基于循环抑制CPG 模型控制的蛇形机器人三维运动

具有三维运动能力和独特的节律运动方式，使生物蛇能在复杂的地形环境中生存. 大多数动物节律运动是由中央模式发生器(Central pattern generator, CPG) 控制的. 以此为理论依据, 首次以循环抑制建模机理构建蛇形机器人组合关节运动控制的CPG 模型. 证明该模型是节律输出型CPG 中微分方程维数最少的. 采用单向激励方式连接该类CPG 构建蛇形机器人三维运动神经网络控制体系，给出该CPG 网络产生振荡输出的必要条件. 应用蛇形机器人动力学模型仿真得到控制三维运动的CPG 神经网络参数，利用该CPG 网络的输出使\勘查者"成功实现三维运动. 该结果为建立未探明的生物蛇神经网络模型提供了一种全新的方法.     

基于Hopf振荡器实现的蛇形机器人的步态控制

针对生物蛇不同步态的运动特点,提出了一种基于Hopf振荡器实现的蛇形机器人的中枢模式发生器(CPG)运动控制方法.首先,利用具有非线性极限环特性的耦合的Hopf振荡器构建出能够实现蜿蜒运动和侧向蜿蜒运动两种步态的链式网络模型.然后,根据动力学仿真软件建立机器人的虚拟样机,利用模型中振荡器的输出作为蛇形机器人分布式多冗余度关节的控制信号来驱动前进,成功实现了以上两种运动方式,并讨论了CPG的模型参数与机器人前进速度的关系.最后,在实物样机上的实验进一步验证了所提出的方法在实现蛇形机器人多种步态控制方面的有效性.     

一个微小型仿蛇机器人样机的研究

本文从仿生机械学的角度出发,阐述了仿蛇机器人的 运动原理,给出了仿蛇机器人的结构和基本运动模式,在此基础上研制成微小型仿蛇机器人 样机,对样机进行了实验,结果表明,该样机能在平面上实现驱动运动并完成各项设定操作 ．     

基于乐理的蛇形机器人控制方法研究

根据生物蛇和蛇形机器人的结构及运动特点，提出了基于乐理的蛇形机器人控制方法，定义了乐理的符号、规则与蛇形机器人控制过程的对应关系，编写了蜿蜒运动步态谱.“勘查者—I”蛇形机器人上实现了蜿蜒运动的控制. 给出了今后的研究方向．     

仿生蛇形机器人的设计及研究

对蛇的身体结构和运动形态进行了分析,掌握了蛇的运动模型,分析了蛇在蜿蜒运动过程中的受力情况。通过对蛇行运动的研究,结合结构设计、控制系统设计等,设计一条13关节的仿生机器蛇,实现蜿蜒前进、转弯、蜷缩、抬头等动作。并对仿生蛇的设计提出一些看法,结合实际,对其未来发展提出建议。     

基于循环抑制CPG模型控制的蛇形机器人蜿蜒运动

根据生物蛇和蛇形机器人的结构及运动特点，应用循环抑制CPG建模理论构建了蛇形机器人神经网络模型；利用蛇形机器人模型，仿真验证了CPG模型对蜿蜒运动控制的有效性；提出并仿真验证了实现有目的转弯控制的CPG参数调节方法。最后，给出了今后的研究方向。     

机器蛇的行波运动控制分析与研究

针对仿生机器蛇的行波运动控制,分析了其运动机理,在移动机器人仿真软件Webots中建立了其三维虚拟运动模型;基于机器蛇的行波运动控制函数,采用建立的三维虚拟模型对实现行波运动的控制参数进行了分析和实验验证,得到了控制参数与行波运动形状之间的关系;机器蛇行波运动控制的实验结果表明,基于上述分析的控制参数对机器蛇运动形状影响的结论,可以实现机器蛇任意期望形状的行波运动控制,并且具有较快的收敛速度。     

仿蛇变体机器人运动机理研究

本文设计了一种蛇形机器人，分析了蛇形机器人的结构，详细讨论了蛇形机器人的运 动机理和几何结构关系，并推导出蛇形机器人的控制算法和相应的控制程序，蛇形机器人在 程序控制下能够向前、向后运动，在一定程度上实现了蛇的运动．     

蛇形机器人的波形能量控制

蛇形机器人的步态控制理论大部分基于波的传递形式,借助自制蛇形机器人的结构对波传递过程中能量传递的过程进行了研究。根据蛇体三维运动特性,蛇游行时有前行、侧行两种基本形态,其他的运动模式均基于此两种形态。对蛇体运动形态进行控制,主要是在波形类型中采用波形正负交替（等峰值、差峰值）和行波（正弦波、三角衰减波）等进行蛇体运动控制,实现了机械蛇的蜿蜒游动控制。     

H.264中运动矢量特征分类的快速运动估计算法

提出了一种应用在H.264中的快速运动估计算法(TAMV)。该算法根据运动矢量自身特性，将宏块分为3种运动类型：大运动快，中等运动块和小运动块。对每类宏块自适应地选择一种或者几种编码模式进行预测，有效地减少了由7种宏块(亚宏块)模式所引起的计算量；同时选用精确而且快速的方向性菱形模板，对不同的模式采用不同的搜索策略。实验分析表明，该算法搜索精度接近于全搜索算法，而搜索时间只为全搜索算法的5.4%～10.5%。     

一种新型爬壁机器人机构及运动学研究

提出了一种新型爬壁机器人机构，介绍了机构的构型及结构特点，推导了运动学正、逆解方程式，规划了直线行走、平面旋转及交叉面跨越三种运动模式．机构构型及运动模式的分析表明，该机构具有体积小、运动特性较好的特点．仿真结果证明，该机器人在运动过程中所需吸附力矩较小且占据的空间较少．     

Gaits-transferable CPG controller for a snake-like robot

With slim and legless body, particular ball articulation, and rhythmic locomotion, a nature snake adapted itself to many terrains under the control of a neuron system. Based on analyzing the locomotion mechanism, the main functional features of the motor system in snakes are specified in detail. Furthermore, a bidirectional cyclic inhibitory （BCl） CPG model is applied for the first time to imitate the pattern generation for the locomotion control of the snake-like robot, and its characteristics are discussed, particularly for the generation of three kinds of rhythmic locomotion. Moreover, we introduce the neuron network organized by the BCI-CPGs connected in line with unilateral excitation to switch automatically locomotion pattern of a snake-like robot under different commands from the higher level control neuron and present a necessary condition for the CPG neuron network to sustain a rhythmic output. The validity for the generation of different kinds of rhythmic locomotion modes by the CPG network are verified by the dynamic simulations and experiments. This research provided a new method to model the generation mechanism of the rhythmic pattern of the snake.     

Modal Locomotion: Animating Virtual Characters with Natural Vibrations

We present a general method to intuitively create a wide range of locomotion controllers for 3D legged characters. The key of our approach is the assumption that efficient locomotion can exploit the natural vibration modes of the body, where these modes are related to morphological parameters such as the shape, size, mass, and joint stiffness. The vibration modes are computed for a mechanical model of any 3D character with rigid bones, elastic joints, and additional constraints as desired. A small number of vibration modes can be selected with respect to their relevance to locomotion patterns and combined into a compact controller driven by very few parameters. We show that these controllers can be used in dynamic simulations of simple creatures, and for kinematic animations of more complex creatures of a variety of shapes and sizes.     

Analysis of Creeping Locomotion of a Snake-like Robot on a Slope

The diverse locomotion modes and physiology of biological snakes make them supremely adapted for their environment. To model the noteworthy features of these snakes we have developed a snake-like robot that has no forward direction driving force. In order to enhance the ability of our robot to adapt to the environment, in this study we investigate the creeping locomotion of a snake-like robot on a slope. A computer simulator is presented for analysis of the creeping locomotion of the snake-like robot on a slope, and the environmentally-adaptable body shape for our robot is also derived through this simulator.     

微小气动机器人移动FSM建模与控制

根据仿生尺蠖运动机理研制了一种用于人体腔道微创诊查的微小机器人系统,该机器人系统由前支撑单元、后支撑单元和具有3个气室的橡胶驱动器三部分组成.根据微型机器人的本体结构分析了机器人的移动控制原理,给出了在一个运动循环周期内机器人移动一个步距的运动状态和控制时序.阐述了有限状态机原理,并基于有限状态机原理建立了该机器人移动...     

Development of a novel crawler mechanism with polymorphic locomotion

The design of a novel crawler mechanism with polymorphic locomotion is presented in this paper. The proposed mechanism, which is equipped with a planetary gear reducer, provides two kinds of outputs in different form only using one actuator. By determining the reduction ratio of two outputs in a suitable proportion, the crawler mechanism is capable of switching between two locomotion modes autonomously according to terrain. Using this property, robots equipped with the crawler mechanism can perform more efficient and adaptable locomotion or posture in irregular environments. Experimental tests showed that the developed crawler-driven module equipped with the proposed crawler mechanism cannot only move on moderately rugged terrain, but also perform a particular locomotion mode to negotiate high obstacles or adapt to different terrains without any sensors for distinguishing obstacles or any extra actuators or mechanisms for assistance.     

机器海豚多模态游动CPG控制

受自然界海豚超凡的水中游动技能启发,机器海豚在军事和民用上具有潜在的广泛应用前景,因此受到研究人员的极大关注. 然而,要实现机器海豚在水中自如地机动游动,必须为机器海豚设计一个具有丰富游动技能的多模态控制器. 为此,通过振荡器建模与分析、中枢模式发生器（Central pattern generation,CPG）与机器海豚关节配对、CPG单元间耦合等环节建立了机器海豚的链式弱耦合CPG运动控制模型,提出一种基于CPG激发产生多模态振荡波形控制机器海豚运动的方法. 详细阐述了机器海豚样机研制、控制器设计、运动控制实现与实验测试等内容. 向前直游、转弯、浮潜等游动实验结果验证了所提出的机器海豚CPG运动控制方法的有效性和实用性.     

Development of a Modular Crawler for Tracked Robots

This paper presents the design and experiments for a novel crawler module, in which a planetary gear reducer is employed as the transmission device and provides two outputs in different forms with only one actuator. This underactuated crawler can absorb impact energy that might be transmitted to the actuator when it moves in a rough environment. To enable the use of this crawler more widely in robot systems, a modular design for the crawler is, thus, proposed and its mechanical model is developed. Experiments demonstrate that a single-crawler module can effectively perform the proposed three locomotion modes.     

微小型移动机器人移动方式的研究

本文介绍了微小型移动机器人常用的几种移动方式,分析了不同方式对移动体几何尺寸因素变化的敏感程度,提出并建立了评估方程.     

An Optimal Control-Based Formulation to Determine Natural Locomotor Paths for Humanoid Robots

In this paper we explore the underlying principles of natural locomotion path generation of human beings. The knowledge of these principles is useful to implement biologically inspired path planning algorithms on a humanoid robot. By 'locomotion path' we denote the motion of the robot as a whole in the plane. The key to our approach is to formulate the path planning problem as an optimal control problem. We propose a single dynamic model valid for all situations, which includes both non-holonomic and holonomic modes of locomotion, as well as an appropriately designed unified objective function. The choice between holonomic and non-holonomic behavior is not accomplished by a switching model, but it appears in a smooth way, along with the optimal path, as a result of the optimization by efficient numerical techniques. The proposed model and objective function are successfully tested in six different locomotion scenarios. The resulting paths are implemented on the HRP-2 robot in the simulation environment OpenHRP as well as in the experiment on the real robot.