复杂曲面上的四边形网格生成方法

提出了一种曲面上全四边形网格的生成方法。该方法从曲面的边界开始,向内逐个生成单元,利用曲面的局部形状特征控制单元的尺寸,这样可以适应复杂的边界形状,通用性较强。文中介绍了算法的基本思想,提出了多个曲面相邻情况下边界上节点的生成以及一个新的节点环冲突检测方法,最后给出了两个网格生成的实例。     

曲率约束的隐式曲面三角网格化

提出一种有效的隐式曲面三角网格化算法。从隐式曲面上的一个种子点开始,生成网格的边界作为扩张多边形,且该多边形最小角对应的顶点为扩张点,计算从扩张点处欲生成的三角网格,为了防止新生成的三角网格和已经存在的三角网格重叠,要进行冲突检测。在隐式曲面三角网格化的过程中,扩张多边形是不断变化的,需要重复上述步骤,直至没有扩张多边形时结束。该算法分别应用于解析隐式曲面和变分隐式曲面的三角网格化。实验结果表明,该算法不需要重新网格化的步骤,生成的三角网格具有较高的质量,且三角网格随曲率适应性变化,因此说明了该算法的有效性。     

扫掠法有限元网格生成方法

为了提高有限元网格的生成质量,扫掠法生成六面体网格过程中内部节点定位成为关键一步,在研究复杂扫掠体六面体有限元网格生成算法过程中,提出了一种基于扫掠法的六面体网格生成算法,算法利用源曲面已经划分好的网格和连接曲面的结构化网格,用仿射映射逐层投影,生成目标曲面,提出基于Roca算法的内部节点定位的新算法,运用由外向内推进的波前法思想,生成全部的六面体网格。通过实例表明,该算法快速,稳定,可靠,可处理大量复杂2.5维实体六面体网格生成问题。     

基于波前法的参数曲面有限元网格生成算法

为克服参数曲面有限元网格生成中的单元形状映射畸变问题,提出一种曲面有限元网格自动生成算法.该算法由弹性矢量确定曲面上新节点的生成方向和空间位置,利用相应的参数域网格进行新单元拓扑相容性判断.在生成闭曲面网格时,通过添加参/虚边界棱边对闭曲面边界进行调整,确保闭曲面边界信息相对其参数域的完整性;在给出闭曲面极点初始化方法和适当设置单元边线段相等条件的基础上,该算法适用于各种不同形式闭曲面的网格自动生成.实验算例表明,文中算法可生成质量良好的参数曲面和组合面有限元网格.     

参数曲面网格生成的改进波前法

采用从曲面两条边界向曲面中心推进的方法．避免了常规波前法中由于曲面角点的不良形态导致网格规划的失败和生成低质量网格．提出了一种新的节点生成方法，直接在三维空间中生成节点，然后映射到参数平面，使得在平面上进行节点及单元的合法性检查成为可能．针对从两侧推进的波前法，给出一种新的判断网格收敛的疗法．算例表明．文中方法易于实施、稳定性好，生成的网格质量高．     

基于改进波前法的曲面网格生成算法

为提高传统波前法(Advancing Front Method,AFM)的网格生成效率,利用多维搜索二叉树数据结构实现临近前沿和节点的快速查找,使整个网格生成的时间复杂度接近线性.针对周期曲面网格的生成,提出2种点修正算子,避免传统算法添加虚边界导致局部网格单元质量较差和虚边界计算复杂的问题.网格生成实例表明:多维搜索二叉树提高网格生成速度,引进点修正算子的波前法改善周期曲面网格质量.     

基于C—C细分的四边形网格上插值光滑Bezier曲面的生成

在任意拓扑的四边形网格上构造光滑的曲面是计算机辅助几何设计中的一个重要问题．基于C—C细分,提出一种从四边形网格上生成插值网格顶点的光滑Bezier曲面片的算法．将输入四边形网格作为C—C细分的初始控制网格,在四边形网格的每张面上对应得到一张Bezier曲面,使Bezier曲面片逼近C—C细分极限曲面．曲面片在与奇异顶点相连的边界上G^1连续,其他地方C^2连续．为解决C—C细分的收缩问题,给出了基于误差控制的迭代扩张初始控制网格的方法,使从扩张后网格上生成的曲面插值于初始控制网格的顶点．实验结果表明,该算法效率高,生成的曲面具有较好的连续性,适用于对四边化后的网格模型上重建光滑的曲面．     

基于C-C细分的四边形网格上插值光滑Bézier曲面的生成

在任意拓扑的四边形网格上构造光滑的曲面是计算机辅助几何设计中的一个重要问题.基于C-C细分,提出一种从四边形网格上生成插值网格顶点的光滑Bézier曲面片的算法.将输入四边形网格作为C-C细分的初始控制网格,在四边形网格的每张面上对应得到一张Bézier曲面,使Bézier曲面片逼近C-C细分极限曲面.曲面片在与奇异顶点相连的边界上G1连续,其他地方C2连续.为解决C-C细分的收缩问题,给出了基于误差控制的迭代扩张初始控制网格的方法,使从扩张后网格上生成的曲面插值于初始控制网格的顶点.实验结果表明,该算法效率高,生成的曲面具有较好的连续性,适用于对四边化后的网格模型上重建光滑的曲面.     

一类极小曲面的控制网格表示

给出了平面曲率线极小曲面的拟Bézier和拟B样条控制网格表示,以悬链面及Enneper曲面为特殊形式,实现了由悬链面到Enneper曲面的动态变形.该工作为将极小曲面引入CAGD/CAD造型系统,并利用拟de-Casteljau算法生成极小曲面提供了一个有力的工具.     

几何自适应参数曲面网格生成

为满足有限元分析的需要,针对参数曲面提出一种几何自适应的网格生成方法.通过黎曼度量控制下的曲面约束Delaunay三角化获得曲面中轴,将其用于自动识别曲面邻近特征,并通过曲率计算自动识别曲率特征;根据邻近特征和曲率特征,融合传统网格尺寸控制技术控制边界曲线离散,并创建密度场;结合映射法和前沿推进技术对组合参数曲面生成几何自适应的网格.实验结果表明,该方法能够处理复杂的几何外形,生成的网格具有很好的自适应效果和质量.     

Visualizing Probabilistic Multi‐Phase Fluid Simulation Data using a Sampling Approach

Eulerian Method of Moment (MoM) solvers are gaining popularity for multi‐phase CFD simulation involving bubbles or droplets in process engineering. Because the actual positions of bubbles are uncertain, the spatial distribution of bubbles is described by scalar fields of moments, which can be interpreted as probability density functions. Visualizing these simulation results and comparing them to physical experiments is challenging, because neither the shape nor the distribution of bubbles described by the moments lend themselves to visual interpretation. In this work, we describe a visualization approach that provides explicit instances of the bubble distribution and produces bubble geometry based on local flow properties. To facilitate animation, the instancing of the bubble distribution provides coherence over time by advancing bubbles between time steps and updating the distribution. Our approach provides an intuitive visualization and enables direct visual comparison of simulation results to physical experiments.     

Simulation of bubble-bubble interaction using a lattice Boltzmann method

This paper presents the results obtained from three-dimensional numerical simulations of multiple bubbles rising under buoyancy in a quiescent viscous incompressible fluid. A lattice Boltzmann method, based on the free-energy model, is developed to simulate the behavior of bubble-bubble interaction while rising in the fluid. A new scheme, which involves eighteen lattice points for the first and second derivative, is proposed to achieve stable computations at high fluid-to-bubble density ratio. The effects of the density ratio and the initial bubble configuration on the flow field induced by rising bubbles and on the evolution of bubble shape during their coalescence are investigated. It is found that for two rising bubbles with the same size, the leading bubble rises like an isolated bubble before coalescence. The trailing bubble is entrained by the leading one, and experiences obvious deformation when it enters the wake region of the leading bubble. The shape evolution of the trailing bubble is different at the high and low density ratios. However, for two rising bubbles with different sizes, the larger bubble always has strong effect on the smaller one in any initial configuration.     

Living in a bubble? Toward a unified bubble theory

We generalise the notion of a bubble beyond the financial domain, by showing how a single social mechanism, based on an information feedback-loop, explains both financial bubbles and other seemingly disparate social phenomena, such as the recognition of academic articles, website popularity, and the spread of rumours.

We discuss examples of phenomena explained by this bubble mechanism, as well as other phenomena that exhibit certain bubble characteristics, yet are not bubbles according to our model. Finally, we present mathematical mechanisms for two phenomena that conform with our model, and show by computer simulation how they exhibit bubble behaviour.     

Particle‐based simulation of bubbles in water–solid interaction

In this paper, a particle‐based multiphase method for creating realistic animations of bubbles in water–solid interaction is presented. To generate bubbles from gas dissolved in the water on the fly, we propose an approximate model for the creation of bubbles, which takes into account the influence of gas concentration in the water, the solid material, and water–solid velocity difference. As the air particle on the bubble surface is treated as a virtual nucleation site, the bubble absorbs air from surrounding water and grows. The density and pressure forces of air bubbles are computed separately using smoothed particle hydrodynamics; then, the two‐way coupling of bubbles with water and solid is solved by a new drag force, so the generated bubbles’ flow on the surface of solid and the deformation in the rising process can be simulated. Additionally, touching bubbles merge together under the cohesion forces weighted by the smoothing kernel and velocity difference. The experimental results show that this method is capable of simulating bubbles in water–solid interaction under different physical conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Capillary driven movement of gas bubbles in tapered structures

This article presents a study on the capillary driven movement of gas bubbles confined in tapered channel configurations. These configurations can be used to transport growing gas bubbles in micro fluidic systems in a passive way, i.e. without external actuation. A typical application is the passive degassing of CO₂ in micro direct methanol fuel cells (μDMFC). Here, a one-dimensional model for the bubble movement in wide tapered channels is derived and calibrated by experimental observations. The movement of gas bubbles is modelled on straight trajectories based on a balance of forces. The bubble geometry is considered as three dimensional. In the development of the model, the effects of surface tension, inertia, viscosity, dynamic contact angle and thin film deposition are considered. It is found that in addition to viscous dissipation, the dynamics related to the contact line—dynamic contact angle and thin film deposition—are essential to describe the gas bubble’s movement. Nevertheless, it was also found that both of these effects, as modelled within this work, have similar impact and are hard to distinguish. The model was calibrated against experiments in a parameter range relevant for the application of travelling gas bubbles in passive degassing structures for μDMFCs.     

Characterisation and control of bubbling behaviour in gas–solid fluidised beds

Bubbling fluidised beds are often exploited for the good mixing of phases they promote, which is required in many chemical processes. However, the bubbles cause heterogeneity in the fluidised system, and their dynamics must be understood for good process control. In this paper, the dynamic behaviour of the bubbles in a planar gas–solid fluidised bed is described analytically and experimentally validated. The bed resembles a temporary buffer of gas for which the bubble residence time in the bed is important. Subsequently, a closed-loop controller was developed using visual feedback to regulate the process.     

Numerical study of seed bubble-triggered evaporation heat transfer in a single microtube

High boiling incipience temperature and flow instabilities in silicon-based microchannels with smooth surface are challenging issues. This work numerically investigates the seed bubble-triggered evaporation heat transfer in a microtube, with a length of 5.0 mm and diameter of 106 μm. Acetone was the working fluid. Seed bubbles were assumed to be generated periodically at the microtube upstream. The fixed grid allocation technique was proposed to successfully perform the parallel computation via a set of computer core solvers. It is found that the seed bubble-guided heat transfer consists of a start-up stage and a steady operation stage. The start-up time equals to the residence time of the first seed bubble growing and traveling in the microtube. The seed bubble frequency is a key parameter to influence the performance. Low-frequency seed bubbles cause alternative flow patterns of liquid flow and elongated bubble flow, corresponding to the apparent spatial-time oscillations of wall and bulk fluid superheats. High-frequency seed bubbles result in quasi-stable elongated bubble flow, corresponding to quasi-uniform and stable wall and fluid superheats. There is a saturation seed bubble frequency beyond which no further performance improvement can be made. There are residual fluid superheats specifying the required minimum superheats to sustain the evaporation heat transfer between the two phases. Elongated bubbles with thin liquid films are responsible for the heat transfer enhancement. Contrary to wall temperatures, the transient local Nusselt numbers are slightly changed due to the fact that heat transfer is more closely related to the dynamic elongated bubble flow evolution within millisecond timescale in the microchannel. The heat transfer coefficients can be 2.0 to 3.5 times of that for the superheated liquid flow before seed bubble injections.     

High-current density DC magenetohydrodynamics micropump with bubble isolation and release system

One of the major challenges for integrated Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems is the precise control of fluid flow in a micro-flow cell. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) micropumps which contain no moving parts and capable of generating a continuous flow in any ionic fluid offer an ideal solution for biological applications. MHD micropumping has been demonstrated by using both AC and direct current (DC) currents by a number of researchers with varying degrees of success. However, current MHD designs based on DC do not meet the flow rate requirements for fully automated LOC applications (>100 μl/min). In this research, we introduce a novel DC-based MHD micropump which effectively increases flow rate by limiting the effects of electrolysis generated bubbles at the electrode–electrolyte interface through isolation and a mechanism for their release. Gas bubbles, particularly, hydrogen generated by high current density at the electrodes are the main culprit in low experimental flow rate compared with theoretical values. These tiny bubbles coalesce in the flow channel thus obstructing the flow of fluid. Since hydrolysis is inevitable with DC excitation, compartmentalized electrode channels with bubble isolating and coalescence retarding mechanisms and bubble release systems are implemented to prevent the coalescence of these bubbles and minimize their effects on flow rate. In this novel design called bubble isolation and release system, flow rate of up to 325 μl/min is achieved using 1 M NaCl solution in DC mode with potentials of 5 V and current density of about 5,000 A/m² for a main channel of 800 μm × 800 μm cross-section and 6.4 mm length.     

Experimental and computational study of gas bubble removal in a microfluidic system using nanofibrous membranes

This paper presents a simple and efficient method for removing gas bubbles from a microfluidic system. This bubble removal system uses a T-junction configuration to generate gas bubbles within a water-filled microchannel. The generated bubbles are then transported to a bubble removal region and vented through a hydrophobic nanofibrous membrane. Four different hydrophobic Polytetrafluorethylene membranes with different pore sizes ranging from 0.45 to 3 μm are tested to study the effect of membrane structure on the system performance. The fluidic channel width is 500 μm and channel height ranges from 100 to 300 μm. Additionally, a 3D computational fluid dynamics model is developed to simulate the bubble generation and its removal from a microfluidic system. Computational results are found to be in a good agreement with the experimental data. The effects of various geometrical and flow parameters on bubble removal capability of the system are studied. Furthermore, gas–liquid two-phase flow behaviors for both the complete and partial bubble removal cases are thoroughly investigated. The results indicate that the gas bubble removal rate increases with increasing the pore size and channel height but decreases with increasing the liquid flow rate.

     

掺气水流图象检测中的一种气泡区域提取方法

针对掺气水流图象中气泡的提取问题,提出了一种基于块聚类的二维直方图综合算法.该算法首先采用将图象依次划分为不同大小的子块,并进行二值化处理的方法来解决强气泡信息遮蔽弱气泡信息的问题;然后用块聚类的方法识别出单纯背景子块,并对其进行特殊处理;接着对得到的二值图象进行评价子块划分,并依据所定义的评价函数进行气泡信息的综合处理;最后对原始图象中出现的,无法用图象分割手段分离的叠加气泡区域的面积,用统计特性分析的方法对其进行叠加纠正补偿,同时对所得到的气泡面积分布进行定量估计.大量的实验结果证明该算法是有效的.