形状约束下活动轮廓模型冠脉血管图像多尺度分割

目的 由于计算机断层血管造影(CTA)图像的复杂性,临床诊断冠脉疾病往往需要经验丰富的医师对冠状动脉进行手动分割,快速、准确自动分割出冠状动脉对提高冠脉疾病诊断效率具有重要意义。针对双源CT图像特点以及传统单一基于区域或边界的活动轮廓模型的不足,研究了心脏冠脉3维分割算法,提出一种基于血管形状约束的活动轮廓模型分割方法。方法 首先,利用改进的FCM(fuzzy C-means)对心脏CT图像感兴趣区域初分割,其结果用于初始化C-V模型水平集演化曲线及控制参数,提取感兴趣区域轮廓。接着,由3维心脏图像数据获取多尺度梯度矢量信息构造边界型能量泛函,然后利用基于Hessian矩阵的多尺度血管函数对心脏感兴趣区域3维体数据增强滤波,获取血管先验形状信息用于约束能量泛函。最后融合边界、区域能量泛函并利用变分原理及水平集方法得到适合冠脉血管分割的水平集演化方程。结果 由于血管图像的灰度不均匀,血管末端区域更为细小,所以上述算法的实施是面向被划分多个子区域的血管,在缩小的范围内进行轮廓的演化。相比于传统的血管分割方法,该方法充分融合血管图像的先验信息及梯度场信息,能够从灰度及造影剂分布不均匀的冠脉血管图像中准确分割出冠状动脉,对于细小的血管结构亦能获得较好的分割效果。实验结果表明,该方法只需在给定初始轮廓前提下,有效提取3维冠脉血管。结论 对多组心脏CT图像进行分割,本文基于血管先验形状约束的活动轮廓模型可以准确分割出冠脉结构完整轮廓,并且人工交互简单。该方法在双源CT冠脉图像自动分割方面具有较好的正确率与优越性。     

多目标轮廓Mumford-Shah水平集提取

目标轮廓的快速检测进而提取其几何形状,在图形图像处理中有着重要的作用.提出了一种多目标轮廓的水平集提取方法,对基于Mumford-Shah模型的C-V方法从两方面进行了改进:增加梯度矢量场和曲线法方向的融合作为边界吸引场,生成可以驱动主动轮廓向边缘进化的双向几何变形流,保留原图像分布信息作为区域进化能,解决未考虑局部几何信息造成的区域能量捕捉信息不全,或边缘梯度场和演化曲线法线方向正交时无法实现拓扑结构变化的缺陷;对水平集函数进行修正,使得它在收敛过程中能自动进行调整,确保其满足符号距离函数的要求,扩大初始化前迭代搜索区域,减少初始化次数,提高收敛效率;最后给出所提方法的数字化求解方案.实验表明该方法可行且具有较好的鲁棒性.     

基于全局主动轮廓模型的图像分割研究

基于区域信息的Mumford-shah分割模型中,由于图像对象灰度分布的不一致性,分割曲线易陷入局部最小值,不能获得完整边界分割.提出了一个全新的主动轮廓模型,基于局部区域信息创建能量驱动曲线演化,通过竞争关系约束曲线的演化范围,确保模型能收敛于全局静态最小值.实验结果表明,分割模型可以同时分割多个灰度分布不均匀的对象,对噪声具有较好的鲁棒性.     

改进的主动轮廓模型在脑肿瘤MRI图像轮廓提取中的应用

针对主动轮廓模型(Snake)处理图像时的初始轮廓选取问题,采用改进的区域增长法对图像进行预分割,并将得到的边缘作为主动轮廓模型的初始边缘轮廓;然后分别用sobel算子与梯度矢量流(GVF)代替图像梯度进行主动轮廓模型外部能量的计算,在速度满足要求的情况下,提高了目标区域的提取精度.实验结果表明,基于GVF的主动轮廓模型在脑肿瘤的轮廓提取中能取得更好的效果.     

一种基于形状约束势能的主动轮廓跟踪算法

将基于轮廓曲率的帧间几何形状约束势能,与目标区域信息和边缘梯度信息相结合,定义新的主动轮廓跟踪模型.该模型可以克服弱边缘及强背景等噪声对轮廓的吸引和干扰,同时保持目标的基本形状,实现和改善对具有尖角、深凹等不规则形状目标的边缘跟踪.采用基于块匹配的边界仿射变换方法对主动轮廓的初始位置进行估计,使其更接近目标的真实边缘.实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的边缘跟踪和抗复杂背景的能力.     

基于矢量场的二维区域全自动四边网格生成

为了实现任意二维几何模型的高质量分块结构四边形网格自动生成,提出一种基于矢量场的二维区域全自动分解方法.首先利用边界元法求解拉普拉斯型控制方程,获取一个反映模型边界几何特征、覆盖整个问题域的矢量场;然后结合矢量与标架的映射关系,将计算得到的矢量场转化为标架场;最后通过分析标架场的奇异结构将问题域分解成多个四边子区域,并在每个子区域利用映射法生成高质量的结构四边形网格.通过复杂区域的网格生成实例,验证了该方法的有效性和可靠性.     

基于DFD参数变形模型的平面足迹轮廓提取

针对重压区域轮廓处于强边缘附近具有特性形状属性以及局部光滑的特点,构造基于区域模糊灰度总收益的轮廓变形优化目标函数.在此基础上,利用遗传算法实现对轮廓的离散傅里叶描述子参数模型进行优化,提取描述足迹重压区域的光滑轮廓.实验结果表明:该算法速度快,能充分保留轮廓细节和目标特定形状属性,在平面足迹重压区域轮廓提取中获得了较好的效果.     

基于方向Snake模型的心脏磁共振图像左心室内外膜分割

针对心脏磁共振图像(MRI)左心室内膜与外膜边缘方向不同的特点,提出一种基于曲线演化框架的方向主动轮廓模型进行左心室内外膜分割。曲线演化方程中包含基于图像边缘与区域灰度特征的混合几何流。几何流中的边缘信息项由经Fast Marching方法扩展后的动态方向梯度矢量流场（DDGVF）构成,用以引导曲线向具有不同方向的目标边缘运动,而区域灰度信息项则由Chan-Vese (CV)模型构成,用以防止曲线在演化过程中受其他边缘成分的影响而发生泄漏。最终的曲线演化方程采用水平集方法求解。实验结果表明,所提方法能够较为准确地分割出心脏MRI图像中的左心室内外膜并具有较好的鲁棒性,对于实现基于心脏MRI图像的左心室心肌区域自动快速分割和心脏功能分析与评价具有一定的应用价值。     

基于熵能的H.264压缩域运动对象分割

提出了一种基于熵能选取自适应阈值的时空域运动对象分割方法。首先对H.264压缩码流中提取的原始运动矢量场进行连续多帧的累加来增强运动信息,并对累积运动矢量场进行相似性判断,初步获得运动块;然后提取压缩码流中4×4块残差编码位数,并基于熵能自动选取自适应局部阈值,获取运动区域的轮廓信息;最后结合运动块和轮廓信息按照一定的规则对边界进行校正。对多个视频序列进行了实验,结果表明,该算法能快速取得较好的分割结果。     

煤矿井下人员人脸轮廓提取方法

针对煤矿井下人员脸部轮廓难以提取而导致考勤系统识别率低的问题,提出了一种基于主动轮廓模型和主动形状模型的人脸轮廓提取方法。首先由主动形状模型估计初始轮廓位置,然后通过定义主动轮廓模型的能量函数,采用主动轮廓模型算法多次迭代后缩小标记点与真实轮廓之间的差距,提取由主动形状模型获得的正交插值的灰度值轮廓,即可得到人脸轮廓。实验结果表明,该方法较传统主动轮廓模型能够更精确地提取人脸轮廓形状。     

基于区域增长与局部自适应C-V模型的脑血管分割

提出了一种针对TOF MRA(time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography)磁共振图像的双重分割脑血管提取方法。首先结合高斯滤波,采用二维OTSU算法,结合MIP(maximum intensity projection)图像获得三维血管种子点,定义全局与局部信息相结合的区域增长规则,通过区域增长算法对血管进行粗分割;然后,采用 Catt 扩散模型对体数据场进行各向异性滤波,提出了局部自适应C-V模型,将初步分割结果作为自适应活动轮廓模型的初始轮廓线进行二次分割。实验结果表明,该算法不仅能够有效分割脑血管粗大分支,而且还能精确提取脑血管的细小结构。     

基于MoM评价模型的冠脉血管直径的测量

在骨架化提取出血管中心线的基础上,提出一种基于MoM评价模型的冠脉血管直径的跟踪测量方法。该算法利用血管的两条边缘线相对于中心线的对称性和最优化评价思想,通过对实际造影图像的量化测量并将其与实际直径值进行对比,发现使用提出的算法能够准确地测量血管的直径,并且可以有效地解决血管分支和重叠处直径测量问题。     

Tubular Structure Segmentation Based on Minimal Path Method and Anisotropic Enhancement

We present a new interactive method for tubular structure extraction. The main application and motivation for this work is vessel tracking in 2D and 3D images. The basic tools are minimal paths solved using the fast marching algorithm. This allows interactive tools for the physician by clicking on a small number of points in order to obtain a minimal path between two points or a set of paths in the case of a tree structure. Our method is based on a variant of the minimal path method that models the vessel as a centerline and surface. This is done by adding one dimension for the local radius around the centerline. The crucial step of our method is the definition of the local metrics to minimize. We have chosen to exploit the tubular structure of the vessels one wants to extract to built an anisotropic metric. The designed metric is well oriented along the direction of the vessel, admits higher velocity on the centerline, and provides a good estimate of the vessel radius. Based on the optimally oriented flux this measure is required to be robust against the disturbance introduced by noise or adjacent structures with intensity similar to the target vessel. We obtain promising results on noisy synthetic and real 2D and 3D images and we present a clinical validation.     

基于图像像素状态平衡的血管提取算法

为了消除血管减影图像中的噪声,从复杂背景中提取血管,提出了一种基于图像像素状态平衡的血管提取方法。将图像看成一个由目标区域与背景区域构成的平衡系统,目标区域与背景区域由于某种作用力处于一个内在平衡状态,但噪声的引入破坏了这种平衡,该方法通过恢复平衡状态来消除噪声,分离目标与背景区域。在此基础上发展出一种新的灰度图像二值化算法,并将其应用在脑部血管DSA图像的血管提取上,该算法能从背景噪声很强的DSA剪影图像中分离出完整的血管网络,实验效果令人满意。     

基于双注意力编码-解码器架构的视网膜血管分割

眼底视网膜血管的分割提取对于糖尿病、视网膜病、青光眼等眼科疾病的诊断具有重要的意义。针对视网膜血管图像中的血管难以提取、数据量较少等问题,文中提出了一种结合注意力模块和编码-解码器结构的视网膜血管分割方法。首先对编码-解码器卷积神经网络的每个卷积层添加空间和通道注意力模块,加强模型对图像特征的空间信息和通道信息(如血管的大小、形态和连通性等特点)的利用,从而改善视网膜血管的分割效果。其中,空间注意力模块关注于血管的拓扑结构特性,而通道注意力模块关注于血管像素点的正确分类。此外,在训练过程中采用Dice损失函数解决了视网膜血管图像正负样本不均衡的问题。在3个公开的眼底图像数据库DRIVE,STARE和CHASE_DB1上进行了实验,实验数据表明,所提算法的准确率、灵敏度、特异性和AUC值均优于已有的视网膜血管分割方法,其AUC值分别为0.9889,0.9812和0.9831。实验证明,所提算法能够有效提取健康视网膜图像和病变视网膜图像中的血管网络,能够较好地分割细小血管。     

Video image assessment with a distortion-weighing spatiotemporal visual attention model

For the purpose of extracting attention regions from distorted videos, a distortion-weighing spatiotemporal visual attention model is proposed. On the impact of spatial and temporal saliency maps, visual attention regions are acquired directed in a bottom-up manner. Meanwhile, the blocking artifact saliency map is detected according to intensity gradient features. An attention selection is applied to identify one of visual attention regions with more relatively serious blocking artifact as the Focus of Attention (FOA) directed in a top-down manner. Experimental results show that the proposed model can not only accurately analyze the spatiotemporal saliency based on the intensity, the texture, and the motion features, but also able to estimate the blocking artifact of distortions in comparing with Walther’s and You’s models.     

Integrating adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and local binary pattern operator for robust retinal blood vessels segmentation

Automatic extraction of blood vessels is an important step in computer-aided diagnosis in ophthalmology. The blood vessels have different widths, orientations, and structures. Therefore, the extracting of the proper feature vector is a critical step especially in the classifier-based vessel segmentation methods. In this paper, a new multi-scale rotation-invariant local binary pattern operator is employed to extract efficient feature vector for different types of vessels in the retinal images. To estimate the vesselness value of each pixel, the obtained multi-scale feature vector is applied to an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. Then by applying proper top-hat transform, thresholding, and length filtering, the thick and thin vessels are highlighted separately. The performance of the proposed method is measured on the publicly available DRIVE and STARE databases. The average accuracy 0.942 along with true positive rate (TPR) 0.752 and false positive rate (FPR) 0.041 is very close to the manual segmentation rates obtained by the second observer. The proposed method is also compared with several state-of-the-art methods. The proposed method shows higher average TPR in the same range of FPR and accuracy.

     

A modified GAC model for extracting waterline from remotely sensed imagery

At present many methods are available for extracting waterline automatically from remotely sensed imagery. They are commonly limited by their inability to accurately detect waterline when the land–sea interface is not so distinctive on the imagery. This study aims to develop a new model of extraction in which both the spectral features of water and the spatial feature of waterline itself are incorporated into the level set framework. This model consists of three terms. The first term, which is derived from the spectral features, drives the curve evolution. The second term, curvature flow, guarantees the smoothness of the curve in the process of evolution. The third term, the boundary attraction force, attracts the evolving curve to the genuine position. Experimental results with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data sets validate the effectiveness of the proposed model. It can improve the accuracy of extracted waterline and effectively prevent the omission of weak boundaries from the detected results that are common in both geodesic active contour (GAC) and distance-regularized level set evolution (DRLSE) results.     

Learning robustly stable open-loop motions for robotic manipulation

Robotic arms have been shown to be able to perform cyclic tasks with an open-loop stable controller. However, model errors make it hard to predict in simulation what cycle the real arm will perform. This makes it difficult to accurately perform pick and place tasks using an open-loop stable controller. This paper presents an approach to make open-loop controllers follow the desired cycles more accurately. First, we check if the desired cycle is robustly open-loop stable, meaning that it is stable even when the model is not accurate. A novel robustness test using linear matrix inequalities is introduced for this purpose. Second, using repetitive control we learn the open loop controller that tracks the desired cycle. Hardware experiments show that using this method, the accuracy of the task execution is improved to a precision of 2.5 cm, which suffices for many pick and place tasks.