Considering the Fault Dependency Concept with Debugging Time Lag in Software Reliability Growth Modeling Using a Power Function of Testing Time

Since the early 1970s tremendous growth has been seen in the research of software reliability growth modeling.In general, software reliability growth models (SRGMs) are applicable to the late stages of testing in software development and they can provide useful information about how to improve the reliability of software products.A number of SRGMs have been proposed in the literature to represent time-dependent fault identification/removal phenomenon;still new models are being proposed that could fit a greater number of reliability growth curves.Often,it is assumed that detected faults axe immediately corrected when mathematical models are developed.This assumption may not be realistic in practice because the time to remove a detected fault depends on the complexity of the fault,the skill and experience of the personnel,the size of the debugging team,the technique,and so on.Thus,the detected fault need not be immediately removed,and it may lag the fault detection process by a delay effect factor.In this paper,we first review how different software reliability growth models have been developed,where fault detection process is dependent not only on the number of residual fault content but also on the testing time,and see how these models can be reinterpreted as the delayed fault detection model by using a delay effect factor.Based on the power function of the testing time concept,we propose four new SRGMs that assume the presence of two types of faults in the software:leading and dependent faults.Leading faults are those that can be removed upon a failure being observed.However,dependent faults are masked by leading faults and can only be removed after the corresponding leading fault has been removed with a debugging time lag.These models have been tested on real software error data to show its goodness of fit,predictive validity and applicability.     

Secure System Modeling: Integrating Security Attacks with Statecharts

Software security is becoming an important concern as software applications are increasingly depending on the Internet, an untrustworthy computing environment. Vulnerabilities due to design errors, inconsistencies, incompleteness, and missing constraints in software design can be wrongly exploited by security attacks. Software functionality and security, however, are often handled separately in the development process. Software is designed with the mindset of its functionalities and cost, where the focus is mainly on the operational behavior. Security concerns, on the other hand, are often described in an imprecise way and open to subjective interpretations. This paper presents a threat driven approach that improves on the quality of software through the realization of a more secure model. The approach introduces systematic transformation rules and integration steps for integrating attack tree representations into statechart-based functional models. Through the focus on the behavior of an attack from the perspective of the system behavior, software engineers can clearly define and understand security concerns as software is designed. Security analysis and threat identification are then applied to the integrated model in order to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities at the design level.     

Fault detection and identification based on combining logic and model in a wall-climbing robot

A combined logic- and model-based approach to fault detection and identification （FDI） in a suction foot control system of a wall-climbing robot is presented in this paper. For the control system, some fault models are derived by kinematics analysis. Moreover, the logic relations of the system states are known in advance. First, a fault tree is used to analyze the system by evaluating the basic events （elementary causes）, which can lead to a root event （a particular fault）. Then, a multiple-model adaptive estimation algorithm is used to detect and identify the model-known faults. Finally, based on the system states of the robot and the results of the estimation, the model-unknown faults are also identified using logical reasoning. Experiments show that the proposed approach based on the combination of logical reasoning and model estimating is efficient in the FDI of the robot.     

Discrete Software Reliability Growth Modeling for Errors of Different Severity Incorporating Change-point Concept

Several software reliability growth models (SRGM) have been developed to monitor the reliability growth during the testing phase of software development.In most of the existing research available in the literatures,it is considered that a similar testing effort is required on each debugging effort.However,in practice,different types of faults may require different amounts of testing efforts for their detection and removal.Consequently,faults are classified into three categories on the basis of severity:simple,hard and complex.This categorization may be extended to (?) type of faults on the basis of severity.Although some existing research in the literatures has incorporated this concept that fault removal rate (FRR) is different for different types of faults,they assume that the FRR remains constant during the overall testing period.On the contrary,it has been observed that as testing progresses,FRR changes due to changing testing strategy,skill,environment and personnel resources.In this paper,a general discrete SRGM is proposed for errors of different severity in software systems using the change-point concept.Then,the models are formulated for two particular environments.The models were validated on two real-life data sets.The results show better fit and wider applicability of the proposed models as to different types of failure datasets.     

Evaluation of Embedded Operating System by a Software Method

In this paper, software faults are emulated by Software Implemented Fault Injection （SWIFI） to evaluate embedded operating system. The method is based on the fact that the source codes of the operating system arc mapped into the code segment in the target memory and it is easy to inject kinds of faults in the memory by SWIFI. Faults are emulated by injecting faults at assembly level instead of source code bevel. Using the software faults emulated by this method, the dependability of an embedded operating system is studied. The experimental results show that software faults have many effects on the software behavior and dependability, and to increase the dependability of software, exclusion of software faults is very important.     

Environment Support for Improving Software Development Processes: A Vision Influenced by the Work of Barry W. Boehm

Throughout his career, Barry Boehm has advocated the importance of understanding software development processes, measuring their performance, and using those measurements to guide the development of improved process models. In this paper, we describe PIE, a Process Improvement Environment, which supports that vision. PIE supports the definition of process models that can be analyzed and executed. The analysis is used to detect errors and vulnerabilities in the process models. Validated process models can then be simulated to detect inefficiencies and bottlenecks. Future work includes executing these process models, monitoring their performance, and then using that information to drive further process improvements.     

Generating test data for both path coverage and fault detection using genetic algorithms

The aim of software testing is to find faults in a program under test, so generating test data that can expose the faults of a program is very important. To date, current stud- ies on generating test data for path coverage do not perform well in detecting low probability faults on the covered path. The automatic generation of test data for both path coverage and fault detection using genetic algorithms is the focus of this study. To this end, the problem is first formulated as a bi-objective optimization problem with one constraint whose objectives are the number of faults detected in the traversed path and the risk level of these faults, and whose constraint is that the traversed path must be the target path. An evolution- ary algorithm is employed to solve the formulated model, and several types of fault detection methods are given. Finally, the proposed method is applied to several real-world programs, and compared with a random method and evolutionary opti- mization method in the following three aspects： the number of generations and the time consumption needed to generate desired test data, and the success rate of detecting faults. The experimental results confirm that the proposed method can effectively generate test data that not only traverse the target path but also detect faults lying in it.     

Code Based Analysis for Object-Oriented Systems

Tile basic features of object-oriented software makes it difficult to apply traditional testing methods in objectoriented systems. Control Flow Graph （CFG） is a well-known model used for identification of independent paths in procedural software. This paper highlights the problem of constructing CFG in object-oriented systems and proposes a new model named Extended Control Flow Graph （ECFG） for code based analysis of Object-Oriented （OO） software. ECFG is a layered CFG where nodes refer to methods rather than statements. A new metrics Extended Cyclomatic Complexity （E-CC） is developed which is analogous to McCabe＇s Cyclomatic Complexity （CC） and refers to the number of independent execution paths within the OO software. The different ways in which CFG＇s of individual methods are connected in an ECFG are presented and formulas for E-CC for these different cases are proposed. Finally we have considered an example in Java and based on its ECFG, applied these cases to arrive at the E-CC of the total system as well as proposed a methodology for calculating the basis set, i.e., the set of independent paths for the OO system that will help in creation of test cases for code testing.     

Research on component-based ERP system

Conventional ERP （Enterprise Resource Planning） system is based on a software developing mode in which software reuse can be only achieved at class level. Such a developing mode results in inefficient development, low-quality software and poor variability of ERP system. By applying component technology, these problems are solved and the system becomes more reliable, reusable, extensible, and transplantable. In this paper, we firstly introduce the concept of component and two popular component models, based on which our own ERP component model is developed. Then we propose a layered, flexible and extensible architecture for component-based ERP system. Components performing different functions at different layers can be extracted and encapsulated conveniently according to the architecture. Finally, we focus on the application of the proposed architecture, illuminating how to extract, encapsulate and assemble components to a completed ERP system with examples.     

Call for Papers The 6^th International Conference on Grid and Cooperative Computing

Recent years have seen rapid advances in various grid-related technologies, middleware, and applications. The GCC conference has become one of the largest scientific events worldwide in grid and cooperative computing. The 6th international conference on grid and cooperative computing (GCC2007) Sponsored by China Computer Federation (CCF),Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICT) and Xinjiang University ,and in Cooperation with IEEE Computer Soceity ,is to be held from August 16 to 18, 2007 in Urumchi, Xinjiang, China.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

法律信息库系统

本文分析了法律数据库的结构和特点，介绍了采用面向对象设计方法和超文本数据库技术开发和实现法律信息库系统将作为重要网络资源之一为不同用户进行法律咨询服务。     

International Journal of Automation and Computing Table of Contents

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Information for authors

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Erratum to: Fast global kernel fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm for consonant/vowel segmentation of speech signal

正Erratum to:J Zhejiang Univ-Sci C(ComputElectron)2014 15(7):551-563doi:10.1631/jzus.C1300320The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes.Algorithm 6 should be as follows:Algorithm 6 FGKFCM-F clustering Input:(1)X={x_1,x_2,…,x_N},,x_iR~d,i=1,2,…,N,the dataset;(2)C,1C≤N,the number of clusters;(3)ε0,the stopping criterion;     

Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE C (Computers & Electronics) Total contents

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磨机负荷专家控制系统设计及仿真研究

磨矿过程的大滞后和时变性等特点,致使对磨机负荷的最佳工作点很难进行稳定、高效的控制,针对以上情况,借鉴生物界的免疫反馈原理和遗传算法,利用模糊控制可以有效地实现对非线性、纯滞后、复杂的对象进行控制的优点,并结合PID与自寻优方法,设计出磨机负荷专家控制系统,用VB编写OPC客户端及控制程序,实现对磨机负荷的动态优化控制;试验结果表明,文章提出的控制策略能够增强系统的稳定性,且在干扰存在的情况下也能很好的跟随系统的参数变化,在提高磨机台时产量的同时增加了矿厂的经济效益.     

基于人工蜂群的无线传感器网络能耗均衡算法

由于无线传感器网络中的节点链路状况、数据传输能耗及节点剩余能量的限制,造成网络中部分感知节点寿命缩短,影响网络生存周期,提出了一种基于人工蜂群算法的WSNs能耗均衡算法,优化网络能耗均衡,从而提高网络寿命;文章给出了网络能耗相应的数学模型及优化求解算法,介绍人工蜂群算法的寻找食物过程,阐述了人工蜂群算法在网络能耗均衡方面的实现步骤;通过实验仿真证明,文章提到的算法与LEACH分簇算法、蚁群优化算法相比,具有更好的能耗和负载均衡能量、丢包率和时延性,有效地提高了网络生存周期.