虚拟座舱视景系统的技术研究

虚拟座舱是虚拟现实技术的一种实际应用，本论述了虚拟座舱视景系统的构成及有关的几个技术，包括用于双目成像显示算法的双中心投影法，给出了一种较为通用的头盔立体显示计算模型和一种实用的时钟同步算法，提出了利用头部运动预测法（ＤＲ算法）对系统延时进行补偿，所设计的虚拟虚舱的视景显示包括座舱的内外视景，仪表和ＨＵＤ平显火控显示部分，所有这些视景生成的工作，都在ＷｉｎｄｏｗｓＮＴ平台上利用ＯｐｅｎＧｌ编程的     

虚拟座舱飞行过程中碰撞检测的实现

虚拟座舱中进行碰撞检测的常用方法为包围盒碰撞检测,但基于包围盒的碰撞检测精确性不高,本对包围盒碰撞检测算法进行了改进,提高了检测精度,在将该算法应用于虚拟座舱飞行过程中的碰撞检测时,根据具体情况进行了一定程度的简化,降低了系统开销。     

工程飞行模拟器平显系统的数字仿真设计

工程飞行模拟器平显系统的数字仿真对于系统设计、方案论证和飞行控制律设计有着重要的意义 ,目前国内各种期刊当中关于平显系统方面的文章大都以特定显示仪器为基础 ,系统复杂 ,成本较高 ,针对这种情况 ,在查阅有关文献、上机实验的基础上 ,文中总结出了一种单纯以计算机系统实现的数字仿真方法。该方法使用图形加速技术、和实时显示算法 ,满足了工程飞行模拟器平显系统的各项技术要求     

基于Web的ARINC661座舱显示内核封装与设计

ARINC661为座舱显示系统（Cockpit Display System,CDS）和用户应用（User Application,UA）提供了接口规范,已经成为现代座舱显示研发的基础。在ARINC661规范中,CDS内核负责加载定义文件实现画面管理,但是目前支持定义文件设计的桌面型软件已经无法满足飞行机组在线评估显示画面的需求。根据CDS的运行机制,封装并设计了基础显示库、显示部件的逻辑存储结构、部件显示层叠规则、数据更新接口及逻辑。经过测试验证,结果表明座舱显示内核的各项功能正常,可以实现Web端的座舱画面显示预览。     

基于飞控半物理仿真平台的模拟座舱及虚拟仪表系统的研究

模拟座舱及其虚拟仪表作为飞控半物理仿真系统中用户和系统交互的设备,具有重要的作用;利用Visual C++/GL Studio联合开发了虚拟仪表显示界面,并采用Socket通讯接收来自飞行仿真计算机的仿真数据,驱动程序根据相应的数据驱动仪表界面进行演示,向用户反馈飞行器的飞行状态;同时,通过模拟座舱的控制输入设备,将模拟操纵信号输出给实时网络,实现对飞行器操纵的目的;试验表明,该系统具有良好的人机交互界面,使仿真人员产生身临其境的"真实"感觉。     

一种机载数字视频记录系统的研制

飞机座舱内的各种仪表、平显的实时视频记录画面,对于平时飞行训练质量评估,战时维修保障具有十分重要的现实意义。文章叙述了一种机载数字视频记录系统的设计与实现,该记录系统的数据流格式为MPEG-1,记录时间长达20小时左右,文中给出了硬件和软件的实现流程。     

基于3DS室内模型虚拟漫游场景的管理方法

以3DS室内模型作为虚拟漫游场景,提出了一种基于Portal技术的入口生成新方法及视锥体裁剪算法。首先在3DS MAX建模时确定入口位置,然后在虚拟漫游时由入口位置计算生成入口平面,进而用入口平面裁剪视锥体创建物体可见集实现场景管理。实验结果表明,这种入口生成方法效率高,室内模型遮挡性越强,裁剪算法的优越性越突出,此方法可适用于任何3DS室内模型虚拟漫游的场景管理。     

拉格朗日松弛的无人机路径规划

提出了基于城市建筑物遮挡模型的无人驾驶飞行器（简称无人机）路径规划方法,主要包含两方面的内容：一是利用圆柱体虚拟城市的建筑物环境,使建筑物对无人机的遮挡面积可计算,另外,由于建筑物的相对位置会相互遮挡,不可以进行简单的面积加法。采用程序实现了无人机的遮挡总和的计算,即每个建筑物遮挡面积的并集。二是在计算出无人机飞行的水平平面上（x,y）点的遮挡曲面值的基础上,给出了无人机基于拉格朗日松弛算法的优化路径规划,即走一条遮挡面积最小的路径的方法。给出matlab仿真结果,实验结果表明该方法是十分有效的。     

基于Vega的导航分系统飞行环境仿真

单纯的一种三维软件是很难实现复杂的实时控制及飞行显示的,本文结合实例使用MFC调用vega来实现实时仿真程序,并将借助GL Studio开发出的飞机座舱控件嵌入主程序中,最终实现了座舱环境仿真的实时交互控制及飞行显示.实践证明,系统运行可靠.     

虚拟座舱系统中的三维建模方法

本文针对虚拟座舱系统中虚拟模型的特点,分别对规则模型和非规则模型的建模算法进行了深入研究,实现了三维真实感模型的生成与简化。     

Examining the Effects of Conformal Terrain Features in Advanced Head‐Up Displays on Flight Performance and Pilot Situation Awareness

Synthetic vision systems (SVS) render terrain features for pilots through cockpit displays using a GPS database and three‐dimensional graphical models. Enhanced vision systems (EVS) present infrared imagery of terrain using a forward‐looking sensor in the nose of an aircraft. The ultimate goal of SVS and EVS technologies is to support pilots in achieving safety under low‐visibility and night conditions comparable to clear, day conditions. This study assessed pilot performance and situation awareness (SA) effects of SVS and EVS imagery in an advanced head‐up display (HUD) during a simulated landing approach under instrument meteorological conditions. Videos of the landing with various HUD configurations were presented to eight pilots with a superimposed tracking task. The independent variables included four HUD feature configurations (baseline [no terrain imagery], SVS, EVS, and a combination of SVS and EVS), two visibility conditions, and four legs of the flight. Results indicated that SVS increased overall SA but degraded flight path control performance because of visual confusion with other display features. EVS increased flight path control accuracy but decreased system (aircraft) awareness because of visual distractions. The combination of SVS and EVS generated offsetting effects. Display configurations did not affect pilot spatial awareness. Flight performance was not different among phases of the approach, but levels and types of pilot SA did vary from leg to leg. These results are applicable to development of adaptive HUD features to support pilot performance. They support the use of multidimensional measures of SA for insight on pilot information processing with advanced aviation displays. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

平显记录视频中的刻度带信息提取研究

平显记录视频与飞行记录参数互补一起构成完备的反映飞机状态和作战过程的数据源.分析了航向和航向刻度带的显示属性及其提取方法.应用机器视觉原理,构建航向信息提取模型,并给出航向信息提取方法.此模型和方法还适用于采用垂直方向刻度带来指示的指示空速和高度信息提取.     

机载火控雷达训练模拟器的设计

航空电子综合仿真系统中的机载火控雷达模拟器与视景、火控、敌我识别和电子对抗等仿真系统构成一个具有多种训练功能的模拟系统。讨论了雷达模拟器的软、硬件结构，说明了机动目标多精度模型的建立方法，分析了地、海与体杂波的雷达反射特性模型。采用以检测概率逼近的方法来模拟机动目标的杂波环境下的检测，并进行目标航迹的处理。分别进行目标、真实回波和辅助图形的绘制合成完成的雷达图像。上述方案应用于某型飞行训练模拟器的研制，取得预期效果，具有良好的工程应用前景。     

基于MATLAB的飞行仿真

该文介绍了一种小型飞机飞行模拟器飞行仿真模型的开发过程。建立了非线性的动力学方程和起落架模型,采用插值方法生成气动系数,利用S imu linkTM中航空工具箱构建环境模型,使用StateflowTM表述逻辑关系。气动数据来源于DATCOM。较为完整的模型,使得仿真整个飞行的过程,滑跑,起飞,巡航,降落得以实现。进行了飞机起飞和降落阶段的仿真,结果表明模型可用。非线性的数学模型能够比较真实地反映飞机的实际特性。仿真模型开发的成功为模拟器的建立打下了基础。     

Use of Highways in the Sky and a virtual pad for landing Head Up Display symbology to enable improved helicopter pilots situation awareness and workload in degraded visual conditions

Abstract

Flight within degraded visual conditions is a great challenge to pilots of rotary-wing craft. Environmental cues typically used to guide interpretation of speed, location and approach can become obscured, forcing the pilots to rely on data available from in-cockpit instrumentation. To ease the task of flight during degraded visual conditions, pilots require easy access to flight critical information. The current study examined the effect of ‘Highways in the Sky’ symbology and a conformal virtual pad for landing presented using a Head Up Display (HUD) on pilots’ workload and situation awareness for both clear and degraded conditions across a series of simulated rotary-wing approach and landings. Results suggest that access to the HUD lead to significant improvements to pilots’ situation awareness, especially within degraded visual conditions. Importantly, access to the HUD facilitated pilot awareness in all conditions. Results are discussed in terms of future HUD development.

Practitioner Summary: This paper explores the use of a novel Heads Up Display, to facilitate rotary-wing pilots’ situation awareness and workload for simulated flights in both clear and degraded visual conditions. Results suggest that access to HUD facilitated pilots’ situation awareness, especially when flying in degraded conditions.     

Design and realization of hybrid ACO-based PID and LuGre friction compensation controller for three degree-of-freedom high precision flight simulator

Three degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) high precision flight simulator is a type of key hardware-in-loop equipment in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics. The conventional Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) is a widely used industrial controller that uses a combination of proportional, integral and derivative action on the control error to form the output of the controller. It is well known that the undesired phenomena caused by friction can lead to overall flight simulator performance degradation or instability. This paper presents a novel kind of hybrid Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)-based PID and LuGre friction compensation controller for 3-DOF high precision flight simulator. On the basis of introduction of the basic principles of ACO, the controlling scheme design for the 3-DOF high precision flight simulator is presented. Based on the popular LuGre friction model, a novel nonlinear friction compensation controller for 3-DOF high precision flight simulator is also developed. The proposed Lyapunov function proves the robust global convergence of the tracking error. The parameters tuning of PID can be summed up as the typical continual spatial optimization problem, grid-based searching strategy is adopted in the improved ACO algorithm, and self-adaptive control strategy for the pheromone decay parameter is also adopted. Modularization design is adopted in the 3-DOF high precision flight simulator. This software can process the position and status signals, and display them on the friendly interface. Double buffer mechanism is adopted in the communication protocol between lower Industrial Personal Computer (IPC) and upper IPC. The series experimental results have verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid ACO-based PID and LuGre friction compensation controller.     

Pathway HUDs: are they viable?

We describe two experiments that examine 3D pathway displays in a head-up location for aircraft landing and taxi. We address both guidance performance and pilot strategies in dividing, focusing, and allocating attention between flight path information and event monitoring. In Experiment 1 the 3D pathway head-up display (HUD) was compared with a conventional 2D HUD. The former was found to produce better guidance, with few costs to event detection. Some evidence was provided that attentional tunneling of the pathway HUD inhibits the detection of unexpected traffic events. In Experiment 2, the pathway display was compared in a head-up versus a head-down location. Excellent guidance was achieved in both locations. A slight HUD cost for vertical tracking in the air was offset by a HUD benefit for event detection and for lateral tracking during taxi (i.e., on the ground). The results of both experiments are interpreted within the framework of object- and space-based theories of visual attention and point to the conclusion that pathway HUDs combine the independent advantages of pathways and HUDs, particularly during ground operations. Actual or potential applications include understanding the costs and benefits of positioning a 3D pathway display in a head-up location.     

飞行模拟器的结构设计与仿真研究

飞行模拟器具有真实飞行训练无法比拟的优势,其结构设计是优化飞机设计,改善飞行性能的关键问题,故飞行模拟器的建模与仿真研究工作是飞行器设计的难点。通过与液压缸驱动的六自由度飞行模拟器对比分析,以3-RPS机构为基础,以在UG环境下建立的电动缸驱动的三自由度飞行模拟器运动平台模型为研究对象,在ADAMS/View模块下,对其添加约束和驱动后,进行了运动学特性仿真。对于给定的运动学特性曲线,运用ADAMS/Post Processor模块,对测量结果进行后处理,得到各种飞行姿态下的运动学曲线。仿真实验结果验证了该设计可实现升降、横滚、俯仰三种姿态的运动,且符合民航飞行模拟器的技术指标要求。上述分析过程为飞行模拟器的设计提供了一套有效的研究方法。     

飞行模拟机辅助动力装置仿真研究

研究飞行模拟机辅助动力装置(APU)的数学模型对飞行模拟机的研制具有重要意义。通过分析辅助动力装置的工作流程,用面向过程的方法对APU进行建模,得到APU地面启动和空中启动的性能曲线。实验结果证明,该模型达到飞行模拟器的使用要求。