Radarsat-2/SAR和MODIS数据联合反演黄土高原地区植被覆盖下土壤水分研究

以黄土高原半干旱区定西为试验区,利用Radarsat-2/SAR和MODIS数据,将由MODIS NDVI估算的植被含水量(VWC)应用到微波散射Water-Cloud模型中校正植被的影响。采用交叉极化(VV/VH)组合方案对植被覆盖下土壤水分的反演进行初步探讨,结果表明:在植被影响校正前,模型反演土壤水分值出现明显低估现象;校正植被影响后,相关系数R由0.13提高到0.44,且通过α=0.01的显著性检验,标准差SD由5.02降低到4.30,有效提高了模型反演土壤水分的准确度。卫星反演的研究区土壤含水量大部分介于10%~30%之间,与实地考察情况一致,较好地反映出区域土壤湿度分布信息。表明,光学和微波协同遥感反演对于提高农田土壤水分遥感反演精度具有较大的应用潜力。     

植被类型对温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)的影响研究-以黑河绿洲区为例

温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）是进行干旱研究的有效指标，是反演土壤湿度的重要方法。植被覆盖类型是影响TVDI大小的重要因素。利用修正的土壤调整植被指数MSAVI替换NDVI，以便最小化土壤背景影响和提高对密植被的光谱敏感性，并在此基础上，比较基于植被分类计算的TVDI与基于传统方法计算的TVDI的大小，来研究植被类型对TVDI提取结果的影响。对比分析表明，阔叶林、灌丛和密草地的平均值与传统方法计算的差别较大，变化分别是+7.2%、-5.5%和-6.6%，产生平均值偏移主要是由于植被类型的冠层结构和光学属性的差异带来的LST-MSAVI空间特征干湿边的变化引起的。因此，在应用TVDI指数进行大范围干旱化研究和土壤湿度反演时，不同植被类型不能一起作LST-MSAVI空间特征来计算TVDI指数，需要考虑植被类型等影响因素，达到提高土壤湿度反演精度的目的。     

基于Sentinel-1和MODIS数据反演农田地表土壤水分—以REMEDHUS地区为例

土壤水分是陆地生态系统和水循环的重要状态变量,在植被生长监测、农作物产量评估等研究中均发挥着重要作用。为了消除植被散射的影响,进而实现农田地表土壤水分的高精度反演,以时间序列Sentinel-1影像及MODIS产品为实验数据,基于高级积分方程模型和比值植被模型的耦合模型,通过采用不同光学植被参数和VH交叉极化后向散射系数,分别对农田植被散射贡献进行表征,消除植被散射的影响,进而实现土壤水分的高精度反演。结果表明：当利用VH极化进行参数化植被散射贡献时,标定的耦合模型,虽然可消除对光学植被参数的依赖并较好地模拟Sentinel-1卫星观测,但土壤水分反演结果效果欠理想,相关系数R最大仅为0.54;与VH极化相比,利用光学植被参数表征植被散射贡献时,土壤水分整体反演效果较理想,R最大达到0.79,但光学植被参数反演结果在不同站点存在显著的空间差异性,R介于0.07~0.79之间。因此,在未来研究中可尝试将雷达数据与光学数据协同反演,以期在消除植被散射影响的基础上,实现植被覆盖区域土壤水分的高精度反演及动态变化监测。     

基于Radarsat-2全极化数据的高原牧草覆盖地表土壤水分反演

大面积土壤水分反演对于青海湖流域草场的管理和保护具有重要的意义。利用C波段全极化的Radarsat-2 合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像数据,开展了青海湖流域刚察县附近草场的土壤水分反演研究,在“水-云”模型和Chen模型的基础上,发展了一种新的土壤水分反演算法。该算法消除了植被覆盖以及地表粗糙度对雷达后向散射系数的影响。实验结果表明:预测结果能够与实测数据很好地吻合,R²、RMSE和RPD分别达到0.71\,3.77%和1.64,反演精度较高,能够满足研究区土壤水分的反演精度要求。如果能够更细致地刻画植被层以及地表粗糙度对雷达后向散射系数的影响,土壤水分反演精度有望得到进一步提高。
     

一种利用土壤水分反演地下水位遥感方法

针对利用土壤水分在干旱地区反演一定植被覆盖下地下水位的局限性,采用遥感-数学-模型学融合的研究方法,以Landsat-8遥感图像作为数据源,提取改进型温度植被干旱指数,并与实测土壤水分建立土壤水分反演模型,然后结合土壤水分和地下水位的实验方程,引入土壤水分反演模型建立了一定植被覆盖条件下的地下水位分布遥感监测评价模型(GLDRS模型)。结果表明,土壤水分反演值和实测值的决定系数R2=0.65,均方根误差RMSE=3.22,能够达到实验精度要求;利用GLDRS模型对研究区地下水位反演结果取得较高精度,实测地下水位和反演地下水位的R2=0.81,RMSE=1.01。     

基于Sentinel-1与FY-3C数据反演植被覆盖地表土壤水分

基于新一代的Sentinel-1SAR数据与FY-3C的MWRI数据,研究植被覆盖地表土壤湿度反演方法。为消除植被对土壤湿度反演影响,首先利用FY-3C/MWRI的微波极化差异指数MPDI,建立植被含水量反演模型;然后,结合植被含水量反演模型和水—云模型,发展一种主被动微波联合反演植被覆盖地表土壤含水量模型;最后,在江淮地区开展反演试验,利用观测的土壤湿度数据进行反演结果的精度验证。结果表明:(1)对于植被覆盖地表土壤湿度反演,由FY3C/MWRI提取的MPDI对于去除植被影响效果较好;(2)相比于VH极化哨兵1号卫星数据,VV极化数据更适用于土壤含水量的反演,能够得到更高的土壤湿度反演精度;(3)哨兵1号卫星数据能够获得较高精度的土壤含水量反演结果,试验反演的土壤湿度值与实测值相关系数为0.561 2,均方根误差为0.044cm~3/cm~3。     

基于改进温度植被干旱指数的农田土壤水分反演方法

基于植被指数-地表温度(VI-Ts)特征空间的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)被广泛应用于土壤水分监测,但TVDI为土壤水分相对值,而且利用散点图确定干湿边会造成很大的不确定性。基于能量平衡方程和TVDI,该文提出一种定量干湿边选取方法和改进的TVDI模型——定量温度植被指数(Temperature Vegetation Quantitative Index,TVQI),以MODIS遥感数据为基础,实现了定量干湿边真实土壤水分的遥感估算。结果表明:TVQI估算结果与所观测土壤水分呈0.01水平显著相关,总体上的平均绝对误差小于0.02cm~3/cm~3,均方根误差RMSE小于0.035cm~3/cm~3;相对TVDI,TVQI克服了传统干边计算中对植被覆盖类型的限制,更能够准确反应土壤深度在0~10cm、10cm~20cm的土壤水分值,尤其与10cm~20cm土壤水分值更为贴近。     

基于改进温度植被干旱指数的农田土壤水分反演方法

基于植被指数 地表温度（VI Ts）特征空间的温度植被干旱指数（TVDI）被广泛应用于土壤水分监测,但TVDI为土壤水分相对值,而且利用散点图确定干湿边会造成很大的不确定性。基于能量平衡方程和TVDI,该文提出一种定量干湿边选取方法和改进的TVDI模型——定量温度植被指数（Temperature Vegetation Quantitative Index,TVQI）,以MODIS遥感数据为基础,实现了定量干湿边真实土壤水分的遥感估算。结果表明：TVQI估算结果与所观测土壤水分呈0.01水平显著相关,总体上的平均绝对误差小于0.02cm3/cm3,均方根误差RMSE小于0.035cm3/cm3;相对TVDI,TVQI克服了传统干边计算中对植被覆盖类型的限制,更能够准确反应土壤深度在0～10cm、10cm～20cm的土壤水分值,尤其与10cm～20cm土壤水分值更为贴近。     

基于LST-EVI特征空间的土壤水分含量反演

干旱是人类历史上的重大自然灾害之一,而土壤水分是干旱监测最重要的指标。利用遥感手段反演地表土壤水分,可以充分反映土壤水分的时空变化特征,适合进行大范围动态监测。研究基于Landsat TM数据,运用普适性单通道算法得到地表温度(LST,Land Surface Temperature),然后选用增强型植被指数(EVI,Enhanced Vegetation Index),构建了LST\|EVI特征空间,计算出温度植被干旱指数(TVDI,Temperature\|Vegetation Dryness Index)。在对实测土壤含水量数据和对应TVDI值进行回归分析的基础上,反演出2010年6月14日黄骅市自然地表20 cm深度处的体积含水量。结果表明:TVDI方法在该研究区是完全可行的,拟合精度较高;研究区自然地表土壤体积含水量分布差异明显,中等含水量地区面积最大,西南和部分北部地区含水量较低,而含水量高的区域主要分布在苇洼和沿海地区。     

基于多源遥感数据协同反演森林地表土壤水分研究

土壤水分在土壤监测中是一项重要的指标,对于农业生产、生态环境以及水资源管理有着重要的影响。随着遥感建模与反演理论的不断成熟,其逐渐成为分析土壤指标的重要技术与手段。因此,利用光学影像与雷达影像数据,以大兴安岭地区漠河市为研究区域,分别建立以Landsat 8为数据源的土壤水分反演模型和由Landsat 8影像数据与GF-3卫星数据协同反演的土壤水分反演模型,将反演结果与实际测得数据进行对比验证,并评价所建立的反演模型。结果表明：①对研究区地温进行反演,利用地表温度（Ts）与归一化差异湿度指数NDMI构建Ts-NDMI特征空间,结合实测数据可以发现Ts-NDMI特征空间土壤水分反演模型的反演结果与实测土壤含水量为负相关性;②协同GF-3卫星数据和Landsat 8遥感影像数据所建立的土壤水分反演模型能得到质量较高的反演结果,且在高植被覆盖度地区,利用该协同反演模型得到的反演结果比利用单一光学数据源所建模型得到的反演结果精度高,为今后高植被覆盖度地区土壤湿度的研究提供了新途径。     

Estimating soil moisture using Temperature–Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) in the Huang-huai-hai (HHH) plain

Soil moisture is an important indicator to describe soil conditions, and can also provide information on crop water stress and yield estimation. The combination of vegetation index (VI) and land surface temperature (LST) can provide useful information on estimation soil moisture status at regional scale. In this paper, the Huang-huai-hai (HHH) plain, an important food production area in China was selected as the study area. The potential of Temperature–Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data in assessing soil moisture was investigated in this region. The 16-day composite MODIS Vegetation Index product (MOD13A2) and 8-day composite MODIS temperature product (MOD11A2) were used to calculate the TVDI. Correlation and regression analysis was carried out to relate the TVDI against in-situ soil moisture measurements data during the main growth stages of winter wheat/summer maize. The results show that a significantly negative relationship exists between the TVDI and in-situ measurements at different soil depths, but the relationship at 10–20 cm depth (R ²?=?0.43) is the closest. The spatial and temporal patterns in the TVDI were also analysed. The temporal evolution of the retrieved soil moisture was consistent with crop phenological development, and the spatial distribution of retrieved soil moisture accorded with the distribution of precipitation during the whole crop growing seasons. The TVDI index was shown to be feasible for monitoring the surface soil moisture dynamically during the crop growing seasons in the HHH plain.     

基于TVDI河北省干热风同期土壤湿度监测研究

干热风是高温低湿型的灾害性天气。河北省是干热风易发地区,进行干热风易发期土壤湿度监测研究,对于评估干热风的影响与危害具有重要意义。选用2010年河北省干热风同期5~6月Terra/MODIS8期地表反射率产品MOD09A1和地表温度(LST)产品MOD11A2,通过构建LST\|EVI特征空间,得到温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)反映的河北省各时段的土壤湿度空间分布图。另外分析TVDI值与对应气象站点降水数据变化的趋势关系和二者的定量相关关系,发现降水数据变化与TVDI有较显著的负相关性,通过α=0.05显著性检验。基于研究结果可快速有效地反映研究区土壤湿度等级与空间分布变化状况,与及时更新的气象数据(风速、气温、降水等)相结合,在根据已有指标监测到干热风发生的基础上,评估干热风的影响与危害。     

Land Surface Temperature Data Fusion of Landsat ETM and MODISby Combining TsHARP and STITFM Model

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important parameter that describes energy balance of substance and energy exchange between the surface and the atmosphere,and LST has widely used in the fields of urban heat island effect,soil moisture and surface radiative flux.Currently,no satellite sensor can deliver thermal infrared data at both high temporal resolution and spatial resolution,which strongly limits the wide application of thermal infrared data.Based on the MODIS land surface temperature product and Landsat ETM+image,a temporal and spatial fusion method is proposed by combining the TsHARP (Thermal sHARPening) model with the STITFM (Spatio\|Temporal Integrated Temperature Fusion Model) algorithm,defined as CTsSTITFM model in this study.The TsHARP method is used to downscale the 1 km MODIS land surface temperature image to LST data at spatial resolution of 250 m.Then the accuracy is verified by the retrieval LST from Landsat ETM+ image at the same time.Land surface temperature image at 30 m spatial scale is predicted by fusing Landsat ETM+ and downscaling MODIS data using STITFM model.The fusion LST image is validated by the estimated LST from Landsat ETM+ data for the same predicted.The results show that the proposed method has a better precision comparing to the STITFM algorithm.Under the default parameter setting,the predicted LST values using CTsSTITFM fusion method have a root mean square error (RMSE) less than 1.33 K.By adjusting the window size of CTsSTITFM fusion method,the fusion results in the selected areas show some regularity with the increasing of the window.In general,a reasonable window size set may slightly improve the effects of LST fusion.The CTsSTITFM fusion method can solve the problem of mixed pixels caused by coarse\|scale MODIS surface temperature images to some degree.     

Improving Soil Moisture Estimation by Joint Assimilationof MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Airborne L band Microwave Brightness Temperature

In this work,a novel soil moisture data assimilation scheme was developed,which was based land surface model (CoLM,Common Land Model),microwave radioactive transfer model (L MEB,L band Microwave Emission of the Biosphere),and data assimilation algorithm (EnKS,Ensemble Kalman Smoother).This scheme is used to improve the estimation of soil moisture profile by jointly assimilatingMODIS land surface temperature and airborne L band passive microwave brightness temperature.The ground based data observed at DAMAN superstation,which is located at Yingke oasis desert area in the middle stream of the Heihe River Basin,are used to conduct this experiment and validate assimilation results.Three LAI products are used to analyze the influence of LAI on soil temperature.Three assimilation experiments are also designed in this work,including assimilation of MODIS LST,assimilation of microwave brightness temperature,and assimilation of MODIS LST and microwave brightness temperature.The results show that the uncertainties in LAI influence significantly soil temperature simulations in different soil layers.MODIS LAI product is seriously underestimated in this study area,which results soil temperature overestimation about 4~6 K.Three assimilation schemes can improve soil moisture estimations to different extend.Joint assimilation of MODIS LST and microwave brightness temperature achieved the best performance,which can reduce the RMSE of soil moisture to 31%~53%.     

基于HJ-1B卫星数据的南京市地表温度反演研究

地表温度(LST)是全球变化的过程参数,应用HJ-1B-RS热红外数据,采用辐射传输法(RTE)、覃志豪单窗算法(Qins’)和普适性单通道算法(JM&S)对南京市地表温度进行反演。结果表明:3种算法均能较好地反映南京地区的地表温度趋势。RTE反演精度最高,与MODIS地温产品的差值多集中在2.1 K左右;Qins’的反演结果略低,温差多集中在3.87 K左右;而JM&S的结果明显偏低,温差多集中在5.96 K左右。结合土地利用类型图对地表温度进行分析,RTE温度结果中,温度最高的建设用地与温度最低的水体的温度相差4.1 K;Qins’温度结果中建设用地与水体的温度相差4.38 K;JM&S温度结果中建设用地与水体的温度相差2.15 K。RTE和Qins’更能体现不同土地利用类型之间的温度差异及对城市热岛的贡献。     

使用温度植被干旱指数法(TVDI)反演新疆土壤湿度

利用MODIS合成产品数据MOD11A2和MOD13A2获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和陆地表面温度(Ts)构建Ts-NDVI特征空间,依据该特征空间计算的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)作为土壤湿度监测指标,反演了新疆8、9两个月份每16 d的土壤湿度。使用野外与卫星同步采样的土壤湿度数据进行验证,发现TVDI指标与实测土壤湿度数据显著相关,能够较好地反映表层土壤湿度,反映的新疆土壤湿度的空间分布与新疆的年降水量分布、年平均相对湿度分布很吻合;同时表明8、9两个月份期间新疆土壤湿度低的区域在不断扩大。     

使用温度植被干旱指数法(TVDI)反演新疆土壤湿度

利用MODIS合成产品数据MOD11A2和MOD13A2获取的归一化植被指数(NDVI)和陆地表面温度(Ts)构建Ts—NDVI特征空间，依据该特征空间计算的温度植被干旱指数(TVDI)作为土壤湿度监测指标，反演了新疆8、9两个月份每16d的土壤湿度。使用野外与卫星同步采样的土壤湿度数据进行验证，发现TVDI指标与实测土壤湿度数据显著相关，能够较好地反映表层土壤湿度，反映的新疆土壤湿度的空间分布与新疆的年降水量分布、年平均相对湿度分布很吻合；同时表明8、9两个月份期间新疆土壤湿度低的区域在不断扩大。     

A model for the estimation of fractional vegetation cover based on the relationship between vegetation and soil moisture

Based on surface temperature and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), we calculated the temperature vegetation dryness index (TVDI). Using the relationship between TVDI and NDVI, we established a vegetation–soil moisture response model that captures the sensitivity of NDVI's response to changes in TVDI using a linear unmixing approach, and validated the model using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images acquired in 1997, 2004 and 2006 and a Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image acquired in 2000. We determined the correlations between TVDI and field-measured soil moisture in 2006. TVDI was correlated significantly with soil moisture at depths of 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm, so TVDI can be used as an index that captures changes in soil moisture at these depths. By using fractional vegetation cover (FVC) data measured in the field to validate the estimated values, we estimated mean absolute errors of 0.043 and 0.137 for shrub and grassland vegetation coverage, respectively, demonstrating acceptable estimation accuracy. Based on these results, it is possible to estimate a region's FVC using the linear unmixing model. The results show bare land coverage values distributed similarly to TVDI values. In mountain areas, grassland coverage mostly ranged from 0.4 to 0.6. Shrub coverage mostly ranged from 0.4 to 0.6. Forest coverage was zero in most parts of the study area.