非包还原恶意代码检测的特征提取方法

恶意代码在网络中传播时不会表现出恶意行为,难以通过基于行为的检测方法检测出.采用基于特征的方法可以将其检测出,但需要进行网络包还原,这在大流量时对网络数据包进行还原不仅存在时空开销问题,且传统的特征提取方法提取的特征往往过长,容易被分割到多个网络数据包中,导致检测失效.本文提出非包还原恶意代码特征提取,采用自动化与人工分析相结合、基于片段的特征码提取,以及基于覆盖范围的特征码筛选等方法,实验结果表明,对恶意软件片段具有一定识别能力.     

一种基于二维行为特征的恶意代码识别方法

恶意代码检测识别技术的研究方向是基于行为特征的分析,当前的研究主要针对孤立的行为特征进行分析,导致较高的漏报和误报率。文中提出一种基于二维行为特征的恶意代码检测识别算法。该算法通过归纳和分析反汇编后的代码的系统调用序列图、调用流图特征,结合代码的语义结构和代码结构特征来表现恶意代码的"行为"特性。通过使用加权多数投票算法,并综合分类器的特征优势,给出判定结果。实验表明,使用该算法进行恶意代码检测识别具有较低的漏报误报率。     

基于函数调用图的Android恶意代码检测方法研究

随着移动互联网的迅猛发展和智能设备的普及,Android 平台的安全问题日益严峻,不断增多的恶意软件对终端用户造成了许多困扰,严重威胁着用户的隐私安全和财产安全;因此对恶意软件的分析与研究也成为安全领域的热点之一;提出了一种基于函数调用图的 Android 程序特征提取及检测方法;该方法通过对 Android 程序进行反汇编得到函数调用图,在图谱理论基础上,结合函数调用图变换后提取出的图结构和提取算法,获取出具有一定抗干扰能力的程序行为特征;由于 Android 函数调用图能够较好地体现 Android 程序的功能模块、结构特征和语义;在此基础上,实现检测原型系统,通过对多个恶意 Android 程序分析和检测,完成了对该系统的实验验证;实验结果表明,利用该方法提取的特征能够有效对抗各类 Android 程序中的混淆变形技术,具有抗干扰能力强等特点,基于此特征的检测对恶意代码具有较好地识别能力。     

一种融合图像空间特征注意力机制的恶意代码识别模型北大核心CSCD

恶意代码识别对保护计算机使用者的隐私、优化计算资源具有积极意义。现存恶意代码识别模型通常会将恶意代码转换为图像,再通过深度学习技术对图像进行分类。经恶意代码识别模型转换后的图像呈现两个特点,一是图像的末尾通常被填充上黑色像素,使图像中存在明显的重点特征(即代码部分)和非重点特征(即填充部分),二是代码之间具有语义特征相关性,而在将它们按顺序转换成像素时,这种相关性也在像素之间保留。然而,现有恶意代码检测模型没有针对恶意代码的特点设计,这导致对恶意图像在深层次特征提取方面的能力相对偏弱。鉴于此,文章提出了一种新的恶意代码检测模型,特别针对恶意图像的两个关键特点进行了设计。首先,将原始的恶意代码转换成图像,并对其进行预处理。然后通过一个FA-SA模块提取重点特征,并通过两个FA-SeA模块捕捉像素之间的相关性特征。文章所提模型不仅简化了恶意代码检测的网络结构,还提升了深层次特征提取能力及检测准确率。实验结果表明,文章融合注意力模块的方法对提升模型的识别效果具有显著帮助。在Malimg数据集上,恶意代码识别准确率达到了96.38%,比现存基于CNN的模型提高了3.56%。     

基于行为的分布式恶意代码检测技术

针对已有恶意代码检测技术存在不足,研究恶意代码网络传播行为,提取相应行为特征,在此基础上提出基于行为的分布式恶意代码检测技术,并进行NS-2仿真实验。实验结果表明该方法具有较低的误报率和漏报率,可有效检测恶意代码。     

基于行为语义分析的Web恶意代码检测机制研究

在Web安全问题的研究中,如何提高Web恶意代码的检测效率一直是Web恶意代码检测方法研究中需要解决的问题。为此,针对跨站脚本漏洞、ActiveX控件漏洞和Web Shellcode方面的检测,提出一种基于行为语义分析的Web恶意代码检测机制。通过对上述漏洞的行为和语义进行分析,提取行为特征,构建Web客户端脚本解析引擎和Web Shellcode检测引擎,实现对跨站脚本漏洞、ActiveX控件漏洞和Web Shellcode等的正确检测,以及对Web Shellcode攻击行为进行取证的功能。实验分析结果表明,新的Web恶意代码检测机制具有检测能力强、漏检率低的性能。     

基于行为依赖特征的恶意代码相似性比较方法

恶意代码相似性比较是恶意代码分析和检测的基础性工作之一,现有方法主要是基于代码结构或行为序列进行比较.但恶意代码编写者常采用代码混淆、程序加壳等手段对恶意代码进行处理,导致传统的相似性比较方法失效.提出了一种基于行为之间控制依赖关系和数据依赖关系的恶意代码相似性比较方法,该方法利用动态污点传播分析识别恶意行为之间的依赖关系,然后,以此为基础构造控制依赖图和数据依赖图,根据两种依赖关系进行恶意代码的相似性比较.该方法充分利用了恶意代码行为之间内在的关联性,提高了比较的准确性,具有较强的抗干扰能力;通过循环消除、垃圾行为删除等方法对依赖图进行预处理,降低了相似性比较算法的复杂度,加快了比较速度.实验结果表明,与现有方法相比,该方法的准确性和抗干扰能力均呈现明显优势.     

一种基于模型检测的恶意行为识别方法

针对恶意代码采用混淆技术规避安全软件检测的问题,提出一种基于模型检测的恶意行为识别方法。方法将检测恶意行为转换为模型对属性的验证过程:利用谓词时态逻辑公式描述代码的恶意行为,从程序执行过程中的系统调用轨迹提取基于谓词标记的Kripke结构,通过检测算法验证模型对公式的可满足性。实验结果表明以上方法可有效识别混淆后的恶意代码。     

基于动态行为和机器学习的恶意代码检测方法

目前恶意代码出现频繁且抗识别性加强,现有基于签名的恶意代码检测方法无法识别未知与隐藏的恶意代码。提出一种结合动态行为和机器学习的恶意代码检测方法。搭建自动化分析Cuckoo沙箱记录恶意代码的行为信息和网络流量,结合Cuckoo沙箱与改进DynamoRIO系统作为虚拟环境,提取并融合恶意代码样本API调用序列及网络行为特征。在此基础上,基于双向门循环单元（BGRU）建立恶意代码检测模型,并在含有12 170个恶意代码样本和5 983个良性应用程序样本的数据集上对模型效果进行验证。实验结果表明,该方法能全面获得恶意代码的行为信息,其所用BGRU模型的检测效果较LSTM、BLSTM等模型更好,精确率和F1值分别达到97.84%和98.07%,训练速度为BLSTM模型的1.26倍。     

基于相识度的恶意代码检测

特征码的识别方法仅能识别已知的恶意代码,并未解决恶意代码的判别问题.当前基于行为的扫描和启发式扫描也只是关注恶意代码的单个的危险行为点,误报率很高.侧重挖掘行为之间的关系,采用矩阵将待测代码的行为及行为之间的关系进行描述、测量,由此提出一种基于相识度的恶意代码检测方法.相识度是系统对待测代码的熟悉程度.根据相识度的大小来判断待测代码是否为恶意代码,相识度越大,待测代码是恶意代码的可能性就越小.在此基础上,提出了相应的恶意代码检测算法,通过实例验证了该方法的有效性.     

Holography: a behavior‐based profiler for malware analysis

Behavior‐based detection and signature‐based detection are two popular approaches to malware (malicious software) analysis. The security industry, such as the sector selling antivirus tools, has been using signature and heuristic‐based technologies for years. However, this approach has been proven to be inefficient in identifying unknown malware strains. On the other hand, the behavior‐based malware detection approach has a greater potential in identifying previously unknown instances of malicious software. The accuracy of this approach relies on techniques to profile and recognize accurate behavior models. Unfortunately, with the increasing complexity of malicious software and limitations of existing automatic tools, the current behavior‐based approach cannot discover many newer forms of malware either. In this paper, we implement ‘holography platform’, a behavior‐based profiler on top of a virtual machine emulator that intercepts the system processes and analyzes the CPU instructions, CPU registers, and memory. The captured information is stored in a relational database, and data mining techniques are used to extract information. We demonstrate the breadth of the ‘holography platform’ by conducting two experiments: a packed binary behavior analysis and a malvertising (malicious advertising) incident tracing. Both tasks are known to be very difficult to do efficiently using existing methods and tools. We demonstrate how the precise behavior information can be easily obtained using the ‘holography platform’ tool. With these two experiments, we show that the ‘holography platform’ can provide security researchers and automatic malware detection systems with an efficient malicious software behavior analysis solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

针对指令乱序变形技术的归一化研究

新出现的恶意代码大部分是在原有恶意代码基础上修改转换而来.许多变形恶意代码更能自动完成该过程,由于其特征码不固定,给传统的基于特征码检测手段带来了极大挑战.采用归一化方法,并结合使用传统检测技术是一种应对思路.本文针对指令乱序这种常用变形技术提出了相应的归一化方案.该方案先通过控制依赖分析将待测代码划分为若干基本控制块,然后依据数据依赖图调整各基本控制块中的指令顺序,使得不同变种经处理后趋向于一致的规范形式.该方案对指令乱序的两种实现手段,即跳转法和非跳转法,同时有效.最后通过模拟测试对该方案的有效性进行了验证.     

A comprehensive survey on deep learning based malware detection techniques

Recent theoretical and practical studies have revealed that malware is one of the most harmful threats to the digital world. Malware mitigation techniques have evolved over the years to ensure security. Earlier, several classical methods were used for detecting malware embedded with various features like the signature, heuristic, and others. Traditional malware detection techniques were unable to defeat new generations of malware and their sophisticated obfuscation tactics. Deep Learning is increasingly used in malware detection as DL-based systems outperform conventional malware detection approaches at finding new malware variants. Furthermore, DL-based techniques provide rapid malware prediction with excellent detection rates and analysis of different malware types. Investigating recently proposed Deep Learning-based malware detection systems and their evolution is hence of interest to this work. It offers a thorough analysis of the recently developed DL-based malware detection techniques. Furthermore, current trending malwares are studied and detection techniques of Mobile malware (both Android and iOS), Windows malware, IoT malware, Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs), and Ransomware are precisely reviewed.     

基于带有惩罚因子的阴性选择算法的恶意程序检测模型

提出了一个基于带有惩罚因子的阴性选择算法的恶意程序检测模型.该模型从指令频率和包含相应指令的文件频率两个角度出发,对指令进行了深入的趋向性分析,提取出了趋向于代表恶意程序的恶意程序指令库.利用这些指令,有序切分程序比特串,模型提取得到恶意程序候选特征库和合法程序类恶意程序特征库.在此基础上,文中提出了一种带有惩罚因子的阴性选择算法(negative selection algorithm with penalty factor,NSAPF),根据异体和自体的匹配情况,采用惩罚的方式,对恶意程序候选特征进行划分,组成了恶意程序检测特征库1(malware detection signature library 1,MDSL1)和恶意程序检测特征库2(MDSL2),以此作为检测可疑程序的二维参照物.综合可疑程序和MDSL1,MDSL2的匹配值,文中模型将可疑程序分类到合法程序和恶意程序.通过在阴性选择算法中引入惩罚因子C,摆脱了传统阴性选择算法中对自体和异体有害性定义的缺陷,继而关注程序代码本身的危险性,充分挖掘和调节了特征的表征性,既提高了模型的检测效果,又使模型可以满足用户对识别率和虚警率的不同要求.综合实验...     

Byte-Level Function-Associated Method for Malware Detection

The byte stream is widely used in malware detection due to its independence of reverse engineering. However, existing methods based on the byte stream implement an indiscriminate feature extraction strategy, which ignores the byte function difference in different segments and fails to achieve targeted feature extraction for various byte semantic representation modes, resulting in byte semantic confusion. To address this issue, an enhanced adversarial byte function associated method for malware backdoor attack is proposed in this paper by categorizing various function bytes into three functions involving structure, code, and data. The Minhash algorithm, grayscale mapping, and state transition probability statistics are then used to capture byte semantics from the perspectives of text signature, spatial structure, and statistical aspects, respectively, to increase the accuracy of byte semantic representation. Finally, the three-channel malware feature image is constructed based on different function byte semantics, and a convolutional neural network is applied for detection. Experiments on multiple data sets from 2018 to 2021 show that the method can effectively combine byte functions to achieve targeted feature extraction, avoid byte semantic confusion, and improve the accuracy of malware detection.     

Architecture of a morphological malware detector

Most of malware detectors are based on syntactic signatures that identify known malicious programs. Up to now this architecture has been sufficiently efficient to overcome most of malware attacks. Nevertheless, the complexity of malicious codes still increase. As a result the time required to reverse engineer malicious programs and to forge new signatures is increasingly longer. This study proposes an efficient construction of a morphological malware detector, that is a detector which associates syntactic and semantic analysis. It aims at facilitating the task of malware analysts providing some abstraction on the signature representation which is based on control flow graphs. We build an efficient signature matching engine over tree automata techniques. Moreover we describe a generic graph rewriting engine in order to deal with classic mutations techniques. Finally, we provide a preliminary evaluation of the strategy detection carrying out experiments on a malware collection.     

Attention-based convolutional neural network deep learning approach for robust malware classification

Recently, transforming windows files into images and its analysis using machine learning and deep learning have been considered as a state-of-the art works for malware detection and classification. This is mainly due to the fact that image-based malware detection and classification is platform independent, and the recent surge of success of deep learning model performance in image classification. Literature survey shows that convolutional neural network (CNN) deep learning methods are successfully employed for image-based windows malware classification. However, the malwares were embedded in a tiny portion in the overall image representation. Identifying and locating these affected tiny portions is important to achieve a good malware classification accuracy. In this work, a multi-headed attention based approach is integrated to a CNN to locate and identify the tiny infected regions in the overall image. A detailed investigation and analysis of the proposed method was done on a malware image dataset. The performance of the proposed multi-headed attention-based CNN approach was compared with various non-attention-CNN-based approaches on various data splits of training and testing malware image benchmark dataset. In all the data-splits, the attention-based CNN method outperformed non-attention-based CNN methods while ensuring computational efficiency. Most importantly, most of the methods show consistent performance on all the data splits of training and testing and that illuminates multi-headed attention with CNN model's generalizability to perform on the diverse datasets. With less number of trainable parameters, the proposed method has achieved an accuracy of 99% to classify the 25 malware families and performed better than the existing non-attention based methods. The proposed method can be applied on any operating system and it has the capability to detect packed malware, metamorphic malware, obfuscated malware, malware family variants, and polymorphic malware. In addition, the proposed method is malware file agnostic and avoids usual methods such as disassembly, de-compiling, de-obfuscation, or execution of the malware binary in a virtual environment in detecting malware and classifying malware into their malware family.     

基于敏感Native API的恶意软件检测方法

分析恶意软件传播与破坏的行为特征,包括进程、特权、内存操作、注册表、文件和网络等行为。这些行为通过调用相应的API函数来实现,为此,提出一种基于敏感Native API调用频率的恶意软件检测方法,采用Xen进行二次开发,设计对恶意软件透明的分析监测环境。实验结果表明,使用敏感Native API调用频率能够有效地检测多种未知恶意软件。     

一种基于主动学习的恶意代码检测方法

现有恶意代码的检测往往依赖于对足够数量样本的分析.然而新型恶意代码大量涌现,其出现之初,样本数量有限,现有方法无法迅速检测出新型恶意代码及其变种.本文在数据流依赖网络中分析进程访问行为异常度与相似度,引入了恶意代码检测估计风险,并提出一种通过最小化估计风险实现主动学习的恶意代码检测方法.该方法只需要很少比例的训练样本就可实现准确的恶意代码检测,较现有方法更适用于新型恶意代码检测.通过我们对真实的8,340个正常进程以及7,257个恶意代码进程的实验分析,相比于传统基于统计分类器的检测方法,本文方法明显地提升了恶意代码检测效果.即便在训练样本仅为总体样本数量1%的情况下,本文方法可以也可达到5.55%的错误率水平,比传统方法降低了36.5%.     

基于行为分析和特征码的恶意代码检测技术*

本文提出一种新的恶意代码检测技术,能自动检测和遏制(未知)恶意代码,并实现了原型系统。首先用支持向量机对恶意代码样本的行为构造分类器,来判断样本是否是恶意代码,同时对恶意代码提取出特征码。运行在主机的代理利用特征码识别恶意代码并阻断运行。为了精确分析程序行为,将程序放入虚拟机运行。实验结果表明相对于朴素贝叶斯和决策树,系统误报率和漏报率均较低,同时分布式的系统架构加快了遏制速度。