利用探空资料验证北京地区OMPS卫星臭氧产品

臭氧成像廓线仪（Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite, OMPS）可提供高垂直分辨率的臭氧垂直分布,能为研究大气臭氧的时空分布提供观测数据。为验证OMPS臭氧产品的精确性,选取2016~2018年北京地区的臭氧探空资料对OMPS v2.5臭氧廓线及v2.1臭氧总量进行对比分析。对比结果表明：在北京地区上空OMPS的臭氧垂直分布与臭氧探空资料在平流层中上层有较好一致性,相对偏差小于10%;在对流层中上层相对偏差较大,总体范围在15%~40%,部分情况超过80%;OMPS平流层臭氧总量与臭氧探空廓线积分的平流层臭氧总量相对偏差较小,平均偏差小于5%,均方根误差为18.3 DU,相关系数达到0.89;二者对流层臭氧总量平均偏差超过30%,对流层柱总量相关系数0.62。     

Cover Application of the NOAA-AVHRR images to the study of the large forest fires in Spain in the summer of 1994.

Ozone vertical profiles derived from Umkehr observations by the Dobson spectrophotometer at Belsk (52.50° N, 20.47° E) and from ozone soundings carried out at the nearest aerological station, Legionowo (52.24° N, 20.58° E), have been compared with those measured by the MLS instrument on board the Aura spacecraft during the sites' overpasses for the period 2004–2005. It is assumed that the satellite station distance should be less than 2° and less than 4° for the latitudinal and longitudinal difference, respectively. The bias, RMS error, and the correlation coefficients between the ozone content in the Umkehr layers have been calculated using Dobson/sonde/MLS data. The ozone mixing ratio at selected levels in the lower and mid‐stratosphere (from 215 hPa up to 6.8 hPa) have been compared using the sonde/MLS data. The number of analysed daily values was ～40 (Dobson/MLS), 60 (sonde/MLS), and 60 (Dobson/sonde) since August 2004. The comparisons show a good correspondence (bias ～±5%, RMS <10%, correlation coefficient >0.5) between the ozone content in Umkehr layers 4–8 and ozone mixing ratio at pressures <50 hPa. At lower stratosphere (Umkehr layer 3) and upper stratosphere (Umkehr layer 9), there is also statistically significant relationship between the data, but the biases and RMS are ～2 times larger, while the correlation coefficients are still high (>0.7).     

Intercomparison of ozone models derived by remote and in situ sensing techniques with recent local measurements at middle latitudes

In the framework of the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment (1991–1992) a scries of balloon ascents for ozone and temperature in situ measurements up to 35 km height have been performed at Athens, Greece (38° N, 24° E). This is the first time that such an intensive sounding campaign has been performed in Athens. The data collected for the vertical distribution of ozone and temperature have been compared with the satellite-derived reference models which provide the monthly latitudinal variations of vertical structure of both ozone and temperature. The comparison shows that at the middle stratosphere there is very good agreement between the Satellite Reference Model and the in situ ozone measurements. There is also very good agreement between the Satellite Reference Model and the in situ temperature measurements, thus confirming the recently published findings by Varotsos and Helmis.     

利用GOME-2卫星数据反演对流层臭氧

基于GOME-2level 1B数据利用最优估计反演算法获得了GOME-2臭氧廓线产品,分析了GOME-2对流层臭氧反演产品的误差和信息量等特征,并对比验证了紫外光谱仪GOME-2与热红外光谱仪TES反演的对流层臭氧柱总量及其敏感性。结果表明:GOME-2对流层臭氧柱总量反演随机误差在10%以内;GOME-2相对TES的对流层臭氧柱总量偏小5%~20%;晴空下GOME-2对流层臭氧反演的敏感性随高度增加而上升,接近TES的敏感性垂直分布;在有云条件下,GOME-2和TES的云下部分信号都被屏蔽,在云顶之上GOME-2臭氧反演敏感性明显高于热红外仪器TES。     

Ozone dynamics over Greece as derived from satellite and! in situ measurements

A comprehensive analysis of the records of surface ozone available for Athens, Greece ( 38° N, 24° E) for the periods 1901–1940 and 1987–1990 is presented. Both records are analysed to explore the intraseasonal fluctuations and the harmonic components of surface ozone and also compared to other historical surface ozone records. The variation in surface ozone concentration during rainfall is also investigated, using the hourly measurements of the surface ozone concentration obtained by a network of four stations within the Greater Athens area. The results indicate that, during rainfall events which are associated with the passing of a cold front, an important decrease of the surface ozone concentration is observed. Daily measurements of surface ozone and NO_x, from five stations in the Greater Athens Basin overthe period 1986–1990 are also used in order to examine the main features of basin-wide 0₃-HC-NO_x relations. A simple regression model between the surface ozone concentration and the temperature at the 850 hPa level, which was first tested in Los Angeles, gave satisfactory results in reproducing the mean monthly ozone variation in Athens, when coefficients extracted from local data were used in the regression equation. A series of vertical ozone soundings over Athens has been also performed in order to explore the tropospheric ozone variations and to examine further the transport that occurs at the 700hPa level with advection from the north-western sector. The relevant results are discussed. The existing uncertainties concerning the stratosphere-troposphere exchange of ozone which mainly occurs during midlatitude tropopause folding as well as during cut-off low events are also discussed. The examination of the role of the atmospheric circulation in the lower stratosphere in relation to the laminated structure of ozone is also attempted. The data collected during the balloon ascents have been compared with those during the balloon descents. Both profiles are compared with the total ozone measurements derived from the TOMS on the Nimbus-7 satellite and the Dobson spectrophotometer. The data collected for the vertical distribution of ozone and temperature have been compared with the satellite-derived reference models which provide the monthly latitudinal variations of vertical structure of both ozone and temperature. We have also used total ozone measurements obtained with a Dobson spectrophotometer ( No. 118) which has been instituted in Athens from 1989 in order to examine the consistency of data from TOMS with the corresponding Dobson data on a daily basis. Furthermore monthly mean total ozone data were first estimated for the entire period and were then Fourier analysed to obtain the amplitude, phase and percentage contribution to the total variance of the first, second and third harmonics.     

Quasi-biennial oscillation of the total ozone and ozone concentrations at separate altitude levels over Arctic and Tomsk according to TOMS,OMI, and MLS observations

We analysed the quasi-biennial oscillation of the total ozone (TO) and ozone concentrations at separate altitudinal levels in the stratosphere over Arctic territory and Tomsk according to data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS), the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), and the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), flown on different satellite platforms. The correlation coefficient between TO and equatorial zonal wind for the period of 1996–2013 is statistically insignificant. The spring (March–April) average ozone concentrations and zonal wind mostly show the correlation in the interval from ?0.23 to ?0.26. The mixing ratio time series, composed for separate altitudinal levels over the period of 2005–2013, exhibit quasi-biennial oscillation, which is weakly manifested at lowest heights, takes shape at heights of ~30 km, and weakens in overlying regions. The correlation between the ozone mixing ratio and the equatorial zonal wind index is most distinct at Western Hemisphere sites and more complex in the Eastern Hemisphere.     

Possible impact of polar stratospheric processes on mid-latitude vertical ozone distributions

Balloon-borne ozone soundings have also been performed as part of European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment (EASOE) at Lindenberg, Hohenpeissenberg and Athens. Differences between these stations will be discussed with regard to the vertical ozone distributions and the features of stratospheric circulation during winter. The results give some evidence on the impact of chemically-disturbed air from the Arctic stratosphere to mid-latitudes from January until the middle of February during EASOE-winter in 1992. Ozone depletion is significantly pronounced at greater altitudes in mid-latitudes as it develops in polar latitudes.     

Satellite remote sensing and ozonesonde observation of ozone vertical profile and severe storm development

Abstract

Two year ozonesonde data, January 1981 to December 1982, observed at four Canadian stations, and two-and-a-half year backscattered ultraviolet experiment data on the Nimbus-4 satellite, April 1970 to August 1972, observed over five U.S. stations, were used to study the relationship between the total ozone, vertical distribution of the ozone mixing ratio, height of half the total ozone, and the variation of local tropopause height. In view of the correlation between the variation of the tropopause height and the possible development of severe storms, a better understanding of the effect of the vertical distribution of the local ozone profile on the variation of the tropopause height can give considerable insight into the development of severe storms.     

On the relationship between total ozone and temperature in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere

Total ozone and atmospheric temperature are two variables that are closely connected with two important environmental problems: ozone depletion and global warming. Vertical temperature profiles and column ozone data are analysed to explore the relationship between these two variables at various levels in the troposphere and lower stratosphere over Athens, Greece during the period 1992–2004. The results obtained show an out-of-phase relationship between total ozone and temperature in the troposphere and an in-phase relationship in the lower stratosphere. Such a phase change is characteristic of all seasons.     

The EOLE Project: a multiwavelength laser remote sensing (LIDAR) system for ozone and aerosol measurements in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere. Part 1: Overview

A multiwavelength Laser Remote Sensing (LJDAR) system (EOLE Project) for daytime and night-time vertical profile measurements of ozone and aerosols in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere (0·5–15 km) is proposed. The EOLE lidar system uses state-of-the-art solid state laser and electronic technologies and is designed to be rugged, modular and simple to operate. Further, in this paper, we present the scientific objectives of the EOLE Project and briefly describe the experimenlal set-up of the EOLE lidar system. The expected measurement accuracy, in both ozone and suspended particles (aerosols) observations, is briefly discussed, as well as the calibration procedures of the proposed lidar system.     

Tropospheric ozone variability over the Indian coastline and adjacent land and sea

A tropospheric ozone variability study is carried out to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution over the coastline of the Indian peninsula and adjacent land and sea using NASA Langley Tropospheric Ozone Residual data set for the period 1979–2005. A strong seasonal cycle has been observed with large variation (～ 55%) over the upper eastern coast, followed by the upper and lower western coast, compared to the lower eastern coast (～ 33%). A negative gradient in ozone concentration is observed along eastern and western coasts during summer (slope ～ –0.78 and –0.65) and a positive gradient (slope ～ 0.16 and 0.21) during winter. The same is observed over the adjacent land and sea along the coastline with slight variation. This change in gradient can be attributed to the anthropogenic emission of precursor gases that reinforce localized photochemical production of ozone. In addition, topography, transport, seasonality of emission of precursor gases and the solar insolation cycle play a vital role.     

Simulation of satellite water vapour lidar measurements: Performance assessment under real atmospheric conditions

A lidar simulator has been applied to assess the performances of a satellite water vapour differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system. Measurements performed by the airborne Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR) water vapour DIAL on 15 May 2002 during ESA's Water Vapour Lidar Experiment (WALEX), in combination with PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) output, were used to obtain backscatter and water vapour fields with high resolution and accuracy. These data and model output serve as input for the simulator, allowing for the performance of satellite DIAL under highly-inhomogeneous atmospheric conditions including clouds to be assessed. The airborne measurements show an intrusion of stratospheric air into the troposphere, and MM5 data used above the DLR Falcon airplane flight altitude are characterized by very high upper tropospheric humidity levels, comparable to those associated with strong mid-latitude transport events from the troposphere to the lowermost stratosphere. Results of the simulator reveal that the maximum systematic error does not exceed 5% up to 16 km, except in the presence of thick cirrus and mid level clouds with an optical thickness up to 2 and, occasionally, inside the dry stratospheric intrusion, while the random error is less than 20% up to 16 km when spatial measurement resolutions are applied that follow the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) threshold observational requirements for numerical weather prediction (NWP). The bias is even smaller if a drier upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) region from a reference atmosphere is considered. The results confirm the capability of satellite water vapour DIAL systems to retrieve thin structures of the tropospheric water vapour and particle backscatter fields, as well as its capability to provide low bias and random error measurements even in the presence of clouds.     

Remote sensing of Antarctic ozone depletion using GPS meteorology

The Antarctic ozone depletion has been characterized for the first time using global positioning system (GPS) meteorology through atmospheric precipitable water vapour (PWV). Based on observations conducted during 2009 at four selected stations in Antarctica, the PWV showed a few significant high peaks, and their variations agreed very well with the physical properties of the surface temperature. The relative humidity variation was relatively flat, and the pressure trend tended to decrease from August, lasting until spring, probably reflecting the warming air column and the influence of lower latitude air over the stations. Throughout the ozone depletion period, the PWV variability has been marked low compared to that of the total column ozone (TCO). This implies that more water vapour condenses in cold temperatures to form clouds that could annihilate ozone in the stratosphere. Based on a detailed comparison of PWV with TCO variation, we confirmed that the effect of GPS signals on the PWV variability during periods of ozone depletion was strongest in the troposphere compared to the stratosphere because of the polar vortex.     

Validation of the MetOp-A total ozone data from GOME-2 and IASI using reference ground-based measurements at the Iberian Peninsula

One of the most important atmospheric composition products derived from the first EUMETSAT Meteorological Operational satellite (MetOp-A) is the total ozone column (TOC). For this purpose, MetOp-A has two instruments on board: the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2) that retrieves the TOC data from the backscattered solar ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) radiance, and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) that uses the thermal infrared radiance to derive TOC data. This paper focuses on the simultaneous validation of the TOC data provided by these two MetOp-A instruments using the measurements recorded by five well-calibrated Brewer UV spectrophotometers located at the Iberian Peninsula during the complete 2009. The results show an excellent correlation between the ground-based data and the GOME-2 and IASI satellite observations (R² higher than 0.91). Differences between the ground-based and satellite TOC data show that the IASI instrument significantly overestimates the Brewer measurements (about 4.4% when all five ground-based stations are jointly used). In contrast, the GOME-2 instrument shows a slight underestimation (~ 1.6%). In addition, the absolute relative differences between the Brewer and GOME-2 data are quite smaller (about a factor higher than 2) than the Brewer-IASI absolute differences. The satellite viewing geometry (solar zenith angle and the view zenith angle) has no significant influence on the Brewer-satellite relative differences. Moreover, the analysis of these relative differences with respect to the ground-based TOC data indicates that GOME-2 instrument presents a slight underestimation for high TOC values. Finally, the IASI-GOME-2 correlation is high (R² ~ 0.92), but with a mean relative difference of about ± 6% which could be associated with the bias between UV-Vis and infrared spectroscopy used in the retrieval processes.     

Global distribution of tropospheric ozone and its precursors: a view from space

Satellite-borne tropospheric ozone measurements obtained from the tropospheric ozone residual (TOR) method, CO from the MOPITT (at 850 hPa level) measurements and NO₂ from the SCIAMACHY measurements for the three-year period 2003–2005 have been utilized to examine the distribution of the pollutant sources and long-range transport on a global scale. Elevated tropospheric ozone columns have been observed over regions of high NO₂ and CO concentrations in the northern and southern hemispheres. High levels of the tropospheric ozone column have been observed below about 5°S in the vicinity of the biomass burning regions and extend from continents out over the Atlantic during October. The seasonal distribution of tropospheric O₃ and its precursors in the southern hemisphere shows the strong correlation with the seasonal variation of biomass burning in Africa and South America. Northern hemisphere summer shows the widespread ozone and CO pollution throughout the middle latitudes. The inter-hemispheric gradient of ozone and CO found to be decreased during October. Large-scale transport of the ozone and CO over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans has been clearly identified. Strong inter-continental transport has been observed to occur from west to east along with the mid-latitude winds in the northern hemisphere.     

应用MIPAS/ENVISAT卫星遥感资料研究平流层爆发性增温过程中大气化学成分变化特征

2002年12月~2003年1月北半球高纬地区平流层发生了一次爆发性增温过程（SSW）,使该地区的动力、热力场和大气化学成分的分布发生剧烈变化。选取了搭载在欧洲环境探测卫星ENVISAT上的对地遥感观测仪器麦克耳逊干涉被动大气探测仪（MIPAS）的观测数据,首先利用臭氧探空资料和再分析气象资料对MIPAS观测的臭氧和温度廓线资料进行了对比验证;其次使用该资料对此次SSW过程进行了研究。对比结果显示,MIPAS资料与NCEP和臭氧探空资料都有较好的一致性。在这次平流层爆发性增温事件中,增温过程随时间向下传播影响到平流层下层。N₂O和CH₄的水平和垂直浓度分布与位涡反映的极涡始终都有很好的一致性。O₃和H₂O的浓度分布也受到极涡的限制,O₃体积混合比随增温而增大,有极涡外的O₃进入极涡。NO₂并未受到极涡分布的严格限制,在极区维持低浓度区。HNO₃浓度场在极区显示为极大值,但并不与极涡对应。     

Long-term trends and decadal solar variability in ozone near the tropopause over the Indian region

To investigate the long-term trends and effects of decadal solar variability in the upper tropospheric ozone, data obtained from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) aboard the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS) during the period 1985–2005 were analysed using a multifunctional regression model over the Indian region (8–40° N; 65–100° E). Analysis of time series spanning these years shows statistically insignificant trends (at the two-sigma level (95% confidence level)) at upper tropospheric pressure levels (10?16 km). This period covers two solar cycles, one lasting from 1985 to 1995 and the other from 1996 to 2005; these are referred to as decade I and decade II, respectively. Since temporal variation in ozone number density indicates 11 year periodicity, trends are statistically significant when calculated separately during each solar cycle. Trend analysis indicates statistically significant positive trends (0.7 ± 1.7% to 3.9 ± 2.9% year^?1 during decade I, and 2.2 ± 1.6% to 4.5 ± 3.0% year^?1 during decade II). In general, higher ozone trends are observed during decade II. Seasonal variation in trends during decade II shows increasing trends during the pre-monsoon (0.8?3.8% year^?1), monsoon (0.8?7.1% year^?1), and post-monsoon (2.8?8.0% year^?1) seasons. The annually averaged solar signal in ozone is found to be of the order of around??5 ± 4.3% to??13.8 ± 6.7%/(100 sfu). Results obtained in the present study are also compared with those obtained by other researchers.     

Ozone monitoring in Salekhard and Tomsk,western Siberia

Atmospheric ozone plays an important role in understanding the processes occurring in the atmosphere and changes in the climate. This article relates to experimental results from balloon-borne research in the stratosphere for the study of chemical and dynamical processes influencing climate change and for validation of satellite observations. Total ozone observations in western Siberia were performed by the Brewer MKIV S/N 049 spectrophotometer in Tomsk and the SAOZ UV–Vis spectrometer in Salekhard. We also use 2Z-ECC ozonesondes for ozone profile observations in the winter/spring period at the Salekhard aerological station. During the winter/spring season of 2011, Arctic ozone in the 19–21 km altitude region was observed to be more than 70% less than typical values. In the winter/spring season of 2012, on the other hand, Arctic conditions were overall much warmer than in 2011, and no evidence of significant ozone loss was seen above the Asiatic regions of the Russian Federation. The aim of the article is to describe which and where these measurements were carried out and illustrate their performances by some examples of ozone data measured in western Siberia, Russia, such as that which occurred in the winter/spring season of 2011.     

Improvement of the Umkehr ozone profile by the neural network method: analysis of the Belsk (51.80°N, 20.80°E) Umkehr data

Vertical profiles of atmospheric ozone by the neural network (NN) method are compared with those obtained by the standard Umkehr inversion algorithm – UMK92. Both methods used the same input, the so-called N values, derived from Umkehr measurements at Belsk (51.80°N, 20.80°E), Poland, by the Dobson spectrophotometer No 84. The vertical profiles of ozone from satellite observations, Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) overpasses for the period 2004–2009, and from ozonesoundings performed at the nearby aerological station, Legionowo (52.4° N, 21.0° E), for the period 2000–2009 provide a reference data set for the NN model building. The NN methodology appears to be a promising tool for extracting information about the vertical ozone profile from ground-based Umkehr measurements, despite some limitations of the NN method itself, such as the results being limited to the analysed station, sensitivity to errors in the reference data sets, and lack of possibility to determine the actual retrieval errors. Accuracy of the NN ozone profiles is better for all Umkehr layers than that by the standard Umkehr inversion algorithm when NN and UMK92 profiles are compared with the reference profiles. It is especially pronounced for comparisons with the ozonesonde profiles for layers 4 and 1, where the absolute error changes from 10.6 Dobson units (DU) (UMK92) to 4.4 DU (NN) and from 6.6 DU (UMK92) to 3.5 DU (NN), respectively (1 Dobson unit is equal to 2.69 × 10²⁰ molecules/m²). The mean (over all Umkehr layers) correlation coefficient between NN-MLS, and NN-ozonesonde profiles is 0.75 and 0.85, respectively. The corresponding correlation coefficients for the comparison with UMK92 profiles are lower, i.e. 0.61 and 0.64, respectively.     

Satellite systems for atmospheric ozone observations

A review of the satellite-borne instrumentation used for the total ozone and ozone vertical profile watch is presented. The principle of the observational method for the monitoring of the atmospheric ozone content is used to group the basic satellite systems. Along these lines the direct-absorption, scattering, and emission-measuring instruments are presented, besides providing a short discussion on the spatio-temporal variability of the ozone content mainly derived from a few outstanding field campaigns.