从头算及变分过渡态理论研究尿素和甲醛的反应

用从头算方法在MP2/6-31+G(d)水平下研究了尿素和甲醛反应机理,在从头算给出的信息基础上,用变分过渡态理论加小曲率隧道效应计算了(200~3000)K温度范围内尿素和甲醛反应的速率常数。脲与甲醛的反应是较简单的加成反应,反应的基元过程主要是氮氢键的断裂和氧氢键的生成。在MP2/6-31+G(d)理论水平下,反应的势垒高度为32.83kcal·mol-1。计算的速率常数展示出较强的非Arrhenius行为,速-温关系3参数公式拟合为:k (T )=(3.32×10(-43) )T (8.32)exp( -9027.8 / T) /(cm 3 ·molecule (-1) ·s( -1) )。     

叠氮酸与氨氰环加成反应的理论研究(英文)

采用B3LYP、QCISD、MP2方法在6-311+G(d)基组水平上对叠氮酸与氨氰环加成反应进行了详细研究。首先对所有的反应物、过渡态和产物的构型进行了全参数优化,并用频率分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)方法对过渡态进行确认。以步长为0.1(amu)1/2 bohr的内禀反应坐标方法在B3LYP/6-311+G(d)方法和基组水平上计算了内禀反应坐标s为(-3.00～3.00)(amu)1/2 bohr范围内反应的键长、振动频率、NBO电荷变化情况。根据统计热力学方法和用Wigner校正的Eyring过渡态理论,计算了(200～450)K温度范围内反应热力学函数及速率常数,探讨了温度对反应的影响。结果表明,反应经过过渡态TS生成5-AT的活化能为117.14 kJ/mol(B3LYP)、130.18 kJ/mol(QCISD)和106.24 kJ/mol(MP2),产物的相对能量为-74.24 kJ/mol(B3LYP)、-87.01 kJ/mol(QCISD)和-79.09 kJ/mol(MP2);反应随温度的升高更具有动力学优势,但在热力学上低温下更易于进行,因此,结合热力学和动力学因素,我们认为(300～350)K是该反应的适宜温度。     

ZSM-5分子筛中Al的分布及Ga改性对其酸性强度的影响

利用量子化学理论研究了ZSM-5分子筛中骨架Al的分布,计算采用11T簇模型[(HSiO)_3 SiO(H)M(OSiH)_2OSi(OSiH)_3](M=Si,Al,Ga),和B3LYP/6-31G(d)的计算方法,得到了T1,T2,T12位置上的Al/Si,(Al,H)/Si替代能,结果表明11T簇模型中骨架Al优先取代于ZSM-5分子筛中的T12位。采用MP2/6-311++G(3df,2p),计算得到Al/ZSM-5、Ga/ZSM-5分子筛的质子亲和势分别是316.6 kcal/mol,319.4 kcal/mol;B3LYP/6-31G(d)的方法计算吡啶在分子筛及改性分子筛上的吸附能分别是-25.35 kcal/mol和-23.02 kcal/mol。研究结果表明Ga改性ZSM-5分子筛降低了其酸性强度。     

正碳离子氢原子移位重排反应研究

正碳离子是重要的有机化学反应中间产物,而氢原子移位则是正碳离子异构化的主要反应途径。本文利用量子化学方法对丙基伯正碳离子和仲正碳离子的结构和生成热进行了研究,优化了丙基伯正碳离子和仲正碳离子的结构,计算得到了这两种正碳离子的能量。结果表明,丙基伯正碳离子的生成热为214.4kcal/mol,丙基仲正碳离子的生成热为197.3kcal/mol,伯正碳离子的生成热比仲正碳离子的生成热高17.1kcal/mol,表明丙基伯正碳离子能够通过氢原子移位转变为丙基仲正碳离子。以丙基伯正碳离子和仲正碳离子的结构为起点进行过渡态搜索,得到了丙基伯正碳离子通过氢原子移位转化为丙基仲正碳离子,从而进行正碳离子重排反应的过渡态,并通过振动方式分析,对过渡态进行了确认。计算得到的丙基正碳离子通过氢原子移位进行重排反应的能垒为3.5kcal/mol,表明丙基伯正碳离子很容易转化为仲正碳离子。     

MeO-CBS不对称催化还原苯乙酮的量子化学计算

在RHF/3-21G水平和基组上得到四氢-1-甲氧基-3,3-二苯基-1H,3H-吡咯并[1,2-c][1,3,2]吡唑硼啉(MeO-CBS)催化还原苯乙酮反应过程中,各主要中间体和过渡态的优化结构参数和热化学数据,在此基础上预测反应产物的e.e.%值.在相同水平和基组上与四氢-1-甲基-3,3-二苯基-1H,3H-吡咯并[1,2-c][1,3,2]毗唑硼啉(Me-CBS)的相关计算结果相比较,可以看出:两种催化剂条件下,主要中间体及过渡态的主要结构参数相似,遵循类似的催化机理;四氢-1-甲氧基-3,3-二苯基-1H,3H-吡咯并[1,2-c][1,3,2]吡唑硼啉在反应条件下具有更高的对映选择性.     

羟基化树状大分子与布洛芬相互作用的分子模拟研究

采用分子对接和分子动力学(MD)的模拟方法研究了第四代羟基为末端基团的树状大分子(PAMAM-G4-OH)与布洛芬的相互作用机理并对形成的复合物稳定性进行研究,结果发现:布洛芬插入PAMAM-G4-OH树状大分子空穴,羧基基团靠近核心;对接过程中分子间的范德华力和分子间的氢键贡献很大;将复合物体系进行2000 ps的MD模拟,发现前1000 ps体系的势能、总能量和RMSD值持续下降趋于平衡,最后分别在-1639 kcal/mol～-1701 kcal/mol,-457.009 kcal/mol～-475.809 kcal/mol,0.487A～0.607A范围内波动:复合物的结构起先较松散,经过2000 ps的模拟后逐渐紧凑。结论:树状大分子(PAMAM-G4-OH)与布洛芬主要作用力主为静电力,该静电力主要由布洛芬的羧基去质子化后形成的负电离子和树状大分子内部碱性的叔胺离子产生的;经过2000 ps的分子动力学模拟后,该体系达到了稳定状态。     

HSS和OH反应机理的理论研究

应用量子化学计算方法研究HSS和OH的反应机理。在B3LYP/6-311+G(2df,p)水平上对HSS和OH反应过程中所有物种进行了构型优化和频率计算。采用QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p)方法的能量数据,构建了标题反应的势能剖面。结果表明,HSS和OH反应体系中存在4条通道,主通道为OH中O原子夺取HSS中H原子形成产物P1(H_2O+S_2),该通道包含3条路径其表观活化能分别为-72.15,-33.07和-31.41 kJ·mol~(-1),优势路径经过环状过渡态TS1。基于统计热力学原理,预测了稳定物种的热力学性质。     

2-(4-甲氧基苯基)亚肼基乙酸与乙醛酸反应密度泛函理论研究

本文应用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了2-(4-甲氧基苯基)亚肼基乙酸与乙醛酸的反应机理及动力学行为,并研究了不同取代基对反应的影响.在RB3LYP/6-31G*水平上,优化了各反应通道的反应物、中间体、过渡态及产物的几何构型,计算了各驻点的振动频率、零点能和电荷分布.计算结果表明,该反应有2条反应通道,分别生成(2Z)和(2E)-3(4-甲氧基苯基二氮烯基)丙烯酸.产物发生了键长的平均化和电荷的重新分布.两反应通道具有相同的反应入口,Z式产物为主要产物,2-(4-甲氧基苯基)亚肼基乙酸中苯环对位被给电子基团取代,有利于反应进行.     

1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸钠与腺嘌呤的显色作用研究

利用Materials Studio软件建立1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸钠、腺嘌呤及二者作用物的三维分子模型,对腺嘌呤与1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸钠显色反应进行模拟。通过DMol3模块搜索1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸钠与腺嘌呤反应的过渡态,根据模拟结果确定反应的可行性。改变试剂加入顺序、缓冲溶液pH、试剂配比、反应时间、反应温度等反应条件以获得1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸钠作为显色剂与腺嘌呤进行显色反应的最适宜条件,结果表明,40℃~50℃时,在pH=13.0的缓冲溶液中,1,2-萘醌-4-磺酸钠能直接与腺嘌呤发生亲核取代反应,生成橙红色化合物,产物最大吸收波长为470 nm,摩尔吸光系数(ε_(470))为1.181×10~3L/mol/cm。腺嘌呤浓度范围在0.40~2.00×10~(-3)mol·L~(-1)范围内有良好的线性关系,回归方程为A=0.02783+0.1181c(×10~4mol·L~(-1)),相关系数为0.9992。回收率范围98.2%~101.4%。方法具有较好的显色效果。     

取代乙酸脱羧反应机理的DFT研究

运用密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法,在6-311~(++)G(d,p)基组水平上,采用CPCM模型对水溶剂条件下4种卤代羧酸和4种羰基(氰基)羧酸在无催化剂及水催化条件下的脱羧反应机理进行了研究。结果表明,在卤代羧酸的脱羧反应中,水催化时反应比无催化剂参与时容易,其中CCl_3COOH(A)和CF_3COOH(C)脱羧(H_2O催化)所需克服的能垒分别为192.60、210.33 kJ/mol,与Belsky等的实验结果基本一致。而对于4种羰基(氰基)羧酸,无水参与时脱羧主要经六元环过渡态进行,反应的活化能分别为300.01(CH_3COCOOH)、160.02(CNCH_2COOH)、94.01(CHOCH_2COOH)、105.26(NH_2COCH_2COOH)kJ/mol,比H_2O催化时反应的活化能低。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and     

Editorial:Brain-machine interface(BMI) and cyborg intelligence

正Brain-machine interfaces(BMIs)aim at building a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device,and represent an area of research where significant progress has been made during the past decade.Based on BMIs,mind information can be read out by neural signals to control     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate     

SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate