遥感影像亚像元定位研究综述

遥感影像亚像元定位是在混合像元分解基础上,利用地物空间分布特征确定不同地物类型在混合像元中的具体位置,得到亚像元尺度的地物分类图,是一种有效解决混合像元空间不确定性的方法。首先介绍遥感影像亚像元定位的基本概念,分析亚像元定位的理论模型和求解算法;然后总结亚像元定位模型的误差来源、精度评价方法以及结果不确定性的表达手段,同时讨论利用辅助数据源提高亚像元定位精度的主要方法;最后对亚像元定位的研究趋势做了进一步展望。     

基于局部连续性与全局相似性的光谱保持型亚像元映射

遥感图像的像元级分类精度受混合像元的影响. 亚像元映射以像元分解获得的丰度值为基础,在地物分布规律的约束下,细化估计各类地物的亚像元级分布模式. 本文同时考虑了地物分布的空间与光谱信息,提出了一种基于局部连续性与全局相似性的光谱保持型亚像元映射算法. 针对地物的空间分布特性,提出了利用类内离散度对局部连续性进行建模,并通过相似分布像元表示误差引入全局相似性约束项. 针对地物的光谱特性,采用最小化光谱误差约束了亚像元映射过程中的光谱无失真性. 模拟数据与真实数据上的实验结果表明,本文算法比其他同类算法具有更高的估计精度,且更适合于实际应用.     

基于目标优化的高光谱图像亚像元定位

目的 高光谱图像混合像元的普遍存在使得传统的分类技术难以准确确定地物空间分布,亚像元定位技术是解决该问题的有效手段。针对连通区域存在孤立点或孤立两点等特例时,通过链码长度求周长最小无法保证最优结果及优化过程计算量大的问题,提出了一种改进的高光谱图像亚像元定位方法。方法 以光谱解混结合二进制粒子群优化构建算法框架,根据光谱解混结果近似估计每个像元对应的亚像元组成,通过分析连通区域存在特例时基于链码长度求周长最小无法保证结果最优的原因,提出修改孤立区域的周长并考虑连通区域个数构造代价函数,最后利用二进制粒子群优化实现亚像元定位。为了减少算法的时间复杂度,根据地物空间分布特点,采用局部分析代替全局分析,提出了新的迭代优化策略。结果 相比直接基于链码长度求周长最小的优化结果,基于改进的目标函数优化后,大部分区域边界更明显,并且没有孤立1点和孤立两点的区域,识别率可以提高2%以上,Kappa系数增加0.05以上,新的优化策略可以使算法运算时间减少近一半。结论 实验结果表明,本文方法能有效提高亚像元定位精度,同时降低时间复杂度。因为高光谱图像中均匀混合区域不同地物的分布空间相关性不强,因此本文方法适用于非均匀混合的高光谱图像的亚像元定位。     

地物大小、对象尺度、影像分辨率的关系分析

遥感数据的分辨率越来越高, 给地物信息提取提出了新的挑战。利用基于像元的分类技术和基于多尺度分割的面向对象分类技术对高分辨率影像进行分类实验, 分析地物大小、对象尺度与影像分辨率的关系。实验结果表明不同地物由于其空间尺度不同, 与之相适宜的空间分辨率和对象尺度也不同, 在适宜分辨率的影像提取有较高的精度, 在适宜的对象尺度上提取对象信息有更高的精度。分析也表明面向对象的多尺度影像分类技术适应了不同地物有其相适宜的空间分辨率, 在适宜尺度影像层中提取地物, 其分类精度大大高于基于像元的分类方法。     

遥感湖泊面积MTMF提取方法及空间尺度效应研究

主要研究遥感湖泊面积亚像元分解提取方法和空间尺度效应,为遥感湖泊面积提取、检验及基于此的局地气候变化分析提供科学的基础数据。在对TM遥感数据进行升尺度处理的基础上,采用混合调制匹配滤波(Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering,MTMF)进行亚像元分解,得到不同空间分辨率的湖泊面积。进而分析不同面积湖泊随遥感空间尺度的变化。结果表明:(1)当通过对高空间分辨率的遥感数据重采样获取多尺度遥感影像进行湖泊面积提取及湖泊空间尺度效应分析时,采用最近邻法比像元聚合重采样法更合理。(2)MTMF亚像元分解法可以用于基于水体光谱特征的遥感湖泊边界提取和面积计算,但边界提取过程中容易将湖泊与河流或其他非湖泊的水体混淆。(3)遥感湖泊面积的提取结果受所用遥感影像空间分辨率的影响较大,影像的空间分辨率越低,湖泊面积提取的偏差越大,尤其对面积较小的湖泊。     

利用协同表示与神经网络的高光谱图像亚像元定位

针对小样本情况下高光谱图像亚像元定位精度有限的问题,提出利用协同表示与神经网络的高光谱图像亚像元定位算法。该算法以一幅低空间分辨率的高光谱图像和少量的训练样本作为输入,首先应用空间上采样和基于协同表示的分类技术获取一幅亚像元级类别标签图,同时应用基于协同表示的分类、光谱解混和空间引力模型获取另一幅亚像元级类别标签图,之后依据两幅初始的亚像元级类别标签图扩充训练集,最后利用扩充后的训练集基于BP神经网络对高光谱图像进行亚像元定位,从而提高小样本情况下高光谱图像亚像元定位的精度。对于Indian Pines和Pavia University图像,所提算法的总体分类精度比ASPM算法分别高3.39%和9.63%,比ACSPM算法分别高0.26%和8.91%。实验结果表明,所提算法优于ASPM和ACSPM算法,尤其适用于细节信息较为丰富的高光谱图像。     

遥感影像亚像元制图方法研究进展综述

遥感影像混合像元的普遍存在给遥感影像解译造成困扰。有效处理混合像元问题,细化分类结果,获得更为精细的地物细节信息就需要进行亚像元绘图。目前亚像元制图方法主要包括3个步骤:① 混合像元分解;② 提取软信息;③ 亚像元制图。总结归纳了近年来遥感影像亚像元绘图领域的研究进展和成果,详细阐述了亚像元制图的步骤及涉及的研究方法。依据辅助信息的类型将亚像元绘图方法大致划分为:基于空间相关性、基于空间结构信息、基于神经网络、基于像元交换途径的4类亚像元分类方法,并分别对各种方法的优缺点进行了分析对比。最后,评述了亚像元制图的发展趋势。     

利用提升树模型综合Gabor和LPQ特征进行遥感地物识别

为充分融合高光谱遥感图像空间域和频率域的特征信息,提出了一种综合多尺度Gabor和LPQ特征的空谱融合遥感地物识别模型（Ms_GLPQ）。首先,在空间域上利用Gabor滤波器组,提取出遥感图像各类地物多尺度、多方向的空间邻域特征信息,以描述图像的边缘和纹理等空间结构信息;其次,在频率域上将局部相位量化（Local Phase Quantization,LPQ）算子应用于高光谱遥感图像,提取出高光谱图像的多尺度频域纹理特征,获得图像的相位不变特征描述;然后针对其中特征冗余的问题采用主成分分析（PCA）算法进行降维,再将空间域、频率域的特征进行特征融合,获得了能充分描述图像信息的特征向量;最后采用基于提升树的机器学习分类器（XGBoost、CatBoost等）进行识别。在Indian Pines、Salinas和茶树等高光谱遥感数据集上进行学习与分类测试,准确率分别为85.88%、94.42%和92.61%。实验结果表明：与传统方法相比,Ms_GLPQ模型能够提取小比例样本图像中的有效特征,取得了区分性更强的多特征区域描述子,且在采用提升树模型进行分类时效果更优,得到了比常用分类器更高的识别精度。     

基于混合像元分解的高光谱影像柑橘识别方法

为及时准确地监测柑橘种植信息,以江西省会昌县作为研究区,采用EO-1 Hyperion高光谱影像作为数据源,构建了基于混合像元分解的高光谱影像柑橘识别方法。首先,针对EO-1 Hyperion高光谱影像提供了242个波段,光谱范围广的特点,在波段选择、大气校正等预处理的基础上,提取研究区典型地物端元光谱曲线;然后,利用全约束线性光谱混合模型进行混合像元分解,提取出柑橘端元的丰度值,并通过对照高分遥感影像,构建柑橘端元丰度与柑橘实际种植的对应的关系。结果表明:由于典型地物端元提取中不可避免的误差及柑橘冠层覆盖度的差异,柑橘种植的准确识别与其柑橘端元丰度阈值存在对应关系。在经过反复试验的条件下,研究区柑橘端元丰度阈值设定在0.30~0.45范围之内,总精度达到90%以上,能够满足柑橘种植识别要求。     

高光谱图像小样本分类的卷积神经网络方法

目的 与传统分类方法相比,基于深度学习的高光谱图像分类方法能够提取出高光谱图像更深层次的特征。针对现有深度学习的分类方法网络结构简单、特征提取不够充分的问题,提出一种堆叠像元空间变换信息的数据扩充方法,用于解决训练样本不足的问题,并提出一种基于不同尺度的双通道3维卷积神经网络的高光谱图像分类模型,来提取高光谱图像的本质空谱特征。方法 通过对高光谱图像的每一像元及其邻域像元进行旋转、行列变换等操作,丰富中心像元的潜在空间信息,达到数据集扩充的作用。将扩充之后的像素块输入到不同尺度的双通道3维卷积神经网络学习训练集的深层特征,实现更高精度的分类。结果 5次重复实验后取平均的结果表明,在随机选取了10%训练样本并通过8倍数据扩充的情况下,Indian Pines数据集实现了98.34%的总体分类精度,Pavia University数据集总体分类精度达到99.63%,同时对比了不同算法的运行时间,在保证分类精度的前提下,本文算法的运行时间短于对比算法,保证了分类模型的稳定性、高效性。结论 本文提出的基于双通道卷积神经网络的高光谱图像分类模型,既解决了训练样本不足的问题,又综合了高光谱图像的光谱特征和空间特征,提高了高光谱图像的分类精度。     

Sub-pixel mapping of remotely sensed imagery with hybrid intra- and inter-pixel dependence

Sub-pixel mapping of remotely sensed imagery is often performed by assuming that land cover is spatially dependent both within and between image pixels. Intra- and inter-pixel dependencies are two widely used approaches to represent different land-cover spatial dependencies at present. However, merely using intra- or inter-pixel dependence alone often fails to fully describe land-cover spatial dependence, making current sub-pixel mapping models defective. A more reasonable object for sub-pixel mapping is maximizing both intra- and inter-pixel dependencies simultaneously instead of using only one of them. In this article, the differences between intra- and inter-pixel dependencies are discussed theoretically, and a novel sub-pixel mapping model aiming to maximize hybrid intra- and inter-pixel dependence is proposed. In the proposed model, spatial dependence is formulated as a weighted sum of intra-pixel dependence and inter-pixel dependence to satisfy both intra- and inter-pixel dependencies. By application to artificial and synthetic images, the proposed model was evaluated both visually and quantitatively by comparing with three representative sub-pixel mapping algorithms: the pixel swapping algorithm, the sub-pixel/pixel attraction algorithm, and the pixel swapping initialized with sub-pixel/pixel attraction algorithm. The results showed increased accuracy of the proposed algorithm when compared with these traditional sub-pixel mapping algorithms.     

Using genetic algorithms in sub-pixel mapping

In remotely sensed images, mixed pixels will always be present. Soft classification defines the membership degree of these pixels for the different land cover classes. Sub-pixel mapping is a technique designed to use the information contained in these mixed pixels to obtain a sharpened image. Pixels are divided into sub-pixels, representing the land cover class fractions. Genetic algorithms combined with the assumption of spatial dependence assign a location to every sub-pixel. The algorithm was tested on synthetic and degraded real imagery. Obtained accuracy measures were higher compared with conventional hard classifications.     

Super-resolution land-cover mapping using multiple sub-pixel shifted remotely sensed images

Super-resolution land-cover mapping is a promising technology for prediction of the spatial distribution of each land-cover class at the sub-pixel scale. This distribution is often determined based on the principle of spatial dependence and from land-cover fraction images derived with soft classification technology. However, the resulting super-resolution land-cover maps often have uncertainty as no information about sub-pixel land-cover patterns within the low-resolution pixels is used in the model. Accuracy can be improved by incorporating supplemental datasets to provide more land-cover information at the sub-pixel scale; but the effectiveness of this is limited by the availability and quality of these additional datasets. In this paper, a novel super-resolution land-cover mapping technology is proposed, which uses multiple sub-pixel shifted remotely sensed images taken by observation satellites. These satellites take images over the same area once every several days, but the images are not identical because of slight orbit translations. Low-resolution pixels in these remotely sensed images therefore contain different land-cover fractions that can provide useful information for super-resolution land-cover mapping. We have constructed a Hopfield Neural Network (HNN) model to solve it. Maximum spatial dependence is the goal of the proposed model, and the fraction maps of all images are constraints added to the energy function of HNN. The model was applied to synthetic artificial images as well as to a real degraded QuickBird image. The output maps derived from different numbers of images at different zoom factors were compared visually and quantitatively to the super-resolution map generated from a single image. The resulting land-cover maps with multiple remotely sensed images were more accurate than was the single image map. The use of multiple remotely sensed images is therefore a promising method for decreasing the uncertainty of super-resolution land-cover mapping. Moreover, remotely sensed images with similar spatial resolution from different satellite platforms can be used together, allowing a fusion of information obtained from remotely sensed imagery.     

Spatially adaptive smoothing parameter selection for Markov random field based sub-pixel mapping of remotely sensed images

Sub-pixel mapping is a process to provide the spatial distributions of land cover classes with finer spatial resolution than the size of a remotely sensed image pixel. Traditional Markov random field-based sub-pixel mapping (MRF_SPM) adopts a fixed smoothing parameter estimated based on the entire image to balance the spatial and spectral energies. However, the spectra of the remotely sensed pixels are always spatially variable. Adopting a fixed smoothing parameter disregards the local properties provided by each pixel spectrum, and may probably lead to insufficient smoothing in the homogeneous region and over-smoothing between class boundaries simultaneously. This article proposes a spatially adaptive parameter selection method for the MRF_SPM model to overcome the limitation of the fixed parameter. As pixel class proportions are indicators of the type and proportion of land cover classes within each coarse pixel, in the proposed method, fraction images providing pixel class proportions as local properties of each pixel spectrum are employed to constrain the smoothing parameter. Consequently, the smoothing parameter is spatially adaptive to each pixel spectrum of the remotely sensed image. Synthetic images and IKONOS multi-spectral images were employed. Results showed that compared with the hard classification method and the non-spatially adaptive MRF_SPM adopting a fixed smoothing parameter, the spatially adaptive MRF_SPM with the smoothing parameter constrained to each pixel spectrum yielded sub-pixel maps not only with higher accuracy but also with shapes and boundaries visually reconstructed more closely to the reference map.     

Sub-pixel Mapping with Partheno-Genetic Algorithm and Sub-pixel/pixel Spatial Attraction Model

Mixed pixels are widely presented in remotely sensed images.Soft classification techniques can avoid the loss of information comparing to hard classification methods while handling mixed pixels.However,the assignment to these classes by soft classification does not specify the location in the pixel.Sub-pixel mapping (or super-resolution mapping) is a technique which designed to use the information obtained by soft classification to get a sharpened image and it can incorporate benefits of both hard and soft classification techniques.In this paper,a variation of genetic algorithm,named as partheno-genetic algorithm (PGA),is developed to accomplish the sub\|pixel mapping.With the sub-pixel/pixel attraction model,PGA can achieve sub-pixel mapping in a straightforward one-pass process.It is evaluated with artificial and degraded land cover images by visual and quantitative classification accuracy indices.The results show this method can increase accuracy while compared to hard classification.     

基于单亲遗传算法和子像元/像元空间吸引模型的亚像元制图研究

混合像元普遍存在于遥感图像数据中。与传统的硬分类(Hard Classification)方法相比,在处理混合像元时,软分类(Soft Classification)技术可以避免信息丢失;但是,通过软分类技术获得的结果,仍然无法确定各分类在像元中的具体位置。子像元制图(或超分辨率制图、亚像元制图)技术能将软分类技术得到的结果转化为更高分辨率的图像,它能兼得软分类和硬分类两者的优势。将遗传算法的一个变种-单亲遗传算法应用于子像元制图,结合子像元/像元空间吸引模型,单亲遗传算法能直接获得子像元制图结果。以合成的图像和实际的土地覆盖图像为实验对象,通过目视比较和定量精度评价,与硬分类的结果相比,该方法能取得更高的制图精度和更好的结果。     

Vectorial boundary-based sub-pixel mapping method for remote-sensing imagery

This article presents a vectorial boundary-based sub-pixel mapping (VBSPM) method to obtain the land-cover distribution with finer spatial resolution in mixed pixels. With inheritance from the geometric SPM (GSPM), VBSPM first geometrically partitions a mixed pixel using polygons, and then utilizes a vectorial boundary extraction model (VBEM), rather than the rasterization method in GSPM, to determine the location and length of each edge in the polygon, while these edges are located at the boundary of and within the interior of the mixed pixel. Furthermore, VBSPM uses a decay function to manage the mixed pixels along the image boundary region due to the missing parts of their neighbours. Finally, a ray-crossing algorithm is employed to determine the land-cover class of each sub-pixel in terms of vectorial boundaries. The experiments with artificial and remotely sensed images have demonstrated that VBSPM can reduce the inconsistency between the boundaries of different land-cover classes, approximately calculating errors with an odd zoom factor, and achieve more accurate sub-pixel mapping results than the hard classification methods and GSPM.     

Combining medium and coarse spatial resolution satellite data to improve the estimation of sub-pixel NDVI time series

The potential of multitemporal coarse spatial resolution remotely sensed images for vegetation monitoring is reduced in fragmented landscapes, where most of the pixels are composed of a mixture of different surfaces. Several approaches have been proposed for the estimation of reflectance or NDVI values of the different land-cover classes included in a low resolution mixed pixel. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for the estimation of sub-pixel NDVI values from multitemporal coarse resolution satellite data. Sub-pixel NDVIs for the different land-cover classes are calculated by solving a weighted linear system of equations for each pixel of a coarse resolution image, exploiting information about within-pixel fractional cover derived from a high resolution land-use map. The weights assigned to the different pixels of the image for the estimation of sub-pixel NDVIs of a target pixel i are calculated taking into account both the spatial distance between each pixel and the target and their spectral dissimilarity estimated on medium-resolution remote-sensing images acquired in different periods of the year. The algorithm was applied to daily and 16-day composite MODIS NDVI images, using Landsat-5 TM images for calculation of weights and accuracy evaluation.Results showed that application of the algorithm provided good estimates of sub-pixel NDVIs even for poorly represented land-cover classes (i.e., with a low total cover in the test area). No significant accuracy differences were found between results obtained on daily and composite MODIS images. The main advantage of the proposed technique with respect to others is that the inclusion of the spectral term in weight calculation allows an accurate estimate of sub-pixel NDVI time series even for land-cover classes characterized by large and rapid spatial variations in their spectral properties.