“信息高速公路”与“三金工程”

1992年美国克林顿总统首先提出“信息高速公路”设想,随后世界各国兴起了建设“信息高速公路”热潮,引发了一场新的信息革命,信息化已成为当今世界的时代潮流。 “信息高速公路”是“国民信息基础设施”(NII)的通俗说法。NII是National Information Infrastructure的缩写。“信息高速公路”就是一个能给用户提供大量信息的,由通信网络、计算机、数据库以及日用电子产品组成的完备网络,它能使人们享用信息,并在任何时间和地点,通过声音、数据、图像和文字相互传递信息。     

天津市信息高速公路建设的若干构想

一、国内外信息高速公路的一般概况自克林顿总统上台以来,美国政府迅速将战略重点转向了信息技术,首先加强国家信息基础(National Information Infrastructure—NII)建设,又叫“信息高速公路”计划。更确切一点说,信息高速公路是NII的核心部分。这项计划是1993年9月由美国副总统戈尔和商务部长布朗宣布的,其要点是:由政府和私营机构共同承担铺设美国的光纤网络,用光纤网络连接所有的通信系统、电脑数据库和电信消费设施;让光纤网络能传输视频、声频、数字、图像等多种媒体。     

信息强国之路

一.关于信息化"信息化"(Informationization)一词最早于20世纪60年代出现在日本的一些学术文献中,1993年9月,美国克林顿政府正式提出建设"国家信息基础设施"(National Informa- tion Infrastructure,简称NII),俗称"信息高速公路"(In-     

信息高速公路综述(上)

1993年美国克林顿政府宣布“国家信息基础”(National Information lnfrast—ructure—Nll)计划,俗称“信息高速公路”(Information SuperHighway),引起世界各国的关注,纷纷推出了建立本国信息高速公路的计划,不惜投入巨额的财力予以实施。“信息高速公路热”席卷全球。信息高速公路作为一项技术举措,引起世界反应如此快、如此广、如此强烈,这在历史上也是少见的,难怪被舆论界称之为“世纪工程”!     

东方红日—旭日东升的品牌 民族恒星—民族产业的新星

1993年9月15日,美国政府召开了“国家信息基础设施行动会议(The National InformationInfrastructure:Agenda for Action)”。会议最终得出了结论,指出未来的国家信息基础将包括以下重要方面:以传送图文、视像和多媒体信息     

国家标本资源共享平台数字化进展与现状分析

文章通过对国内外生物标本资源数字化进展的介绍,重点对我国国家标本资源共享平台 National Specimen Information Infrastructure (NSII) 十几年积累的数字化数据进行质量分析,包括数据总量、标本数字化年变化量、不同省份动植物标本的变化趋势、动植物标本的科属总量的变化规律、全国重要的标本馆已经数字化标本量的统计、动植物标本图片数据统计等,系统而全面地分析了我国标本资源数字化的发展现状。从而提出 NSII 发展方向的几点思考。     

“信息高速公路的”现状与未来

“信息高速公路”(Information Highway)是39年前(1955年)由美国田纳西州的民工党参议员阿尔伯特·戈尔在美国国会提出的,这项对美国经济起着重要作用的“州际高速公路法案”,促使美国建成遍布全美国的高速公路网.1991年,他的儿子,现任美国副总统阿尔·戈尔又提出一项划时代的法案——“高性能计算机法案”即美国信息高速公路法案.后来人们又称为“信息高速公路”或“国家信息基础设施”、“数据高速公路”.甚至有人说,美国副总统戈尔的心里除了发展美国的高级通信网络以外,似乎别无他事.1992年克林顿竞选总统时,再度提出此设想.1993年克林顿、戈尔上任后,克林顿授权成立“信息基础设施特别小组”.1993年9月15日戈尔和布朗宣布,美国将实施一项“永久改变美国人生活、工作和相互沟通方式的信息高速公路计划”.它有三个要点:①铺设覆盖全美国的光纤网络;②用光纤网络连接美国国内的所有通讯系统、电脑、数据库、电信设备;③让光纤网络能传输视频、声频、数字、图象等多种媒体.     

调制解调器在中国大有作为

信息高速公路(Information Highway)是美国政府发布的国家信息基础结构(National Information In-frastructure,简称NII)抽象的模拟提法,它超越传统的通信网及其功能的范畴,包含了信息的发生、传输、分配、交换、处理、存储、检索、显示及应用的全过程,不仅包括信息自身,还包括从事和提供信息作业的人,它是一个能给用户提供大量信息的由通信网、计算机、数据库以及日用电子产品组成的无缝网络。它的出现,使     

卓尔不凡 领袖群伦——EDS Unigraphics软件

EDS(Electronic Data Systems)电子资讯系统有限公司是全球最大的企业——美国通用汽车公司的全资子公司,起初负责通用汽车公司内部的电子数据处理、交换、网络系统、实施系统集成,继而发展到制造业、银行、保险、计算机应用领域。EDS是目前世界上最大的应用软件公司,位居IT(Information Technology)榜首,拥有7万名雇员,在30多个国家开展业务,1994年营业额为100.54亿美元。     

信任基石PKI

电子商务成了计算机、商务时代宣言的时候,我们却几近遇到了一个两难的问题:一般人担心信用卡被盗用,不信任网络也不完全信任商家;商家则担心网络欺诈行为,也不能完全信任客户。PKI(Public Key Infrastructure)公共密钥基础设施这一标准便是电子商务安全蓝图的基础,成为彼此信任的基石。     

Human performance under two different command and control paradigms

The paradoxical behaviour of a new command and control concept called Network Enabled Capability (NEC) provides the motivation for this paper. In it, a traditional hierarchical command and control organisation was pitted against a network centric alternative on a common task, played thirty times, by two teams. Multiple regression was used to undertake a simple form of time series analysis. It revealed that whilst the NEC condition ended up being slightly slower than its hierarchical counterpart, it was able to balance and optimise all three of the performance variables measured (task time, enemies neutralised and attrition). From this it is argued that a useful conceptual response is not to consider NEC as an end product comprised of networked computers and standard operating procedures, nor to regard the human system interaction as inherently stable, but rather to view it as a set of initial conditions from which the most adaptable component of all can be harnessed: the human.     

基于上下文推理的指挥所业务交互研究

基于指挥所操作业务的应用需求,定义适用于指挥所中人机交互的上下文信息。在选取该上下文信息的过程中,利用OWL语言完成指挥所业务上下文描述,建立交互信息上下文感知模型。运用SWRL逻辑规则对交互信息上下文进行推理,获得业务交互过程中高层上下文语义后进行自适应调整。以一个师指挥所作战指挥业务想定为例,说明计算机通过用户交互位置和上级指令上下文信息进行调整,从而满足当前用户的交互位置和交互业务。     

基于双手交互的指挥空间响应模型

自然高效的人机交互技术正快速发展,但双手交互技术和应用空间之间在认知上存在较大差距。使双手交互难以被广泛应用。该文对指挥空间进行认知级描述。根据指挥空间双手交互应用背景,按分布式认知和以用户为中心的思想构建一种基于双手交互的指挥空间交互响应模型。以解析的方式描述用户背景知识与交互响应间的关系,为指挥空间内双手交互的设计提供依据。     

Giving undo attention

The problems associated with the provision of an undo support facility in the context of a synchronous shared or group editor are investigated. Previous work on the development of formal models of ‘undo’ has been restricted to single user systems and has focused on the functionality of undo, as opposed to discussing the support that users require from any error recovery facility. Motivated by new issues that arise in the context of computer supported co-operative work, the authors aim to integrate formal modelling of undo with an analysis of how users understand undo facilities. Together, these combined perspectives of the system and user lead to concrete design advice for implementing an undo facility. The special issues that arise in the context of shared undo also shed light on the emphasis that should be placed on single user undo. In particular, the authors regard undo not as a system command to be implemented, but as a user intention to be supported by the system.     

Design breakdowns,scenarios and rapid application development

In this paper we consider the way in which two representational forms, scenarios and design breakdowns, which have emerged in the traditions of human-centred design are relevant within the recent commercial emphasis on rapid application development (RAD). RAD is a contingent approach to interactive software development that is characterised by large amounts of user involvement, incremental prototyping and product-based project management. Scenarios have become popular as an intermediate representation within the human–computer interaction and computer supported co-operative work communities. Design breakdowns have been suggested as a useful organising device and design technique within the co-operative prototyping literature. Both these representational forms are not currently utilised within the commercial RAD tradition. In order to detail the relevance of these concepts to commercial development, we describe the ‘natural history’ of one particular RAD project and show how scenarios, breakdowns and the resolution of such breakdowns contributed to the successful implementation of an information system within a small commercial organisation. We conclude with a discussion of lessons from our work and some intended future work in this area.     

Automating Scenario Analysis of Human and System Reliability

The system reliability analyzer tool for analyzing the reliability of system designs is described and its use illustrated in a system engineering case study of a naval command and control system. The performance of systems consisting of human operators and technology components is assessed by Bayesian nets, which calculate error probabilities from inputs of agent properties and environmental conditions. The tool tests scenarios representing the system design and its operational behavior, which is modeled as cycles of command and control tasks. The tool indicates weak points in the scenario sequence and assesses the reliability of one or more system designs with a set of operational scenarios and a variety of environmental conditions     

Principles for Designing Interfaces Compatible With Human Information Processing

Stimulus–response compatibility has been a staple of human factors since the early 1950s, when it was established by Paul Fitts, one of the founders of human factors. The importance of maintaining spatial compatibility is indicated in textbooks, but maintaining compatibility in design is not a simple task, because there are many factors that need to be taken into consideration. This article focuses on spatial compatibility and the more recently investigated affective compatibility, highlighting their implications for human–computer interaction. An overview of other cognitive compatibility principles and examples of their use in human–computer interaction is also provided. Advanced technology has increased the need for systematic consideration of compatibility phenomena in user interface design, and the article ends with a summary of key points for designers.     

An Experiment on Human Engineering of Interactive Software

Improved human engineering can add significantly to the acceptance and use of computer technology. We report here an experiment in which users with varying degrees of interactive computing experience used two versions of an interactive text editor: one with an English-like command syntax, the other with a more notational syntax. User performance differences strongly favored the English-like editor at all levels of experience.     

A Semi-Autonomous Reactive Control Architecture

This paper presents a novel intelligent control architecture for semi-autonomous systems. A semi-autonomous system is defined here as that autonomous system (machine) which interacts intelligently with a human user (collaborator) who might command, modify, or override its behavior. This work has been motivated by the need for a control architecture that can interact with human users of different perceptual and cognitive capabilities. A dynamic arbitration layer forms the core of the proposed architecture. Accordingly, the architecture evolves around three main variables: degree of autonomy to reflect the user's capabilities, user's level of confidence in commanding the machine, and strength of conflict between the user's command and the machine's autonomous command. The analogy between this architecture and horseback riding is presented and finally a demonstrative application example of a robotic wheelchair is given.