IEA News

Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) allows complex, sociotechnical systems to be explored in terms of their potential configurations. However, CWA does not explicitly analyse the manner in which person-to-person communication is performed in these configurations. Consequently, the combination of CWA with Social Network Analysis provides a means by which CWA output can be analysed to consider communication structure. The approach is illustrated through a case study of a military planning team. The case study shows how actor-to-actor and actor-to-function mapping can be analysed, in terms of centrality, to produce metrics of system structure under different operating conditions.     

Designing sociotechnical systems with cognitive work analysis: putting theory back into practice

Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is a framework of methods for analysing complex sociotechnical systems. However, the translation from the outputs of CWA to design is not straightforward. Sociotechnical systems theory provides values and principles for the design of sociotechnical systems which may offer a theoretically consistent basis for a design approach for use with CWA. This article explores the extent to which CWA and sociotechnical systems theory offer complementary perspectives and presents an abstraction hierarchy (AH), based on a review of literature, that describes an ‘optimal’ CWA and sociotechnical systems theory design system. The optimal AH is used to assess the extent to which current CWA-based design practices, uncovered through a survey of CWA practitioners, aligns with sociotechnical systems theory. Recommendations for a design approach that would support the integration of CWA and sociotechnical systems theory design values and principles are also derived.     

航空电子全双工交换式以太网及其关键技术研究

随着新一代航空电子综合化程度的不断提高,航空电子系统对其数据网络的吞吐量、速率和延迟等提出了更高的要求,传统的航空总线协议已不能满足未来航空电子高速数据通信的要求.介绍了一种新型高速的总线协议--全双工交换式以太网(AFDX),首先介绍了其体系结构和组成,然后对其设计中使用的关键技术作了详细介绍.     

民航气象传真广播系统通信机制分析

在民航改造的气象传真广播系统（简称621系统）中,通信分系统是最重要也是最复杂的分系统。该文对民航气象传真广播系统的通信机制进行了详细的分析,主要阐述了气象传真广播系统中通信分系统的整体架构,通信服务器业务处理流程和各通信进程之间的相互关系,预报平台所发数据的处理流程,以及数据库服务器接收数据流程。可作为今后日常维护和管理整个系统的有益参考。     

大数据下民航运输路线自动变更系统设计

为了提高民航运输路线规划统计和调度能力,从而指导民航运输路线管理,提出一种基于大数据的民航运输路线规划自动变更系统。采用ZigBee分布式组网信息调度技术进行民航运输路线规划统计大数据提取,结合民航路线组网信息识别和模式调度进行民航运输路线规划统计大数据采样后的关联属性特征提取,采用大数据自适应规划技术进行民航运输路线自动变更的大数据模糊聚类和属性特征识别处理,构建物联网信息管理平台进行民航运输路线自动变更数据的分布式协同调度,在物联网簇中将所有成员节点采集的民航运输路线规划统计数据进行均衡配置,采用关联积分学习方法进行民航运输路线规划统计大数据分类处理,根据分类结果实现对民航运输路线规划的分布式协同调度。在RMS MultiMeter集成信息处理器中实现民航运输路线自动变更系统开发设计。系统测试结果表明,该系统能有效实现民航运输路线自动变更和规划设计,系统的可靠性较高,稳定性较好。     

An expert system for wide area network component configuration

Abstract: Many organizations today have an interest in communications networks, either as users of public networks or as operators of their own private networks. Thus, the management of communications networks has become an important issue in the communications industry. The network design task is fundamental to the whole notion of network management; however, with the rapid rate of change in network technology and the emergence of highly sophisticated network users, network design has become an increasingly complex problem.
The purpose of this paper is to describe a development effort which incorporates expert systems techniques to treat one aspect of the network design problem—the initial planning and design of a network prior to implementation. The research effort was concerned with developing an expert system for Amdahl Communications Products which could be used by sales engineers in designing wide area networks to meet specified customer requirements. The system treats both the topological design problem and the component configuration problem.     

Datalink in air traffic management: Human factors issues in communications

This paper examines issues underpinning the potential move in aviation away from real speech radiotelephony (R/T) communications towards datalink communications involving text and synthetic speech communications. Using a novel air traffic control (ATC) task, two experiments are reported. Experiment 1 compared the use of speech and text while Experiment 2 compared the use of real and synthetic speech communications. Results indicated that generally there were no significant differences between speech and text communications and that either type could be used without any main effects on performance. However, a number of specific differences were observed across the different phases of the scenarios indicating that workload levels may be more varied when speech communications are used. Experiment 2 illustrated that participants placed a greater level of trust in real speech than synthetic speech, and trusted true communications more than false communications (regardless of whether they were real or synthetic voices). The findings are considered in terms of datalink initiatives for future air traffic management, the importance placed on real speech R/T communications, and the need to develop more natural synthetic speech in this application area.     

计算机红外成像仿真

利用计算机生成的景物红外图像广泛地应用于红外成像系统评估、算法改进、人员训练、任务制定、飞机设计、遥感测量以及多传感器的景物表示等方面，因此它具有重要的研究价值。本文概述了当今国内外计算机红外成像仿真的研究方法及现状，并对其未来的发展趋势进行展望。     

基于UML的军用ATS体系结构分析与设计方法

体系结构分析与设计主要用于描述系统的接口、功能及结构的初步实现,是将系统需求映射成体系结构的活动。为保证开发的军用ATS体系结构能够反映和满足系统需求,其体系结构分析与设计必须在一定的方法指导下进行,为此提出了基于UML的军用ATS体系结构分析与设计方法,并结合一个“虚拟仪器测试引擎开发”的实例,对使用UML的体系结构面向对象分析与设计方法进行了具体论述。     

Designing teams for first-of-a-kind, complex systems using the initial phases of cognitive work analysis: case study

We present a technique for team design based on cognitive work analysis (CWA). We first develop a rationale for this technique by discussing the limitations of conventional approaches for team design in light of the special characteristics of first-of-a-kind, complex systems. We then introduce the CWA-based technique for team design and provide a case study of how we used this technique to design a team for a first-of-a-kind, complex military system during the early stages of its development. In addition to illustrating the CWA-based technique by example, the case study allows us to evaluate the technique. This case study demonstrates that the CWA-based technique for team design is both feasible and useful, although empirical validation of the technique is still necessary. Applications of this work include the design of teams for first-of-a-kind, complex systems in military, medical, and industrial domains.     

Tracing Requirements Errors to Problems in the Requirements Engineering Process

A case study of requirements engineering practice is reported. The application, a decision support system for the Greek Ministry of Health, was investigated by studying the process of requirements analysis through to design and implementation. A usability analysis was then conducted on the designed system with the users. Several usability problems were discovered, and interviews uncovered further problems with the system that could be attributed to failure in requirements engineering (RE). Even though requirements were explicitly stated and the system was an evolution from an existing legacy system, functionality was defective and usability was poor. The client’s prime concern for redeveloping the system was to improve usability; unfortunately communications problems in the RE process meant that the developers did not appreciate this. The implications for RE methods and understanding the RE process are discussed.     

Integrated Vehicle Configuration System—Connecting the domains of mass customization

Configuration design for mass customized vehicles necessitates the coordination of customer requirements, product characteristics, production processes, and logistics networks, in order to achieve rapid response to customer orders. Existing product configurators are mainly used as sales tools, and fail to account for the requirements of the entire customer order fulfillment process. In this regard, this paper proposes an Integrated Vehicle Configuration System (IVCS) to facilitate customer order processing based on information from multiple domains in a mass customization environment. An IVCS business model is proposed to incorporate the decision factors for configuration design related to different planning stages. The business model is supported by a comprehensive ontology framework, which enhances communications between different stakeholders involved in the order fulfillment process. The configuration approach is based on combinations of selective and generative rules and can be integrated with existing ERP systems. It also provides mechanisms to handle configuration rules that allow users to convert soft preferences into product specifications, bill-of-materials, and, furthermore, into logistics configurations. An example of a computerized configuration system showcases the process from customer engineering to design and production.     

A methodological framework for systemic design and evaluation of computer aids for planning and decision support

This paper discusses methodological design and evaluation frameworks that appear to have general applicability. The design methodology has specific relevance for the design of systemic process aids to planning and decisionmaking and, potentially, to other system design efforts as well. A five-phase iterative methodology is suggested. The paper discusses objectives for systemic process aids, requirements to be accomplished in each of the five phases of the design methodology, and leadership requirement considerations as they affect the design of systemic process aids realized by use of the methodological design framework. A framework for evaluation of systemic aids is also presented. The resulting evaluation methodology may be incorporated into the design methodology or used independently to evaluate existing or proposed aids for planning, forecasting and decision support.     

基于卡尔曼滤波和AHP的航空管制航空器应急指挥效能评估

近年来,航空安全问题引人关注。传统航空应急指挥系统模型建立存在线性信号分析失常、应急指挥模型时效性滞后、空中管制系统信号算法穿透力差等问题,无法满足现代航空安全应急指挥的要求。针对传统航空应急指挥系统存在的问题,提出基于卡尔曼滤波和AHP的航空管制航空器应急指挥系统设计。利用卡尔曼滤波良好的线性分析能力与抗干扰性,结合AHP航空数据分析式,设计出针对性强的航空管制航空器应急指挥系统,并对设计系统进行指挥应用模型的效能评估。评估数据表明,提出的基于卡尔曼滤波和AHP的航空管制航空器应急指挥系统设计满足航空管制应急的使用要求。     

利用ATM技术建设的民航通信网络

目前,民航空管系统的通信网络主要是由平面通信网和地空通信网这两个互相独立的网络组成。文章以民航ATM网为主干,讨论了民航空管系统通信网络建设的发展方向即民航平面通信网和地空通信网互连、互通的可能性以及在技术上所遇到的挑战。展望了语音、数据、视频3网合1在民航通信网中的发展前景。     

基于HLA的短波网络仿真平台设计

采用仿真的方法对短波通信网进行网络规划和应用研究是一种有效的途径,在研究外军通信网络仿真系统的基础上,建立基于HLA标准和网络仿真软件OPNET的短波网络仿真平台,规划该平台的主要构成和工作流程,分析其开发的关键技术。结果证明该平台的建设有利于短波通信网络的优化配置及性能分析。