一组提高存储效率的深度包检测算法

随着深度包检测规则数目的剧烈增长,为了适应网络处理的需求,必须对表示正则表达式的DFA(deterministic finite automata,确定的有限自动机)进行高效的存储.一方面,对DFA的状态点数目进行压缩,提出了一种复合的FSM(有限自动机)的构造方法,通过对正则表达转化成DFA的状态点数目复杂度的分析,将不同复杂度的正则表达式采用不同的方式构建DFA,使得所有平方级和指数级复杂度的状态点数目降低到了线性级.另一方面,对DFA的状态转移数目进行压缩,给出了一种高效的压缩算法,即WD2FA(weighted delayed input DFA,带权延迟DFA)算法,对于任意复杂度的正则表达式都可以将状态转移数目压缩为原来的5%左右,相对于D2FA(delayed input DFA,延迟的DFA)有更好的压缩能力,并且使得D2FA是WD2FA在权值为0情况下的特例.实验结果表明,有限自动机的状态点数目能够控制在线性级,并且在状态点压缩的基础上将状态转移数目压缩为原来的7%.     

基于Bloom filter的高效正则表达式匹配算法*

针对确定有限自动机(DFA)的正则表达式匹配技术存在状态膨胀和一次状态转移只能处理单个字符的问题,提出了一种基于布鲁姆过滤器的正则表达式匹配算法。该算法将正则表达式中的每个确定字符串组成DFA的一个状态,添加比特向量完成匹配过程,并且在一次状态转移中根据确定字符串的匹配结果达到处理多个字符的目的。实验分析表明该算法有效降低了DFA状态的膨胀,提高了匹配速率。     

基于正则表达式的DFA拆分算法研究

深度包检测采用简单的字符串匹配技术将报文内容与一组固定字符串进行匹配,基于正则表达式匹配算法能提供更强的表达能力和灵活性,而复杂的正则表达式结构可能引起DFA的状态数膨胀,导致存储代价巨大;DFA拆分算法将DFA转换表拆分为三个表：间接索引表,转换输出表,直接转换表,实验结果表明DFA所占空间大大减小,实现了DFA的压缩存储。     

一种用于深度包检测的正则表达式分组算法

当前深度包检测算法通常需要将正则表达式转换为NFA或者DFA．但是随着网络带宽的不断增加．NFA和DFA状态占用的存储空间越来越大,极大地考验着系统的存储能力。为了应对这个问题．提出一种基于正则表达式相性的分组算法来对表达式进行分组,实验证明该算法能减少NFA和DFA状态的数量,提高匹配的效率。     

基于膨胀系数的正则表达式分组算法

确定性有限自动机(Det­erministic Finite Automata, DFA)匹配速度远快于非确定性有限状态自动机(Non-deterministic Finite state Autom­ata, NFA),但大量正则表达式转换为DFA时会引起状态爆炸而占用巨大的存储空间。首先定义膨胀系数(Expansion Coefficient, EC)来描述正则表达式的膨胀特性,然后在膨胀系数这一概念基础上,提出一种高效的分组算法--IGA(Improved Grouping Algorithm)算法对正则表达式进行有效分组,将容易引起状态爆炸的正则表达式相互隔离,从而节省存储空间。实验结果表明,与原有算法相比,在相同分组数目时IGA算法平均能够减少25%的状态数。     

正则表达式分组的1/(1-1/k)-近似算法

对正则表达式集合进行分组是解决DFA状态膨胀问题的一种重要方法.已有的分组算法大都是启发式的或蛮力的,分组效果很差.分析了DFA状态膨胀的原因,总结了某些正则表达式间的冲突状况.证明了当冲突非负和冲突独立时,正则表达式集合的最优k分组问题可归结为最大k割问题,从而说明该问题是NP-Hard的.基于局部搜索的思想,提出了一种分组算法GRELS来解决分组问题,并证明对最大k割问题,该算法的近似比是1/(1-1/k)与已有的分组算法相比,当分组数目相同时,GRELS算法分组结果的状态总数最少,并且集合发生变化时所需的更新时间最短.     

一种正则表达式的高效分组算法

正则表达式（Regular Expression,RE）因其强大的表达能力和简单性正取代精确字符串（explicitstring）成为描述模式（pattern）的首选。在网络应用中,基于DFA（确定有限自动机）的正则表达式匹配技术通常用于网络流量实时处理、病毒检测等系统中。随着正则表达式的数量不断增加,DFA的存储空间急剧膨胀导致Cache的命中率大大降低,最终影响匹配的性能。提出了一种高效的正则表达式分组算法,通过合理地将正则表达式分组来大大降低DFA所需的存储空间。还尝试提出了评价正则表达式分组算法的一些指标。     

一种获得有限自动机状态间关系的高效算法

正则表达式匹配在网络安全应用中发挥着重要的作用.确定有限自动机(deterministic finite automaton,DFA)具有高速稳健的性能,因而更适合于在骨干网络环境下执行正则表达式匹配.然而,DFA存在状态膨胀的问题.很多研究工作基于状态关系来解决DFA的状态膨胀问题.然而目前对如何获得状态间的关系仍然缺少一种时空高效的解决办法.提出了一个通过有限自动机(finite automaton,FA)的活跃状态集来准确计算状态关系的算法,并给出了一个高效的获取所有活跃状态集的方法.实验结果证明,该方法不仅能准确地得到状态关系,而且其空间占用和时间消耗仅是已有方法的1?256和15%左右.     

面向高效深度包检测的启发式正则表达式分组算法*

经过对正则表达式合并DFA状态爆炸问题的分析,采用正则表达式两两合并DFA的状态增加数之和衡量多个正则表达式合并后真实的状态增加情况,将正则表达式最优分组问题归约为带权无向图的k-最大割问题。在此基础上,提出一种面向高效深度包检测的启发式正则表达式分组算法REG-EDPI。采用贪婪策略构造初始解,引入移除参数进行迭代优化。实验表明相比于其他算法,REG-EDPI算法能够在合理的运行时间内,获得更优的分组策略,具有更强的实际应用价值。     

面向深度包检测的DFA细粒度并行匹配方法

确定性有限自动机(DFA)是实现正则表达式匹配的一种有效手段,但DFA的状态跳转是串行的,导致匹配速度慢、难以满足高速骨干网环境深度包检测(DPI)的性能需求.提出了一种称为LBDFA(Loopback DFA)的细粒度并行化状态跳转方法,通过将在Loopback状态上的连续跳转并行化,提高了匹配速度.此外,利用Bloom filter消除该并行跳转中的临时偏离现象,进一步提高了并行潜力.在L7-filter以及Snort规则集上的测试结果表明,LBDFA能够满足10Gbps以上的正则表达式匹配需求.     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.     

A pragmatic multi-method investigation of discrepant technological events: Coping,attributions, and ‘accidental’ learning

Discrepant technological events or situations that entail a problem, a misunderstanding or a difficulty with the Information Technology (IT) being employed, are common in the workplace, and can lead to frustration and avoidance behaviors. Little is known, however, about how individuals cope with these events. This paper examines these events by using a multi-method pragmatic approach informed by coping theory. The results of two studies – a critical incident study and an experiment – serve to build and test, respectively, a theoretical model that posits that individuals use a variety of strategies when dealing with these events: they experience negative emotions, make external attributions, and adopt engagement coping strategies directed at solving the event, eventually switching to a disengagement coping strategy when they feel they have no control over the situation. Furthermore, users’ efforts may result in ‘accidental’ learning as they try to overcome the discrepant IT events through engagement coping. The paper ends with a discussion of the results in light of existing literature, future opportunities for research, and implications for practice.     

The Distributed Time-Triggered Simulation Scheme: Core Principles and Supporting Execution Engine

Distributed real-time simulation is a young technology field but its practice is under increasing demands. In recent years the author and his collaborators have been establishing a new approach called the distributed time-triggered simulation (DTS) scheme which is conceptually simple and easy to use but widely applicable. The concept was initiated in the course of developing a new-generation object-oriented real-time programming scheme called the time-triggered message-triggered object (TMO) programming scheme. Some fundamental issues inherent in distributed real-time simulation that were learned during recent experimental studies are discussed along with some approaches for resolving the issues. An execution engine developed to support both the TMOs engaged in control computation and the TMOs engaged in DTS is also discussed along with its possible extensions that will enable significantly larger-scale DTSs.     

Software-Konfigurationsmanagement in großen Softwareprojekten

Zusammenfassung Mit zunehmender Größe der Softwaresysteme verschärfen sich die für die Software-Herstellung typischen Probleme: Beherrschen großer Objektmengen, Erhalten der Systemkonsistenz, Kontrolle der ständigen Änderungseinflüsse und Gewährleisten einer langen Lebensdauer. Die Disziplin Konfigurationsmanagement bildet den methodischen Ansatz, diese Probleme besser zu beherrschen. Software-Konfigurationsmanagement faßt die Herstellung von Softwaresystemen als eine Abfolge von kontrollierten Änderungen an gesicherten Zwischen- und Endergebnissen auf. Dargestellt werden die Objekte und Funktionen des Software-Konfigurationsmanagements sowie die hierfür in großen Software-Projekten benötigten Methoden, Instanzen und Hilfsmittel.     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and     

Editorial:Brain-machine interface(BMI) and cyborg intelligence

正Brain-machine interfaces(BMIs)aim at building a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device,and represent an area of research where significant progress has been made during the past decade.Based on BMIs,mind information can be read out by neural signals to control     

Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate     

SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Information for Authors

正http://www.zju.edu.cn/jzus http://www.springerlink.com Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)are edited by the international board of distinguished Chinese and foreign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest developments and achievements in scientific research in China and overseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulate