SDN环境下的LDoS攻击检测与防御技术

低速率拒绝服务(LDoS)攻击是一种新型的网络攻击方式,其特点是攻击成本低,隐蔽性强。作为一种新型的网络架构,软件定义网络(SDN)同样面临着LDoS攻击的威胁。但SDN网络的控制与转发分离、网络行为可编程等特点又为LDoS攻击的检测和防御提供了新的思路。提出了一种基于OpenFlow协议的LDoS攻击检测和防御方法。通过对每条OpenFlow数据流的速率单独进行统计,并利用信号检测中的双滑动窗口法实现对攻击流量的检测,一旦检测到攻击流量,控制器便可以通过下发流表的方式实现对攻击行为的实时防御。实验表明,该方法能够有效检测出LDoS攻击,并能够在较短时间内实现对攻击行为的防御。     

一种基于小波特征提取的低速率DoS 检测方法

低速率拒绝服务攻击(low-rate denial-of-service,简称LDoS)比传统的DDoS(distributed DoS)攻击更具隐蔽 性和欺骗性,依据其周期性脉冲突发特点,设计实现了一种基于小波特征提取的LDoS 检测系统DSBWA(detection system based on wavelet analysis).该系统以到达检测节点的数据包数目为研究对象,通过小波多尺度分析,结合 LDoS 的攻击规律提取5 个特征指标,在此基础上采用BP 神经网络进行综合诊断.一旦检测出LDoS 攻击,系统定位 攻击脉冲数据的到达时刻以获得攻击者的相关信息.NS-2 模拟实验结果表明,DSBWA 具有高检测率和低误警率,并 且能够检测出LDoS 变种攻击,消耗计算资源少,具有良好的实用价值.     

一种针对LDoS攻击的分布式协同检测方法

针对近年来提出的一类新型攻击--低速率拒绝服务攻击(LDoS:Low-rate Denial of Service),提出一种位于中间网络的分布式协同检测方法DCLD(Distributed Collaborative Ldos Detection).该方法运用小波分析从多角度对LDoS攻击进行特征提取,并根据D-S证据理论,组合各种特征证据对攻击进行综合判决.各检测节点之间采用分布式协同算法实现信息交互.模拟实验结果表明,DCLD能够以较高精确度检测LDoS攻击及其分布式形式,并于靠近攻击源处对其进行响应,有效减小了攻击及防范机制本身对合法流量的影响.     

面向SDN拓扑发现的LDoS攻击防御技术研究

准确获取网络拓扑是软件定义网络（Software?Defined?Network,SDN）中控制器进行有效决策的前提,而现有拓扑发现机制难以有效应对低速率拒绝服务（Low rate Denial of Service,LDoS）攻击等行为。通过理论和实验分析LDoS攻击对SDN拓扑发现造成的影响,提出了一种面向SDN拓扑发现的LDoS攻击防御机制TopoGuard。TopoGuard根据LDoS攻击的周期性特征,通过连续突发检测快速发现存在的疑似攻击场景,并基于主动链路识别策略避免攻击行为造成网络拓扑中断。最后,在OpenDaylight控制器上实现了TopoGuard。实验结果显示,TopoGuard能够有效检测和防御LDoS攻击行为,保证控制器获取全局拓扑信息的正确性。     

一种高效抵御SIP洪泛攻击的防御模型

根据会话初始协议(SIP)拒绝服务攻击的原理和方式,将阈值动态调整和实时动态防御相结合,提出一种抵御SIP洪泛攻击的防御模型,利用卡方流量判定模型与累计和统计模型动态调整阈值,并检测SIP洪泛攻击,通过IP防御模型动态抵御基于IP的SIP洪泛攻击。实验结果表明,该模型可以实时、高效地检测SIP洪泛攻击,在异常发生时有效防止SIP/ IMS服务器被攻击。     

基于URL动态映射的HTTP DDOS防御模型

应用层分布式拒绝服务攻击(APP-DDoS)越来越普遍,也更加难以防御。针对常见且攻击效果明显的HTTP服务DDoS攻击,提出一种基于URL动态映射的防御模型。通过对客户端请求的资源地址进行动态映射,隐藏资源的真实物理地址,保证只有在映射地址有效时,用户才能获得Web服务器的真正资源响应。实验验证,该模型通过URL动态映射技术使攻击者在发起攻击时无法准确定位攻击资源,从而确保了正常用户对应用层资源的有效访问,提高了应用层HTTP服务的抗攻击性。     

软件定义网络环境下的低速率拒绝服务攻击检测方法

低速率拒绝服务（LDoS）攻击是一种拒绝服务（DoS）攻击改进形式,因其攻击平均速率低、隐蔽性强,使得检测LDoS攻击成为难点。针对上述难点,提出了一种在软件定义网络（SDN）的架构下,基于加权均值漂移-K均值算法（WMS-Kmeans）的LDoS攻击检测方法。首先,通过获取OpenFlow交换机的流表信息,分析并提取出SDN环境下LDoS攻击流量的六元组特征;然后,利用平均绝对值百分比误差作为均值漂移聚类中欧氏距离的权值,以此产生的簇心作为K-Means的初始中心对流表进行聚类,从而实现LDoS攻击的检测。实验结果表明：在SDN环境下,所提方法对LDoS攻击具有较好的检测性能,平均检测率达到99.29%,平均误警率和平均漏警率分别为1.97%和0.69%。     

二阶SQL注入攻击防御模型

随着互联网技术的快速发展,Web应用程序的使用也日趋广泛,其中基于数据库的Web应用程序己经广泛用于企业的各种业务系统中。然而由于开发人员水平和经验参差不齐,使得Web应用程序存在大量安全隐患。影响Web应用程序安全的因素有很多,其中SQL注入攻击是最常见且最易于实施的攻击,且SQL注入攻击被认为是危害最广的。因此,做好SQL注入攻击的防范工作对于保证Web应用程序的安全十分关键,如何更有效地防御SQL注入攻击成为重要的研究课题。SQL注入攻击利用结构化查询语言的语法进行攻击。传统的SQL注入攻击防御模型是从用户输入过滤和SQL语句语法比较的角度进行防御,当数据库中的恶意数据被拼接到动态SQL语句时,就会导致二阶SQL注入攻击。文章在前人研究的基础上提出了一种基于改进参数化的二阶SQL注入攻击防御模型。该模型主要包括输入过滤模块、索引替换模块、语法比较模块和参数化替换模块。实验表明,该模型对于二阶SQL注入攻击具有很好的防御能力。     

DDoS攻击实时检测防御系统的硬件实现

分布式拒绝服务攻击是因特网安全的头号威胁.针对DDoS攻击,本文介绍了一种基于MPC860和FPGA的实时检测防御系统的体系结构与实现原理,探讨了基于非参数累积和(CUSUM)算法检测新IP地址到达速率变化的DDoS攻击检测方法.实验结果表明该系统不仅实时检测准确性高、在线检测速度快、防御效果好,而且不损失网络信息吞吐量,保证了合法用户的正常访问.     

抵御SIP分布式洪泛攻击的入侵防御系统

针对SIP分布式洪泛攻击检测与防御的研究现状,结合基于IP的分布式洪泛攻击和SIP消息的特点,提出了一种面向SIP分布式洪泛攻击的两级防御分布式拒绝服务(DDoS)攻击体系结构(TDASDFA):一级防御子系统(FDS)和二级防御子系统(SDS)。FDS对SIP的信令流进行粗粒度检测与防御,旨在过滤非VoIP消息和丢弃超出指定速率的IP地址的SIP信令,保证服务的可用性;SDS利用一种基于安全级别设定的攻击减弱方法对SIP信令流进行细粒度检测,并过滤具有明显DoS攻击特征的恶意攻击和低流量攻击。FDS和SDS协同工作来实时检测网络状况,减弱SIP分布式洪泛攻击。实验结果表明,TDASDFA能实时地识别和防御SIP分布式洪泛攻击,并且在异常发生时有效地减弱SIP代理服务器/IMS服务器被攻击的可能性。     

低速率拒绝服务攻击研究与进展综述

低速率拒绝服务攻击是新型的拒绝服务攻击,对Internet的安全造成严重的潜在威胁,引起众多研究者的兴趣和重视,成为网络安全领域的重要研究课题之一.自2003年以来,研究者先后刻画了Shrew攻击、降质攻击、脉冲拒绝服务攻击和分布式拒绝服务攻击等多种低速率拒绝服务攻击方式,并提出了相应的检测防范方法.从不同角度对这种新型攻击的基本机理和攻击方法进行了深入的研究;对TCP拥塞控制机制进行了安全性分析,探讨了引起安全问题的原因;对现有的各种各样的LDoS攻击防范和检测方案,从多个方面进行了分类总结和分析评价;最后总结了当前研究中出现的问题,并展望了未来研究发展的趋势,希望能为该领域的研究者提供一些有益的启示.     

An approach for detecting LDoS attack based on cloud model

Cybersecurity has always been the focus of Internet research. An LDoS attack is an intelligent type of DoS attack, which reduces the quality of network service by periodically sending high-speed but short-pulse attack traffic. Because of its concealment and low average rate, the traditional DoS attack detection methods are challenging to be effective. The existing LDoS attack detection methods generally have the problems of high FPR and FNR. A cloud model-based LDoS attack detection method is proposed, and a classifier based on SVM is used to train and classify the feature parameters. The detection method is verified and tested in the NS2 simulation platform and Test-bed network environment. Compared with the existing research results, the proposed method requires fewer samples, and it has lower FPR and FNR.     

低速率拒绝服务攻击研究综述

低速率拒绝服务攻击是近年来提出的一类新型攻击,其不同于传统洪泛式DoS攻击,主要是利用端系统或网络中常见的自适应机制所存在的安全漏洞,通过低速率周期性攻击流,以更高的攻击效率对受害者进行破坏且不易被发现。LDoS攻击自提出以来便得到了研究者们的充分重视,其攻击特征分析与检测防范方法逐渐成为网络安全领域的一个重要研究课题。首先对目前已提出的各种LDoS攻击方式进行了分类描述和建模,并在NS2平台上进行了实验验证,接着对LDoS攻击的检测防范难点进行了讨论并对已有的各种检测防范方案进行了小结,最后指出了有待进一步研究的几个问题,以期为今后此类攻击检测防范研究工作提供参考。     

Evaluation of a low-rate DoS attack against iterative servers

This paper presents a low-rate DoS attack that could be launched against iterative servers. Such an attack takes advantage of the vulnerability consisting in the possibility of forecasting the instant at which an iterative server will generate a response to a client request. This knowledge could allow a potential intruder to overflow application buffers with relatively low-rate traffic to the server, thus avoiding the usual DoS IDS detection techniques. Besides the fundamentals of the attack, the authors also introduce a mathematical model for evaluating the efficiency of this kind of attack. The evaluation is contrasted with both simulated and real implementations. Some variants of the attack are also studied. The overall results derived from this work show how the proposed low-rate DoS attack could cause an important negative impact on the performance of iterative servers.     

Mathematical Model for Low-Rate DoS Attacks Against Application Servers

In recent years, variants of denial of service (DoS) attacks that use low-rate traffic have been proposed, including the Shrew attack, reduction of quality attacks, and low-rate DoS attacks against application servers (LoRDAS). All of these are flooding attacks that take advantage of vulnerability in the victims for reducing the rate of the traffic. Although their implications and impact have been comprehensively studied, mainly by means of simulation, there is a need for mathematical models by which the behaviour of these sometimes complex processes can be described. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model for the LoRDAS attack. This model allows us to evaluate its performance by relating it to the configuration parameters of the attack and the dynamics of network and victim. The model is validated by comparing the performance values given against those obtained from a simulated environment. In addition, some applicability issues for the model are contributed, together with interpretation guidelines to the model's behaviour. Finally, experience of the model enables us to make some recommendations for the challenging task of building defense techniques against this attack.      

Defense techniques for low-rate DoS attacks against application servers

Low-rate denial of service (DoS) attacks have recently emerged as new strategies for denying networking services. Such attacks are capable of discovering vulnerabilities in protocols or applications behavior to carry out a DoS with low-rate traffic. In this paper, we focus on a specific attack: the low-rate DoS attack against application servers, and address the task of finding an effective defense against this attack.Different approaches are explored and four alternatives to defeat these attacks are suggested. The techniques proposed are based on modifying the way in which an application server accepts incoming requests. They focus on protective measures aimed at (i) preventing an attacker from capturing all the positions in the incoming queues of applications, and (ii) randomizing the server operation to eliminate possible vulnerabilities due to predictable behaviors.We extensively describe the suggested techniques, discussing the benefits and drawbacks for each under two criteria: the attack efficiency reduction obtained, and the impact on the normal operation of the server. We evaluate the proposed solutions in a both a simulated and a real environment, and provide guidelines for their implementation in a production system.