基于遥感和陆表信息集成的广东省土地覆盖分类方法研究

土地覆盖信息是估算地-气间的生物物理过程和能量交换的关键参数,也是区域和全球尺度气候和生态系统过程模型所需要的重要参量。如何高效地利用遥感数据提取土地覆盖信息是当前研究迫切需要解决的问题。面向对象的分类方法不但充分利用了遥感数据的光谱信息,同时也利用了影像的纹理结构信息和更多的地物分布信息关系,在遥感分类中具有较大的潜力。研究基于2010年多时相的环境卫星数据、TM数据以及DEM数据,并结合地表采集的4000多个样点数据,采用面向对象的分类方法对广东省土地覆盖进行分类。经采样验证,广东省土地覆盖平均精度为85%,分类结果精度远高于常规的分类算法,说明结合陆表信息的面向对象分类方法比常规的分类算法更具有优势,可以实现高精度的土地覆盖分类。     

面向对象的土地利用变化检测方法研究

利用分类后比较法进行土地利用变化检测时,常用的自动分类方法只能利用遥感数据的光谱信息,分类精度较低,本文在此基础上将面向对象的分类方法引入到变化检测中。该方法综合利用遥感数据光谱信息、纹理特征、拓扑关系和专题信息,在进行多尺度分割获取对象后的基础上,通过对对象的目视识别选择样本来进行分类。利用面向对象的方法成功检测出了所选取的试验区十年间的土地利用变化信息,得到了较为满意的结果,为土地资源可持续利用提供了依据。     

联合快舟一号影像纹理信息的城市土地覆盖分类

仅依靠光谱信息无法满足高分辨率遥感分类的应用需求,辅之以纹理特征信息进行分类,可提高影像分类精度。利用KZ-1卫星影像和Landsat-8卫星影像数据,基于面向对象的影像分割法和灰度共生矩阵纹理分析法对新疆石河子市局部城区进行了地表覆盖分类实验,将不同空间分辨率的全色影像纹理信息、光谱信息构成多种影像特征组合进行分类比较研究,以选择最佳的分类特征集。结果表明:KZ-1影像能为城市区域的土地覆盖分类提供丰富的纹理信息,面向对象的影像分割可较好地利用高分辨率数据的几何结构信息实现优化的影像分割,从而提高多光谱影像的分类精度,总体分类精度为90.06%,Kappa系数为87.93%,比单纯利用光谱信息分类的总体精度提高了8.02%,Kappa系数提高了9.65%,表明KZ-1数据可为光谱分类提供丰富的纹理信息,从而提高城市区域的土地覆盖分类精度。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的土地覆盖信息提取

高空间分辨率遥感影像使得土地覆盖和土地利用信息的提取成为可能。以高分辨率遥感影像数据IKONOS为主要数据源,以多尺度分割与基于模糊逻辑分类的面向对象影像分析方法为主要技术,自动提取株洲市城乡结合部的土地覆盖和土地利用信息。达到了提取郊区丘陵地带林地信息和城市建筑、道路等土地覆盖信息的目的,而且精度高,速度快。结果表明利用该方法对复杂的城乡结合部信息获取是可行的。     

以SPOT5遥感数据为例比较基于像素与面向对象的分类方法

以SPOT5高空间分辨率遥感影像为研究数据,采用面向对象的遥感影像分类方法,将基于像素的分类精度与基于影像对象的分类精度进行对比分析。结果表明:基于像素的分类方法在处理高空间分辨率遥感影像时具有一定的局限性,而面向对象的分类方法充分利用了影像中的光谱信息、几何结构、空间信息及上下文信息,在高空间分辨率遥感影像分类方面更具有优势,有良好的应用前景。     

基于多层分割的面向对象遥感影像分类方法研究

利用ALOS数据,在Definiens Developer 7软件中用分形网络演化法(FNEA)进行多级分割,获取影像对象。综合运用对象的光谱、空间特征和不同层对象之间的关系,提取了湖北省洪湖市试验区土地覆盖与土地利用信息。最后,用一种基于单层分割的面向对象分类方法和基于像素的最大似然法与这种基于多级分割的面向对象分类方法进行了对比分析。结果表明,基于多级分割的面向对象分类方法,不仅克服了基于像素的最大似然法出现的"椒盐"现象,在分类精度上较这两种分类方法也有大幅度的提高。     

基于决策树C4.5算法的面向对象分类方法研究

提出了基于决策树C4.5算法的面向对象分类方法.首先利用多尺度分割方法对遥感影像进行分割;然后提取对象的特征信息,包括光谱特征、纹理特征、形状特征、图层特征等,对提取的众多的对象特征,利用决策树C4.5算法对其进行知识挖掘,自动建立分类规则;最后利用建立的分类规则,将C4.5算法作为一种分类器对分割后的遥感影像进行分类,并以南充市城市土地利用为例进行了分类实验.实验验证了该方法的可行性.实验结果表明利用决策树C4.5算法建立的分类规则准确率高,利用该分类规则进行的面向对象分类效果较好.     

LM-BP神经网络在遥感影像分类中的应用研究

有效地利用卫星遥感数据进行多类别识别并提高分类精度一直是遥感应用研究的前沿。以江苏南京江宁区为试验区,复合最佳指数提取的波段组合光谱信息、灰度共生矩阵提取的纹理信息和地理辅助数据及其派生信息,运用LM-BP神经网络实现遥感影像分类,并将分类结果与标准BP网络和传统分类方法进行了比较。研究表明,将卫星数据与地理辅助数据结合,发展多源多维信息复合的LM-BP方法可以大大提高分类的精度,是提高遥感应用性的有效途径。     

面向对象分类方法在铁尾矿堆快速提取中的应用研究

以黄石市大冶铁矿区为例,利用面向对象分类方法进行铁尾矿堆信息快速提取试验研究。首先,根据WorldView-2影像特点,充分利用其丰富的光谱特征及精确的空间形状特征进行图像分割,突出影像对象边缘、重现地物实际存在情况;其次,分析影像对象的光谱、形状、纹理、拓扑关系等特征信息,建立分类规则进行分类,提取出尾矿堆信息。为了进一步提高分类精度,可以利用eCognition软件RS/GIS数据集成功能,在面向对象分类结果上进行目视解译。试验证明,面向对象分类方法适用于提取矿区尾矿堆信息,是高分辨率遥感影像自动分类的理想选择。     

基于面向对象方法的遥感土壤盐渍化信息监测——以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例

遥感技术由于具有观测范围广、实时强等特点适合用来研究土壤盐渍化现象。利用遥感手段提取盐渍土信息已经取得了一定的成效。利用面向对象方法,以TM卫星图像数据和野外实地数据为数据源进行提取盐渍地信息。首先,对遥感影像进行预处理,预处理包括几何校正和辐射校正,然后对图像进行图像分割,图像分割使用了分割方法的多尺度分割法、特征选择、面向对象分类和分类图像进行精度评价。对面向对象方法和传统的基于像元分类（最大似然法和最小距离法）结果进行对比分析。结果表明：利用面向对象方法对TM遥感图像进行分类,能有效抑制“椒盐现象”的发生,分类精度比传统的分类方法更高,为盐渍地信息的自动提取提供了广阔的前景。     

基于多层支持向量机的极化合成孔径雷达特征分析与分类

为了充分利用极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像不同极化特征对不同地物目标类型的刻画能力,提出一种基于多层支持向量机（SVM）的极化SAR特征分析与分类方法。该方法首先通过特征分析确定适合不同地物类型的最佳特征子集;然后采用分层分类树的方式,根据每一种地物类型的特征子集逐层进行SVM分类;最终得到整体分类结果。RadarSAT-2极化SAR图像分类实验结果表明所提方法水域、耕地、林地、城区4类地物分类精度为85%左右,总体分类精度达到86%。该算法充分利用了不同地物目标类型的特性,提高了分类精度,也降低了算法时间复杂度。     

基于PCA和GMM的图像分类算法

讨论了目标图像类和非目标图像类的分类方法.按统计学原理,如果图像类属于目标图像类,则提取图像中目标图像的特征,否则提取整幅图像的底层特征,基于主分量分析（PCA）的图像特征降维方法和高斯混合模型（GMM）分类器,提出了一种图像分类算法,该算法在标准的Corel图像库上进行了测试,并与其它基于GMM的方法进行了比较,实验结果表明了提出算法的有效性.     

Object-based urban detailed land cover classification with high spatial resolution IKONOS imagery

Improvement in remote sensing techniques in spatial/spectral resolution strengthens their applicability for urban environmental study. Unfortunately, high spatial resolution imagery also increases internal variability in land cover units and can cause a ‘salt-and-pepper’ effect, resulting in decreased accuracy using pixel-based classification results. Region-based classification techniques, using an image object (IO) rather than a pixel as a classification unit, appear to hold promise as a method for overcoming this problem. Using IKONOS high spatial resolution imagery, we examined whether the IO technique could significantly improve classification accuracy compared to the pixel-based method when applied to urban land cover mapping in Tampa Bay, FL, USA. We further compared the performance of an artificial neural network (ANN) and a minimum distance classifier (MDC) in urban detailed land cover classification and evaluated whether the classification accuracy was affected by the number of extracted IO features. Our analysis methods included IKONOS image data calibration, data fusion with the pansharpening (PS) process, Hue–Intensity–Saturation (HIS) transferred indices and textural feature extraction, and feature selection using a stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA). The classification results were evaluated with visually interpreted data from high-resolution (0.3 m) digital aerial photographs. Our results indicate a statistically significant difference in classification accuracy between pixel- and object-based techniques; ANN outperforms MDC as an object-based classifier; and the use of more features (27 vs. 9 features) increases the IO classification accuracy, although the increase is statistically significant for the MDC but not for the ANN.     

Textural and local spatial statistics for the object‐oriented classification of urban areas using high resolution imagery

Textural and local spatial statistical information is important in the classification of urban areas using very high resolution imagery. This paper describes the utility of textural and local spatial statistics for the improvement of object‐oriented classification for QuickBird imagery. All textural/spatial bands were used as additional bands in the supervised object‐oriented classification. The texture analysis is based on two levels: segmented image objects and moving windows across the whole image. In the texture analysis over image objects, the angular second moment textural feature at a 45° angle showed an improved classification performance with regard to buildings, depicting the patterns of buildings better than any other directions. The texture analysis based on moving windows across the whole image was conducted with various window sizes (from 3×3 to 13×13), and four grey‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) textural features (homogeneity, contrast, angular second moment, and entropy) were calculated. The contrast feature with the 7×7 window size improved classification up to 6%. One type of local spatial statistics, Moran's I feature with the vertical neighbourhood rule, improved the classification accuracy even further, up to 7%. Comparison of results between spectral and spectral+textural/spatial information indicated that textural and spatial information can be used to improve the object‐oriented classification of urban areas using very high resolution imagery.     

太湖湖滨敏感区的土地利用遥感分类研究

近年来太湖流域水体污染日趋严重,土地利用是重要的环境变化影响因子,对太湖湖滨敏感区土地利用分类研究具有重要意义。研究基于2010年ALOS多光谱遥感影像,以太湖流域上游的武进港、直湖港流域为研究区,根据研究区实际状况和研究目的,建立太湖流域上游湖滨敏感区的土地利用/土地覆被分类系统,并用于该地区的面向对象遥感分类,研究通过影像的多尺度分割,获得不同层次的影像对象,在不同层次设置对应的分类规则,以充分利用影像中地物的光谱、纹理和不同层对象相互关系等信息,从而提高分类效果。研究表明:在面向对象多尺度影像分割的基础上,基于决策树建立多个分类规则的分类方法,能够有效提取建设用地、道路、水体等几类信息,分类总体精度达到88.00%;同时,该地区主要土地利用类型如耕地、农村居民点和城镇居民点的分类精度也较高,这也表明该分类方法对整个太湖流域以及其他平原河网地区的土地利用相关研究具有一定的实用价值。     

MESMA与面向对象组合的土地利用分类方法

混合像元是制约传统组合分类方法精度提高的主要因素之一。为此,文章提出一种基于多端元混合像元分解(multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis,MESMA)与面向对象分类组合的分类方法,利用混合像元分解提高分类精度,借助组合方法降低“椒盐”现象影响。首先,使用MESMA技术分解混合像元,提取丰度信息,并将丰度信息作为特征变量应用到像素分类;然后,将像素和面向对象的分类结果进行组合,获得最优分类结果;最后,以内蒙古鄂尔多斯市乌审旗纳林河二号矿井Landsat-8影像为数据源进行相关实验。结果表明:组合方法分类精度最高,与基于像素、面向对象和传统组合方法相比,分类精度分别提高4.56%、5.66%、4.05%;同时,该方法可以有效降低“椒盐”现象影响。     

Multi-scale object-based image analysis and feature selection of multi-sensor earth observation imagery using random forests

The random forest (RF) classifier is a relatively new machine learning algorithm that can handle data sets with large numbers and types of variables. Multi-scale object-based image analysis (MOBIA) can generate dozens, and sometimes hundreds, of variables used to classify earth observation (EO) imagery. In this study, a MOBIA approach is used to classify the land cover in an area undergoing intensive agricultural development. The information derived from the elevation data and imagery from two EO satellites are classified using the RF algorithm. Using a wrapper feature selection algorithm based on the RF, a large initial data set consisting of 418 variables was reduced by ～60%, with relatively little loss in the overall classification accuracy. With this feature-reduced data set, the RF classifier produced a useable depiction of the land cover in the selected study area and achieved an overall classification accuracy of greater than 90%. Variable importance measures produced by the RF algorithm provided an insight into which object features were relatively more important for classifying the individual land-cover types. The MOBIA approach outlined in this study achieved the following: (i) consistently high overall classification accuracies (>85%) using the RF algorithm in all models examined, both before and after feature reduction; (ii) feature selection of a large data set with little expense to the overall classification accuracy; and (iii) increased interpretability of classification models due to the feature selection process and the use of variable importance scores generated by the RF algorithm.     

Comparison of pixel‐based and object‐oriented image classification approaches—a case study in a coal fire area,Wuda, Inner Mongolia,China

Pixel‐based and object‐oriented classifications were tested for land‐cover mapping in a coal fire area. In pixel‐based classification a supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm was utilized; in object‐oriented classification, a region‐growing multi‐resolution segmentation and a soft nearest neighbour classifier were used. The classification data was an ASTER image and the typical area extent of most land‐cover classes was greater than the image pixels (15 m). Classification results were compared in order to evaluate the suitability of the two classification techniques. The comparison was undertaken in a statistically rigorous way to provide an objective basis for comment and interpretation. Considering consistency, the same set of ground data was used for both classification results for accuracy assessment. Using the object‐oriented classification, the overall accuracy was higher than the accuracy obtained using the pixel‐based classification by 36.77%, and the user’s and producer’s accuracy of almost all the classes were also improved. In particular, the accuracy of (potential) surface coal fire areas mapping showed a marked increase. The potential surface coal fire areas were defined as areas covered by coal piles and coal wastes (dust), which are prone to be on fire, and in this context, indicated by the two land‐cover types ‘coal’ and ‘coal dust’. Taking into account the same test sites utilized, McNemar’s test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of the difference between the two methods. The differences in accuracy expressed in terms of proportions of correctly allocated pixels were statistically significant at the 0.1% level, which means that the thematic mapping result using object‐oriented image analysis approach gave a much higher accuracy than that obtained using the pixel‐based approach..