GF-5卫星高光谱数据大气校正反射率精度评价

反射率是高光谱遥感数据应用的基础,直接关系到高光谱应用效能和质量。目前,对国产GF-5卫星高光谱数据的精确大气校正反射率精度评价方法尚未有全面深入的研究,这严重制约了国产高光谱遥感数据的高质量应用。针对此问题,综合采用6S模型和FLAASH模块,选取了三个实验区的三种典型地物及外业光谱数据,采用三种定量化指标进行大气校正,得出了以下结论:三种地物大气校正反射率与实测反射率曲线特征基本一致,黑土地的大气校正反射率光谱最优,水体由于反射率数值较低,大气校正反射率光谱稍差;可见光近红外波段大气校正效果优于短波红外波段;6S模型大气校正结果略优于FLAASH模块,更适用于GF-5卫星高光谱影像。     

Sentinel-2A卫星大气校正方法及校正效果

针对Sentinel-2A卫星大气校正研究的不足,对Sentinel-2A大气校正方法进行介绍,并选取森林、水体、城市建筑物3种地物为研究对象,分析Sentinel-2A单波段通道大气校正前后反射率变化;以Landsat-8、高分一号(GF-1)为辅助数据,从3种传感器大气校正后均质像元反射率曲线、大气校正前后植被指数变化3个方面进行研究。结果表明:1)Sentinel-2A大气校正后,可见光通道反射率变小,波长越长,大气校正效果越不显著;近红外、短波红外反射率增加。2)大气校正后,3种数据源同种地物光谱曲线趋于一致,其中Sentinel-2A水体与植被光谱曲线更能反映地物特征。3)与Landsat-8相比,Sentinel-2A、GF-1WFV1大气校正后林地NDVI明显增大,Sentinel-2A高植被覆盖区增大,低植被覆盖区减小,最能反映植被特征;Sentinel-2ANDWI变化不如Landsat-8NDWI变化显著。     

基于MODIS大气产品的天宫一号高光谱成像仪数据大气校正研究

天宫一号(TG-1)搭载的高光谱成像仪获取了大量的高光谱数据,可用于国土资源、农林业和油气矿产等领域的研究。但由于遥感成像时会受到大气的干扰,因此需要首先进行大气校正,消除大气的影响,才能进行遥感定量分析与应用。利用准同步的中分辨率成像光谱仪MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)大气参数产品,结合6S辐射传输模型对天宫一号高光谱成像仪数据进行大气校正,并利用地面测量光谱和同步MODIS反射率数据对结果进行了验证。结果表明:经过大气校正后,天宫一号高光谱成像仪数据和地面测量光谱一致性较好,所有样点的相关系数都大于0.97,最大均方根误差为0.088。和MODIS反射相比,各波段回归直线的斜率接近1,且R²都大于0.8。     

HJ-1A/B星地表反照率生成算法与检验

提出了适合环境与灾害监测预报小卫星-A、B星(简称HJ-1A/B星)CCD相机的大气订正算法,并基于不同地表特性和大气条件下的辐射传输模拟数据,建立HJ-1A/B星的窄波段向宽波段反照率转换的模型.利用多级灰阶靶标实测数据、敦煌检验场实测数据验证了大气订正算法以及转换模型的可靠性和精度,并将HJ-1A/B星影像数据计算的反照率产品与同时相的MODIS反照率产品进行对比分析.结果表明:文章提出的HJ-1A/B星CCD相机大气订正算法可有效校正大气影响;窄波段向宽波段反照率转换模型反演的反照率精度可靠;基于研究成果生成的HJ-1A/B星地表反照率与MODIS反照率产品一致性较好,满足后续遥感数据定量化模型研究的精度需要.     

基于查找表的塔基平台O_2-A波段大气校正方法研究

塔基光谱观测是连接通量站点与卫星遥感数据间的重要桥梁,而水平地表与塔基平台之间大气吸收、散射的作用对O_2-A等大气吸收波段的影响难以忽略。首先,分析了大气辐射传输对塔基平台上下行辐射的影响,建立了基于上下行透过率的大气校正方法,即通过直射光透光率和总的透过率校正上下行辐射的影响。其次,利用中分辨率大气传输模型的模拟数据,定量分析了550 nm气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth at 550 nm,AOD_(550))、辐射传输路径长度对大气透过率的影响,并建立了基于近红外与红光波段下行辐照度比值和太阳天顶角的AOD_(550)查找表(Look-up Table,LUT),以及基于AOD_(550)和辐射传输路径长度的上下行大气透过率LUT。最后,利用塔基平台观测的不同生育期玉米冠层光谱数据,分析了大气校正前后O_2-A波段吸收线内外表观反射率的差异。结果表明:基于AOD_(550)和辐射传输路径长度的LUT大气校正方法,可以较好地校正塔基平台O_2-A吸收波段大气上下行辐射传输的影响,为塔基平台的日光诱导叶绿素荧光观测等应用提供了重要方法支持。     

高光谱图像大气校正自动化与快速处理北大核心CSCD

全谱段宽幅高分辨率推扫式光谱成像仪作为我国新一代航空高光谱成像仪已进入应用校飞阶段,文章针对其TB/日数量级高光谱图像快速处理问题,对大气校正过程的参数自动化设置方法和并行加速方法进行研究。在传统基于辐射传输模型的大气校正基础上,分析了可见近红外和短波红外通道是否波段合并、重合波段优选、大气类型选择、是否水汽反演、水汽吸收波段选择等方面对反射率反演精度的影响,实现了参数优化自动设置,并开发了并行化大气校正算法。以吉林榆树和辽宁辽中的数据进行验证,结果表明,反演反射率与参考真值反射率一致性高,同时处理速度比串行处理大大提高,可为高光谱反射率数据产品的业务化生产提供有力工具。     

中国风云二号SVISSR传感器热红外波段与AIRS/Aqua的交叉辐射定标

对高光谱卷积法进行了改进,实现了卫星影像之间的亚像素匹配和粗差的剔除,对搭载在中国“风云二号”(FY-2) C、D和E星上的伸展的可见光和红外自旋转扫描辐射计(SVISSR)的两个热红外波段IR1 (~10.9 μm)和IR2 (~11.9 μm)与搭载在Aqua卫星上的大气红外探空仪(AIRS)高光谱波段进行交叉辐射定标。基于SVISSR/FY-2和AIRS/Aqua对地观测的几何特性,选取研究区域覆盖41.5°~149.5°E、10°S~10°N的范围,利用该研究区域2006年12月、2007年9月和12月、2009年9月和2010年5月的SVISSR/FY-2标称数据和AIRS/Aqua红外1B数据,在同地点、同一天太阳天顶角之差的绝对值小于2°、观测天顶角之差的绝对值小于3°和相对方位角之差的绝对值小于6°的匹配条件下,提取匹配的观测点对,然后对匹配观测点对进行回归分析,得到交叉辐射定标系数。结果表明:SVISSR/FY-2波段观测值与卷积得到的AIRS/Aqua观测值之间高度线性相关,且SVISSR/FY\|2的两个热红外波段相对于AIRS/Aqua波段存在定标偏差。并给出了交叉辐射定标系数。     

高程和大气模式对FLAASH模型校正结果的影响

为探讨FLAASH大气校正模型对高程和大气模式参数的敏感性,以中纬度夏季和亚极地夏季大气模式过渡区的两景Landsat8 OLI遥感影像为基础,从高程、大气模式及其综合作用进行了对比分析。实验结果表明:①单景影像而言,FLAASH模型与高程和两种大气模式敏感性不强,各波段反射率平均值相差在0.21%以内;②在相邻两景影像重叠区,FLAASH模型与高程和大气模式敏感性明显加强,可见光波段反射率均值相差在0.5%~1.29%之间;③FLAASH模型能有效去除Landsat8影像的大气影响,并使图像信息增强,大气校正的作用效果在短波波段更加明显。
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资源一号02D高光谱数据大气校正及应用北大核心CSCD

针对高光谱数据大气校正耗时长和查找表构建不准确等问题,提出基于MODTRAN辐射传输模型实时创建大气校正参数查找表的方法,并应用于水体叶绿素浓度反演。首先,基于高光谱数据实时构建大气校正参数查找表;其次,根据循环迭代反演得到水汽含量和气溶胶光学厚度对查找表插值得到各个波段的大气校正参数,从而完成所有波段数据的大气校正;最后,选择植被、土壤和水体3类典型地物精度分析,并基于反演水体的叶绿素a浓度验证大气校正精度的可靠性。实验结果表明:该方法明显优于6S、FLAASH等大气校正方法;在运行效率上,在多线程并行加速后,运行效率提升了2~4倍;基于水体反射率数据反演水体叶绿素a浓度,反演模型预测集验证中ρ为0.804 7,RMSE为1.8。     

新庙泡叶绿素a浓度高光谱定量模型研究

利用吉林省新庙泡的高光谱实测数据和水质采样分析数据,尝试通过单波段、波段比值、一阶微分和峰谷间距法建立叶绿素a反演模型。结果表明:单波段光谱反射率与叶绿素a浓度的相关性较差,不宜用于该区域的叶绿素a浓度估算;680 nm和700 nm波段反射率之比、700 nm处光谱一阶微分值和两波段峰谷间距反演模型都具有较高的决定系数,分别为0.783 4、0.792 7、0.796 9,验证模型的决定系数为0.651 3、0.431 7、0.756 4,均方根误差分别为8.69μg·L-1、14.50μg·L-1、10.04μg·L-1,显著水平P<0.01。这3种方法皆可以用于新庙泡叶绿素a浓度的定量遥感,其中又以峰谷间距法为最优。     

环境一号B星热红外波段单通道算法温度反演

文中在考虑环境一号B星(HJ-1B)热红外波段(infrared scanner,IRS4)光谱响应函数和有效波长的基础上,通过MODTRAN4模型模拟,对Jimenez-Munoz和Sobrino(JM&S)单通道算法中的大气函数进行改进,重新计算得到了适合HJ-1B星IRS4地表温度(land surface temperature,LST)反演的3个大气函数公式,并反演了福州地区的地表温度.采用基于星上辐亮度法对反演的地表温度进行精度评价,并将反演的地表温度与JM&S算法、段四波等修正的JM&S算法反演的地表温度进行对比分析.结果表明:使用文中改进后的大气参数对HJ-1B星IRS4进行地表温度反演,可取得较好结果.     

针对HJ-1B的水表温度反演方法研究

利用HJ-1B热红外波段数据进行了水表温度反演。数据定标后,利用水体指数对HJ-1B热红外数据进行了水体识别,识别后直接对水体区域进行编程处理。在模型方面,考虑了HJ-1B热红外通道波谱响应函数的影响,利用MODTRAN4模型修正了Jimenez-Munoz和Sobrino提出的单通道算法,算法的参数"水汽含量"从MOD05水汽产品中取得。最后利用相同时间段内MODIS的海表面温度产品进行了验证,结果显示在抽取的1211个验证点中相对误差在5%以下的占78.695%,可以认为利用HJ-1B热红外数据进行水表面温度反演是可行的。     

Comparison of atmospheric correction methods using ASTER data for the area of Crete,Greece

The purpose of atmospheric correction is to produce more accurate surface reflectance and to potentially improve the extraction of surface parameters from satellite images. To achieve this goal the influences of the atmosphere, solar illumination, sensor viewing geometry and terrain information have to be taken into account. Although a lot of information from satellite imagery can be extracted without atmospheric correction, the physically based approach offers advantages, especially when dealing with multitemporal data and/or when a comparison of data provided by different sensors is required. The use of atmospheric correction models is limited by the need to supply data related to the condition of the atmosphere at the time of imaging. Such data are not always available and the cost of their collection is considerable, hence atmospheric correction is performed with the use of standard atmospheric profiles. The use of these profiles results in a loss of accuracy. Therefore, site-dependent databases of atmospheric parameters are needed to calibrate and to adjust atmospheric correction methods for local level applications. In this article, the methodology and results of the project Adjustment of Atmospheric Correction Methods for Local Studies: Application in ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) (ATMOSAT) for the area of Crete are presented. ATMOSAT aimed at comparing several atmospheric correction methods for the area of Crete, as well as investigating the effects of atmospheric correction on land cover classification and change detection. Databases of spatio-temporal distributions of all required input parameters (atmospheric humidity, aerosols, spectral signatures, land cover and elevation) were developed and four atmospheric correction methods were applied and compared. The baseline for this comparison is the spatial distribution of surface reflectance, emitted radiance and brightness temperature as derived by ASTER Higher Level Products (HLPs). The comparison showed that a simple image based method, which was adjusted for the study area, provided satisfactory results for visible, near infrared and short-wave infrared spectral areas; therefore it can be used for local level applications. Finally, the effects of atmospheric correction on land cover classification and change detection were assessed using a time series of ASTER multispectral images acquired in 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2006. Results are in agreement with past studies, indicating that for this type of application, where a common radiometric scale is assumed among the multitemporal images, atmospheric correction should be taken into consideration in pre-processing.     

Recovering missing pixels for Landsat ETM + SLC-off imagery using HJ-1A /1B as auxiliary data

To improve the usability of Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) scan line corrector (SLC)-off data, this article proposes using HJ-1A/1B imagery as auxiliary (i.e. reference) data to recover the SLC-off ETM+ data. The least-median-of-squares (LMedS) method is newly proposed to recover missing pixels of Landsat 7 by removing the variant or abnormal digital number values. In particular, for the visible and near-infrared bands, using HJ-1A/1B for recovery has three clear advantages: the same spatial resolution, similar spectral resolution, and approximate temporal resolution. The experiments show that all of the reference-recovery methods are better than the non-reference-recovery method. The results of using of auxiliary data in reference-recovery methods, from best to worst, are Landsat 8, HJ-1A/1B, and Landsat 7. However, for recovering missing pixels, HJ-1A/1B is superior to the ETM+ auxiliary data due to the shorter time interval in Landsat 7 (a few hours). Hence, HJ-1A/1B should be considered a useful auxiliary data to recover ETM+ SLC-off imagery data.     

基于高光谱遥感影像的大气纠正:用AVIRIS数据评价大气纠正模块FLAASH

高光谱遥感影像由于集中了高光谱分辨率和高空间分辨率的优点,在对地观测中具有不可替代的优势。实际应用当中,往往需要从遥感影像获取地物的地表反射率信息,这就要求首先从影像中去除大气的影响,即进行大气纠正及补偿。目前,对遥感影像进行大气纠正的算法有很多,详细介绍了基于遥感影像自身信息的大气纠正模块FLAASH(Fast Line of Sight Atmospheric Analysis f Spectral Hypercubes)所涉及的算法,并利用该模块对AVIRIS航空遥感影像进行了大气纠正, 对不同的结果进行了分析对比,从而对该算法进行了初步的评价。     

Temperature and emissivity separation from ASTER data for low spectral contrast surfaces

The performance of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) thermal infrared (TIR) data product algorithms was evaluated for low spectral contrast surfaces (such as vegetation and water) in a test site close to Valencia, Spain. Concurrent ground measurements of surface temperature, emissivity, and atmospheric radiosonde profiles were collected at the test site, which is a thermally homogeneous area of rice crops with nearly full vegetation cover in summer. Using the ground data and the local radiosonde profiles, at-sensor radiances were simulated for the ASTER TIR channels and compared with L1B data (calibrated at-sensor radiances) showing discrepancies up to 3% in radiance for channel 10 at 8.3 μm (equivalently, 2.5 °C in temperature or 7% in emissivity), whereas channel 13 (10.7 μm) yielded a closer agreement (maximum difference of 0.5% in radiance or 0.4 °C in temperature). We also tested the ASTER standard products of land surface temperature (LST) and spectral emissivity generated with the Temperature-Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm with standard atmospheric correction from both global data assimilation system profiles and climatology profiles. These products showed anomalous emissivity spectra with lower emissivity values and larger spectral contrast (or maximum-minimum emissivity difference, MMD) than expected, and as a result, overestimated LSTs. In this work, a scene-based procedure is proposed to obtain more accurate MMD estimates for low spectral contrast materials (vegetation and water) and therefore a better retrieval of LST and emissivity with the TES algorithm. The method uses various gray-bodies or near gray-bodies with known emissivities and assumes that the calibration and atmospheric correction performed with local radiosonde data are accurate for channel 13. Taking the channel 13 temperature (atmospherically and emissivity corrected) as the true LST, the radiances for the other channels were simulated and used to derive linear relationships between ASTER digital numbers and at-ground radiances for each channel. The TES algorithm was applied to the adjusted radiances and the resulting products showed a closer agreement with the ground measurements (differences lower than 1% in channel 13 emissivities and within ± 0.3 °C in temperature for rice and sea pixels).     

卫星遥感影像数据的地形影响校正

地形影响校正是遥感影像辐射校正的主要内容，是获得地表真实反射率的必不可少的一步。本文提出的方法中，将6S大气校正模型与数字高程模型（DEM）结合起来，计算出水平地面上接收到的直接辐射与漫射辐射，并采用一个简单公式将其转化到地形坡面上，从而实现了对地面的辐射能量校正，同时，6S模型对卫片还进行了大气改正，可输出卫片在大气层底部的辐射亮度与反射率；然后将基于坡面的反射率换算到其在水平面上的对应值，即实现了对反射率的地形影响校正。在我们所实施的“滇金丝猴保护项目”的植被研究中，应用本方法对梅里雪山区域的ETM＋影像进行了校正，大大减小了地形对遥感数据的附加影响。     

Reduction of atmospheric and topographic effect on Landsat TM data for forest classification

The incident radiance in forested areas with rugged terrain varies greatly with the changes in solar elevation and azimuth, slope and aspect of the terrain, and the relative position of trees. The geotropic nature must be considered in the course of topographic correction. The Sun‐Canopy‐Sensor (SCS) model is introduced to substitute the cosine correction in a physical model. We used an atmospheric simulation code, MODTRAN, and a digital elevation model (DEM) to calculate the path radiance, downwards diffuse radiance and two‐way transmittance of direct and diffuse light at different altitudes. Based on the atmospheric parameters derived above and the Lambertian assumption, surface reflectance in a forested area was retrieved from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery using a revised physical model. Meanwhile, a smoothed DEM was used to assess the effect of noise on the DEM and misregistration between the DEM and the satellite imagery. Correlation analysis, spectral comparison between sunlit and shaded slopes and a support vector machine (SVM) classification were performed to assess the effect of the revised radiometric correction algorithm. Results indicate that the revised physical model with smoothed DEM is more adequate for forested terrain and more consistent spectra for similar vegetation under different illuminations can be obtained. Finally, higher classification accuracy of forested land can be achieved with the revised correction algorithm compared with the SCS correction and the original physical correction model.     

Geo-atmospheric processing of airborne imaging spectrometry data. Part 2: Atmospheric/topographic correction

A method for the radiometric correction of wide field-of-view airborne imagery has been developed that accounts for the angular dependence of the path radiance and atmospheric transmittance functions to remove atmospheric and topographic effects. The first part of processing is the parametric geocoding of the scene to obtain a geocoded, orthorectified image and the view geometry (scan and azimuth angles) for each pixel as described in part 1 of this jointly submitted paper. The second part of the processing performs the combined atmospheric/ topographic correction. It uses a database of look-up tables of the atmospheric correction functions (path radiance, atmospheric transmittance, direct and diffuse solar flux) calculated with a radiative transfer code. Additionally, the terrain shape obtained from a digital elevation model is taken into account. The issues of the database size and accuracy requirements are critically discussed. The method supports all common types of imaging airborne optical instruments: panchromatic, multispectral and hyperspectral, including fore/aft tilt sensors covering the wavelength range 0.35-2.55 w m and 8-14 w m. The processor is designed and optimized for imaging spectrometer data. Examples of processing of hyperspectral imagery in flat and rugged terrain are presented. A comparison of ground reflectance measurements with surface reflectance spectra derived from airborne imagery demonstrates that an accuracy of 1-3% reflectance units can be achieved.     

HJ-1A高光谱数据高效大气校正及应用潜力初探

环境与灾害监测预报小卫星于2009年3月30日开始正式交付使用,A星上搭载了我国自主研制的空间调制型干涉高光谱成像仪（HSI）,作为一种新型传感器,HSI数据的应用在我国还处于探索阶段。要充分发挥超光谱数据优势、进行有效的遥感应用,首先需要消除遥感成像过程中的大气影响,获得不同波段的地物真实反射辐射信息。通过使用FLAASH大气辐射传输模型对HSI数据进行大气校正,并与表观反射率进行对比分析,证明了校正后获得的地表光谱反射率的有效性。同时基于校正后得到的光谱反射率图像,进行改良型土壤调整植被指数（MSAVI）与叶面积指数（LAI）的反演,初步展现了HSI数据的实际应用效果。