可变场所的异常行为识别方法

在视觉分析中,人的同一动作在不同场景下会有截然不同的理解.为了判断在不同场景中行为是否为异常,在监控系统中使用双层词包模型来解决这个问题.把视频信息放在第1层包中,把场景动作文本词放在第2层包中.视频由一系列时空兴趣点组成的时空词典表示,动作性质由在指定场景下的动作文本词集合来确定.使用潜在语义分析概率模型(pLSA)不但能自动学习时空词的概率分布,找到与之对应的动作类别,也能在监督情况下学习在规定场景下运动文本词概率分布并区分出对应异常或正常行动结果.经过训练学习后,该算法可以识别新视频在相应场景下行为的异常或正常.     

Continuous human action recognition in real time

This paper discusses the task of continuous human action recognition. By continuous, it refers to videos that contain multiple actions which are connected together. This task is important to applications like video surveillance and content based video retrieval. It aims to identify the action category and detect the start and end key frame of each action. It is a challenging task due to the frequent changes of human actions and the ambiguity of action boundaries. In this paper, a novel and efficient continuous action recognition framework is proposed. Our approach is based on the bag of words representation. A visual local pattern is regarded as a word and the action is modeled by the distribution of words. A generative translation and scale invariant probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis model is presented. The continuous action recognition result is obtained frame by frame and updated from time to time. Experimental results show that this approach is effective and efficient to recognize both isolated actions and continuous actions.     

基于Fisher矢量编码的运动视频自动评分技术

传统基于计算机视觉特征的人体运动分析和动作评分技术对局部人体运动特征判别性不强,导致对相似人体动作的类内差异不敏感,自动评分准确率低。提出一种局部时空保持的单目运动视频人体动作特征Fisher矢量（FV）编码方法和自动评分技术。首先提取梯度方向直方图（HOG）和光流直方图（HOF）描述运动视频中人体动作姿态和运动特征,实施?2归一化和基于主成分分析的数据降维后获得具有判别性的人体动作特征矢量;然后利用时空金字塔方法在FV编码中嵌入时空特征,提高对动作正确性和协调性的判别能力;最后通过建立不同动作分类的线性模型确定动作评分。在健美操动作自动评分数据集上的实验表明,文中算法的敏感性和特异性约为94.4%和71.4%,与专家评分的中位数平均误差为7.0%,适用于在线体育教学和普通运动训练中基于单目运动视频的动作完成质量评价。     

Every Moment Counts: Dense Detailed Labeling of Actions in Complex Videos

Every moment counts in action recognition. A comprehensive understanding of human activity in video requires labeling every frame according to the actions occurring, placing multiple labels densely over a video sequence. To study this problem we extend the existing THUMOS dataset and introduce MultiTHUMOS, a new dataset of dense labels over unconstrained internet videos. Modeling multiple, dense labels benefits from temporal relations within and across classes. We define a novel variant of long short-term memory deep networks for modeling these temporal relations via multiple input and output connections. We show that this model improves action labeling accuracy and further enables deeper understanding tasks ranging from structured retrieval to action prediction.     

基于双流卷积神经网络的人体行为识别方法

时序行为检测是指在一段未分割的长视频中,检测出其中包含的若干行为片段的起止时间和类别.针对该项任务,提出基于双流卷积神经网络的行为检测模型.首先使用双流卷积神经网络提取视频的特征序列,然后使用TAG （Temporal Actionness Grouping）生成行为提议,为了构建高质量的行为提议,将行为提议送入边界回归网络中修正边界,使之更为贴近真实数据,再将行为提议扩展为含有上下文信息的三段式特征设计,最后使用多层感知机对行为进行识别.实验结果表明,本算法在THUMOS 2014数据集和ActivityNet v1.3数据集获得较好的识别率.     

Recognizing 50 human action categories of web videos

Action recognition on large categories of unconstrained videos taken from the web is a very challenging problem compared to datasets like KTH (6 actions), IXMAS (13 actions), and Weizmann (10 actions). Challenges like camera motion, different viewpoints, large interclass variations, cluttered background, occlusions, bad illumination conditions, and poor quality of web videos cause the majority of the state-of-the-art action recognition approaches to fail. Also, an increased number of categories and the inclusion of actions with high confusion add to the challenges. In this paper, we propose using the scene context information obtained from moving and stationary pixels in the key frames, in conjunction with motion features, to solve the action recognition problem on a large (50 actions) dataset with videos from the web. We perform a combination of early and late fusion on multiple features to handle the very large number of categories. We demonstrate that scene context is a very important feature to perform action recognition on very large datasets. The proposed method does not require any kind of video stabilization, person detection, or tracking and pruning of features. Our approach gives good performance on a large number of action categories; it has been tested on the UCF50 dataset with 50 action categories, which is an extension of the UCF YouTube Action (UCF11) dataset containing 11 action categories. We also tested our approach on the KTH and HMDB51 datasets for comparison.     

Triplet attention multiple spacetime-semantic graph convolutional network for skeleton-based action recognition

Skeleton-based action recognition has recently attracted widespread attention in the field of computer vision. Previous studies on skeleton-based action recognition are susceptible to interferences from redundant video frames in judging complex actions but ignore the fact that the spatial-temporal features of different actions are extremely different. To solve these problems, we propose a triplet attention multiple spacetime-semantic graph convolutional network for skeleton-based action recognition (AM-GCN), which can not only capture the multiple spacetime-semantic feature from the video images to avoid limited information diversity from single-layer feature representation but can also improve the generalization ability of the network. We also present the triplet attention mechanism to apply an attention mechanism to different key points, key channels, and key frames of the actions, improving the accuracy and interpretability of the judgement of complex actions. In addition, different kinds of spacetime-semantic feature information are combined through the proposed fusion decision for comprehensive prediction in order to improve the robustness of the algorithm. We validate AM-GCN with two standard datasets, NTU-RGBD and Kinetics, and compare it with other mainstream models. The results show that the proposed model achieves tremendous improvement.

     

Vision-based action recognition of earthmoving equipment using spatio-temporal features and support vector machine classifiers

Video recordings of earthmoving construction operations provide understandable data that can be used for benchmarking and analyzing their performance. These recordings further support project managers to take corrective actions on performance deviations and in turn improve operational efficiency. Despite these benefits, manual stopwatch studies of previously recorded videos can be labor-intensive, may suffer from biases of the observers, and are impractical after substantial period of observations. This paper presents a new computer vision based algorithm for recognizing single actions of earthmoving construction equipment. This is particularly a challenging task as equipment can be partially occluded in site video streams and usually come in wide variety of sizes and appearances. The scale and pose of the equipment actions can also significantly vary based on the camera configurations. In the proposed method, a video is initially represented as a collection of spatio-temporal visual features by extracting space–time interest points and describing each feature with a Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG). The algorithm automatically learns the distributions of the spatio-temporal features and action categories using a multi-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. This strategy handles noisy feature points arisen from typical dynamic backgrounds. Given a video sequence captured from a fixed camera, the multi-class SVM classifier recognizes and localizes equipment actions. For the purpose of evaluation, a new video dataset is introduced which contains 859 sequences from excavator and truck actions. This dataset contains large variations of equipment pose and scale, and has varied backgrounds and levels of occlusion. The experimental results with average accuracies of 86.33% and 98.33% show that our supervised method outperforms previous algorithms for excavator and truck action recognition. The results hold the promise for applicability of the proposed method for construction activity analysis.     

Human behavior clustering for anomaly detection

This paper aims to address the problem of modeling human behavior patterns captured in surveillance videos for the application of online normal behavior recognition and anomaly detection. A novel framework is developed for automatic behavior modeling and online anomaly detection without the need for manual labeling of the training data set. The framework consists of the following key components. 1) A compact and effective behavior representation method is developed based on spatial-temporal interest point detection. 2) The natural grouping of behavior patterns is determined through a novel clustering algorithm, topic hidden Markov model (THMM) built upon the existing hidden Markov model (HMM) and latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), which overcomes the current limitations in accuracy, robustness, and computational efficiency. The new model is a four-level hierarchical Bayesian model, in which each video is modeled as a Markov chain of behavior patterns where each behavior pattern is a distribution over some segments of the video. Each of these segments in the video can be modeled as a mixture of actions where each action is a distribution over spatial-temporal words. 3) An online anomaly measure is introduced to detect abnormal behavior, whereas normal behavior is recognized by runtime accumulative visual evidence using the likelihood ratio test (LRT) method. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach using noisy and sparse data sets collected from a real surveillance scenario.     

实时动作识别方法研究

针对传统RGB视频中动作识别算法时间复杂度高而识别准确率低的问题,提出一种基于深度图像的动作识别方法。该方法首先对深度图像在三投影面系中进行投影,然后对三个投影图分别提取Gabor特征,最后使用这些特征训练极限学习机分类器,从而完成动作分类。在公开数据集MSR Action3D上进行了实验验证,该方法在三组实验上的平均准确率分别为97.80%、99.10%和88.35%,识别单个深度视频的用时小于1 s。实验结果表明,该方法能够对深度图像序列中的人体动作进行有效识别,并基本满足深度序列识别的实时性要求。     

Social video annotation by combining features with a tri-adaptation approach

Online social video websites such as YouTube allow users to manually annotate their video documents with textual labels. These labels can be used as indexing keywords to facilitate search and organization of video data. However, manual video annotation is usually a labor-intensive and time-consuming process. In this work, we propose a novel social video annotation approach that combines multiple feature sets based on a tri-adaptation approach. For the shots in each video, they are annotated by aggregating models that are learned from three complementary feature sets. Meanwhile, the models are collaboratively adapted by exploring unlabeled shots. In this sense, the method can be viewed as a novel semi-supervised algorithm that explores three complementary views. Our approach also exploits the temporal smoothness of video labels by applying a label correction strategy. Experiments on a web video dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Action categorization by structural probabilistic latent semantic analysis

Temporal dependency is a very important cue for modeling human actions. However, approaches using latent topics models, e.g., probabilistic latent semantic analysis (pLSA), employ the bag of words assumption therefore word dependencies are usually ignored. In this work, we propose a new approach structural pLSA (SpLSA) to model explicitly word orders by introducing latent variables. More specifically, we develop an action categorization approach that learns action representations as the distribution of latent topics in an unsupervised way, where each action frame is characterized by a codebook representation of local shape context. The effectiveness of this approach is evaluated using both the WEIZMANN dataset and the MIT dataset. Results show that the proposed approach outperforms the standard pLSA. Additionally, our approach is compared favorably with six existing models including GMM, logistic regression, HMM, SVM, CRF, and HCRF given the same feature representation. These comparative results show that our approach achieves higher categorization accuracy than the five existing models and is comparable to the state-of-the-art hidden conditional random field based model using the same feature set.     

基于动作图的视角无关动作识别

针对视角无关的动作识别,提出加权字典向量描述方法和动作图识别模型.将视频中的局部兴趣点特征和全局形状描述有机结合,形成加权字典向量的描述方法,该方法既具有兴趣点抗噪声强的优点,又可克服兴趣点无法识别静态动作的缺点.根据运动捕获、点云等三维运动数据构建能量曲线,提取关键姿势,生成基本运动单元,并通过自连接、向前连接和向后连接3种连接方式构成有向图,称为本质图.本质图向各个方向投影,根据节点近邻规则建立的有向图称为动作图.通过Na?ve Bayes训练动作图模型,采用Viterbi算法计算视频与动作图的匹配度,根据最大匹配度标定视频序列.动作图具有多角度投影和投影平滑过渡等特点,因此可识别任意角度、任意运动方向的视频序列.实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的识别效果,可识别单目视频、多目视频和多动作视频.     

线性动态系统反演模型在人体行为识别的应用

目的 人体行为识别在视频监控、环境辅助生活、人机交互和智能驾驶等领域展现出了极其广泛的应用前景。由于目标物体遮挡、视频背景阴影、光照变化、视角变化、多尺度变化、人的衣服和外观变化等问题,使得对视频的处理与分析变得非常困难。为此,本文利用时间序列正反演构造基于张量的线性动态模型,估计模型的参数作为动作序列描述符,构造更加完备的观测矩阵。方法 首先从深度图像提取人体关节点,建立张量形式的人体骨骼正反向序列。然后利用基于张量的线性动态系统和Tucker分解学习参数元组（A_F,A_I,C）,其中C表示人体骨架信息的空间信息,A_F和A_I分别描述正向和反向时间序列的动态性。通过参数元组构造观测矩阵,一个动作就可以表示为观测矩阵的子空间,对应着格拉斯曼流形上的一点。最后通过在格拉斯曼流形上进行字典学习和稀疏编码完成动作识别。结果 实验结果表明,在MSR-Action 3D数据集上,该算法比Eigenjoints算法高13.55%,比局部切从支持向量机（LTBSVM）算法高2.79%,比基于张量的线性动态系统（tLDS）算法高1%。在UT-Kinect数据集上,该算法的行为识别率比LTBSVM算法高5.8%,比tLDS算法高1.3%。结论 通过大量实验评估,验证了基于时间序列正反演构造出来的tLDS模型很好地解决了上述问题,提高了人体动作识别率。     

Human activity recognition in videos using a single example

This paper presents a novel approach for action recognition, localization and video matching based on a hierarchical codebook model of local spatio-temporal video volumes. Given a single example of an activity as a query video, the proposed method finds similar videos to the query in a target video dataset. The method is based on the bag of video words (BOV) representation and does not require prior knowledge about actions, background subtraction, motion estimation or tracking. It is also robust to spatial and temporal scale changes, as well as some deformations. The hierarchical algorithm codes a video as a compact set of spatio-temporal volumes, while considering their spatio-temporal compositions in order to account for spatial and temporal contextual information. This hierarchy is achieved by first constructing a codebook of spatio-temporal video volumes. Then a large contextual volume containing many spatio-temporal volumes (ensemble of volumes) is considered. These ensembles are used to construct a probabilistic model of video volumes and their spatio-temporal compositions. The algorithm was applied to three available video datasets for action recognition with different complexities (KTH, Weizmann, and MSR II) and the results were superior to other approaches, especially in the case of a single training example and cross-dataset¹ action recognition.     

Human action recognition using an ensemble of body‐part detectors

This paper describes an approach to human action recognition based on a probabilistic optimization model of body parts using hidden Markov model (HMM). Our method is able to distinguish between similar actions by only considering the body parts having major contribution to the actions, for example, legs for walking, jogging and running; arms for boxing, waving and clapping. We apply HMMs to model the stochastic movement of the body parts for action recognition. The HMM construction uses an ensemble of body‐part detectors, followed by grouping of part detections, to perform human identification. Three example‐based body‐part detectors are trained to detect three components of the human body: the head, legs and arms. These detectors cope with viewpoint changes and self‐occlusions through the use of ten sub‐classifiers that detect body parts over a specific range of viewpoints. Each sub‐classifier is a support vector machine trained on features selected for the discriminative power for each particular part/viewpoint combination. Grouping of these detections is performed using a simple geometric constraint model that yields a viewpoint‐invariant human detector. We test our approach on three publicly available action datasets: the KTH dataset, Weizmann dataset and HumanEva dataset. Our results illustrate that with a simple and compact representation we can achieve robust recognition of human actions comparable to the most complex, state‐of‐the‐art methods.     

多模态数据的行为识别综述

行为识别是当前计算机视觉方向中视频理解领域的重要研究课题。从视频中准确提取人体动作的特征并识别动作,能为医疗、安防等领域提供重要的信息,是一个十分具有前景的方向。本文从数据驱动的角度出发,全面介绍了行为识别技术的研究发展,对具有代表性的行为识别方法或模型进行了系统阐述。行为识别的数据分为RGB模态数据、深度模态数据、骨骼模态数据以及融合模态数据。首先介绍了行为识别的主要过程和人类行为识别领域不同数据模态的公开数据集;然后根据数据模态分类,回顾了RGB模态、深度模态和骨骼模态下基于传统手工特征和深度学习的行为识别方法,以及多模态融合分类下RGB模态与深度模态融合的方法和其他模态融合的方法。传统手工特征法包括基于时空体积和时空兴趣点的方法（RGB模态）、基于运动变化和外观的方法（深度模态）以及基于骨骼特征的方法（骨骼模态）等;深度学习方法主要涉及卷积网络、图卷积网络和混合网络,重点介绍了其改进点、特点以及模型的创新点。基于不同模态的数据集分类进行不同行为识别技术的对比分析。通过类别内部和类别之间两个角度对比分析后,得出不同模态的优缺点与适用场景、手工特征法与深度学习法的区别和融合多模态的优势。最后,总结了行为识别技术当前面临的问题和挑战,并基于数据模态的角度提出了未来可行的研究方向和研究重点。     

基于深度时空残差卷积神经网络的课堂教学视频中多人课堂行为识别

针对课堂教学场景遮挡严重、学生众多,以及目前的视频行为识别算法并不适用于课堂教学场景,且尚无学生课堂行为的公开数据集的问题,构建了课堂教学视频库以及学生课堂行为库,提出了基于深度时空残差卷积神经网络的课堂教学视频中实时多人学生课堂行为识别算法.首先,结合实时目标检测和跟踪,得到每个学生的实时图片流;接着,利用深度时空残...     

基于运动方向的异常行为检测

提出了一种基于运动方向的异常行为检测方法. 根据不同行为的运动方向具有不同的规律性, 该方法采用块运动方向描述不同的动作, 并利用支持向量机(Support vector machine, SVM)对实时监控视频进行异常行为检测. 为了减少噪声运动的影响, 同时有效保留小幅度运动的前景目标, 在行为描述之前, 本文采用了背景边缘模型对每一视频帧进行前景帧(有目标出现的视频帧)判断. 在行为描述时, 先提取相应视频段的所有前景帧的块运动方向, 然后对这些运动方向进行归一化直方图统计得到该视频段的行为特征. 在走廊等公共场景中的实验结果表明, 该方法能够对单人以及多人的复杂行为进行有效检测, 对运动过程中目标大小的变化、光照的变化以及噪声等具有较好的鲁棒性, 而且计算复杂度小, 能够实现实时监控.