法。该方法针对机载干涉SAR系统的双天线雷达数据对的特点,在成像阶段直接利用高精度的POS数据完成干涉SAR图像对的位置误差补偿、干涉相位误差补偿以及自动配准等过程。实际处理结果表明,该方法可以有效地提高机载干涉SAR的图像质量,改善复图像对之间的相干性,非常适用于机载双天线干涉SAR雷达数据的成像处理过程。     

一种星载InSAR高精度快速DEM重建方法

面对全球干涉测量的海量实测数据,在保持精度的情况下,如何提高处理速度是星载干涉合成孔径雷达(interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR)数据处理必须考虑的重要问题.数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)重建是InSAR数据处理中较为耗时的一个关键环节.针对星载InSAR处理中DEM快速重建的难题,从DEM重建原理出发,分析揭示了干涉相位与目标点三维坐标映射关系的两个基本特性,一是目标点的三维坐标与干涉相位的关系可以分别用多项式来进行拟合,二是SAR图像上相近像素各自对应的多项式变化不大,并从理论上对特性的成立进行了论证.基于此,提出了一种快速DEM重建方法,给出了快速算法的详细步骤及关键参数的取值方法.最后,利用德国最先进的在轨雷达卫星TerraSAR-X获取的重复轨道干涉数据进行快速DEM重建,处理结果表明在重建精度损失较小的情况下,显著提高了重建速度,验证了该方法的高效性和正确性.     

InSAR干涉纹图噪声抑制算法的比较及改进

干涉纹图中的噪声影响着InSAR的图像质量,使得相位解缠无法进行或者使生成的DEM精度降低。为了获得高质量的InSAR纹图,必须对噪声进行有效抑制,同时保持空间分辨率。文中探讨了InSAR干涉纹图的噪声抑制方法,提出了一种新的干涉纹图的滤波方法。并采用了真实数据验证了方法的有效性。     

DEM generation and error analysis using the first Chinese airborne dual-antenna interferometric SAR data

Terrain survey with traditional photogrammetry is often difficult in western China, such as Qingzang tableland at an average height of 5000 m above sea level and the southwest China area with cloudy weather. To resolve western terrain mapping, the first Chinese single-pass airborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) system was successfully developed by the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS) in 2004. The main objective of this article is to examine and evaluate the performance of the airborne SAR system through interferometric processing and error analysis. First, the article describes how high-precision digital elevation models (DEMs) are derived from the airborne dual-antenna (single-pass) InSAR data. In order to improve the precision, the antenna eccentricity correction and parameter calibration with the least square method (LSM) are proposed. Based on the airborne dual-antenna InSAR bore-sight model, this article summarizes the primary factors that influence the accuracy of DEMs in data processing, and analyses the errors induced by these factors. Then, the global positioning system (GPS)/inertial measurement unit (IMU) data, acquired and stored by the position and orientation system (POS), is used for analysing the quantitative relationships among the platform height, baseline length, baseline angle, look angle and DEM error. The experimental data used are airborne dual-antenna X-band InSAR data, and the measured ground control points (GCPs) are used to validate the accuracy of the DEM. The evaluation results in terms of the standard deviation (SD) and the average mean error (AME) are derived by comparing the reconstructed InSAR DEM with the reference GCPs. The AMEs of the X-direction, the Y-direction and the height are up to 2.078, 9.149 and 1.763 m, respectively. The SDs of the X-direction, the Y-direction and the height are up to ±1.379, ±0.764 and ±1.086 m, respectively. These results agree with the previously calculated quantitative errors. The error value of the Y-direction seems too large, a possible result of system errors. In general, the airborne dual-antenna InSAR system initially meets the requirements of 1:50 000 terrain mapping in western China.     

Joint interferometric calibration based on block adjustment for an airborne dual-antenna InSAR system

Mapping large areas using airborne dual-antenna interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) usually requires processing and mosaicking of different scenes from multiple strips. The overlapping areas of these multiple strips should have consistent elevation values. Due to the unstable attitude of the plane, the interferometric parameters usually vary for each scene during mapping. Therefore, interferometric calibration technology for high-precision height retrieval is required for the correction of the interferometric errors. The traditional interferometric calibration methods for a single scene usually use ground control points (GCPs) to estimate the interferometric parameters – this method cannot guarantee a consistent height in the area of overlap. Besides, GCPs are difficult to deploy over rough terrain, making it impossible to use traditional calibration methods. In this article, a joint interferometric calibration method based on the block adjustment theory used in photogrammetry is proposed for airborne dual-antenna InSAR. This method considers the accurate digital elevation model (DEM) height reconstruction model and can be applied with sparse GCPs. The principle of the proposed method is to make the best use of the GCPs within all the scenes and the tie points (TPs) between the adjacent scenes to establish an error relationship model. First, the weighting values of all GCPs and TPs based on their retrieval elevation error caused by the interferometric phase error and the position distribution difference are introduced in the proposed method. Next, the interferometric parameters are weighted to reduce the condition number of the normal equation. Then, an alternative approximation approach combined with the sparse matrix decomposition technique LDL^T is utilized to solve the normal equation, and the corrected interferometric parameters for each scene are obtained. High-precision joint interferometric calibration results for airborne InSAR systems are achieved by the proposed method and validated by experiment. Using the proposed method, the average mean error (AME) and root mean square error (RMSE) are below 0.6037 and 0.9176 m, respectively. Meanwhile, the maximum AME and RMSE of the reconstructed DEM height difference for the validation TPs in the overlapped area of the adjacent scenes are reduced from 1.2909 and 1.7245 m to 0.8864 and 1.2087 m, respectively.     

几种机载InSAR平地效应去除方法的比较研究

论述了InSAR系统平地效应产生的原因,并简述了去除平地效应的常用方法：基于轨道、基于DEM及基于频率的平地效应去除方法。分别将这三种方法应用于机载InSAR系统,经实验结果对比分析表明：基于频率的方法不适用于机载系统,基于轨道、基于DEM的方法适用于机载系统,并得到了满意的结果。     

Construction of a high-resolution DEM of an Arctic ice cap using shape-from-shading

Digital elevation models (DEMs) of ice sheets and ice caps are usually constructed from elevation data acquired from airborne or satellite-borne altimetric systems. Consequently, the DEMs have a spatial resolution of about 1km which limits their use for most glaciological and remote sensing studies. In this paper we investigated the possibility of using a shape-from-shading technique, applied to a Landsat MSS image, to create a high spatial resolution DEM of Austfonna, an ice cap in Svalbard. A high correlation (coefficient of determination = 0.85) was observed between Landsat pixel brightness values, acquired during winter, and the surface slope component parallel to the solar azimuth. This relationship was used to create a DEM by calculating surface elevation profiles across the ice cap, using low spatial resolution radio echo sounding data as tie points. The resulting DEM had an estimated rms error of about 14m, with the error occurring mostly at low spatial frequencies. Shape-from-shading produces less accurate DEMs than interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques. Nevertheless, in scenarios for which InSAR cannot be used to construct a DEM, shape-from-shading provides an acceptable alternative.     

用干涉合成孔径雷达技术获取地表三维信息

干涉合成孔径雷达已广泛应用于产生高精度的数字高度模型、测量地表形变等领域. 介绍了干涉合成孔径雷达的基本原理和相关领域的历史发展,并就干涉合成孔径雷达技术的处 理过程总结了如何利用干涉合成孔径雷达技术获取地表三维信息.对处理过程中的关键技术 --干涉图象的相位展开做了详细讨论,概括、分析、比较了近年来发表的大量的相位展开算 法,总结了各方法的优缺点,指出了问题所在.最后就国内、外在未来研究与应用方面的发展趋 势及前景做了简要论述.