基于机载InSAR生成DEM技术研究试验

本文描述了机载双天线合成孔径雷达干涉测量数据生成数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)技术,针对机载双天线InSAR数据自动生成DEM的数据处理流程进行试验,主要包括:复图像配准、干涉条纹图滤波、相位解缠、相高转换。本文基于VC++开发了机载InSAR干涉处理原型系统,利用分辨率为2m×2m的机载双天线X波段InSAR数据进行了干涉处理实验,并将生成的DEM和实测的控制点数据进行了对比分析。试验结果证明基于机载双天线InSAR数据生成DEM技术可满足1:50000的精度要求。     

星载双天线干涉SAR基线高精度测定

星载干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)基线的高精度测定是获取地面数字高程信息的关键技术,针对双天线InSAR系统,采用光学系统测量和激光测距联合法。其中,光学系统用于测量基线指向,根据3点T型标志点,给出近似解析解确定算法;由于光学成像测量在相机视轴方向精度不高,需采用激光测距方法,通过信号混频FFT检测相位,最终确定基线长度。模拟结果显示,光学测量与激光测距相联合可高精度确定干涉基线矢量。     

利用正演计算方法分析地形和噪音对多波段遥感数据的影响

在没有干扰和噪音影响的理想条件下,多波段遥感数据中不同地物在散点图上的位置是一
个点。但在实际情况中,地形和噪音大大地改变了目标分布形状。利用DEM数字高程数据以及太
阳高度角和方位角等参数计算出地表接收到的辐射能量,然后设置已知目标,利用散点图来分析不
同反射率下目标所占的空间位置。再通过增加不同强度的噪音,分析目标在散点图上的变化规律,
以便寻找目标分离的有效特征。     

数字增益自动补偿微波辐射计计算机仿真分析

数字增益自动补偿微波辐射计是一种新型的微波辐射计,有效地补偿了微波辐射计系统增益
的波动,提高了系统的稳定性。按照目标微波辐射能量在系统中传递的物理过程,利用物理与数学
相结合的方法建立了数字增益自动补偿微波辐射计的计算机仿真模型。应用已测得的系统参数(噪
声系数、增益),对系统性能进行了仿真分析,取得了与实际系统特性较好的一致性。同时,解释了工
程设计中涉及的主要问题。     

顺轨机载InSAR海面运动舰船成像

研究了顺轨双天线机载干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）的海面运动舰船目标成像问题.分析了船体散射点三维运动对舰船目标成像的影响,给出了顺轨InSAR对舰船目标成像的信号处理流程.利用双通道干涉对消处理,检测出存在三维运动的散射点,并对其信号相位进行估计.通过对存在三维运动的散射点实施相位补偿,改善对舰船目标成像效果,InSAR仿真数据的处理结果表明了本文方法的有效性.     

一种基于正弦模型的干涉SAR射频干扰抑制算法

P波段电磁波谱与多种通信、无线电频带混叠,这些应用会对P波段干涉合成孔径雷达（Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR）产生射频干扰（Radio Frequency Interference,RFI）。针对P波段InSAR系统射频干扰抑制问题,提出相位保持的抑制算法,算法基于正弦参数模型,采用阈值检测、迭代相参的处理技术,在抑制射频干扰对图像聚焦质量影响的同时保持回波数据的相位信息,该方法尤其适用于P波段InSAR系统。通过对仿真的机载干涉SAR数据进行处理,对比验证了算法的高效性。
     

二维综合孔径辐射计中的稀疏天线布局

摘要:介绍了二维综合孔径辐射计的成像原理、反演算法和天线优化布局的基本思想,并用模拟退
火算法对两种类型的天线布局做了优化仿真。其一是针对圆形区域内分时旋转的测量方式,根据两
种不同的设计思想得到了两种不同的天线优化布局结果,并对其进行了试验验证;其二是提出了新
型的非规则随机天线布局的方法,并以T形条带区域的天线优化布局为例,对其进行了优化计算
和成像仿真。     

基于小波域HMT模型InSAR干涉图噪声滤波研究

相干斑噪声是InSAR干涉图固有的,且InSAR干涉图对相干斑噪声十分敏感,为了得到精度更高的干涉测量产品,需要对干涉图进行相干斑噪声滤波。针对InSAR干涉图中相干斑噪声的统计特性,提出了一种基于小波域HMT模型的InSAR干涉图滤波算法,对InSAR干涉图的实部和虚部分别进行处理。试验研究结果表明,该方法在有效抑制相干斑的同时,还能有效地保持相位的细节信息和条纹的边缘结构,而且大大地减少了残余点的数量,有利于提高InSAR干涉测量的精度。     

基于椭圆轨道的星载SAR面目标原始数据模拟

提出了一种基于椭圆轨道的星载SAR面目标原始数据模拟的方法。首先通过建立椭圆轨道的卫星平台和地球上目标的运动模型,求出卫星平台与目标的距离变化规律,并分析了这个距离与由其它模型得到的距离的不同及其对方位向压缩成像的影响。然后给出了面目标的原始数据模拟的方法,详尽地描述了整个模拟过程。最后给出并分析了原始数据压缩的方法及成像结果。
     

分布式InSAR干涉基线与空间状态测量的关系分析

阐述了分布式InSAR目标三维定位原理,分析了干涉基线与空间状态测量之间的关系;给出了干涉基线的完整定义,将干涉基线分解为空间域干涉基线和时间域干涉基线,其中时间域干涉基线通过主星的绝对定轨结果获得,空间域干涉基线主要通过高精度星间相对定位结果获得;分析了卫星轨道速度、平台姿态测量、天线安装等误差对干涉基线测量精度的影响,讨论了不同基线测量体制对姿态精度的要求差异,为分布式InSAR的空间状态测量方案设计及相关测量手段精度指标的论证提供了技术支撑。     

基于加权联合导向矢量模型的InSAR干涉相位估计

基于干涉图的传统干涉相位估计方法,当由于图像配准误差而导致的干涉图质量较差时,就难以恢复出准确的真实干涉相位.本文提出了一种基于加权联合导向矢量模型的InSAR干涉相位估计方法.该方法构造最优联合观测矢量和加权联合导向矢量,同时利用相邻像素的相干信息,并采用波束形成技术,因此具有自适应图像配准和降低相位噪声的功能,因而可以在SAR图像配准精度很差(可以允许达到一个分辨单元)的条件下准确地估计相应像素间的干涉相位.仿真及实测数据的处理结果证明了此方法的有效性.     

An estimation method for InSAR interferometric phase combined with image auto-coregistration

1 Introduction Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) is an important remote sensing tech- nique to retrieve the terrain digital elevation model (DEM)[1,2]. Image coregistration and interferometric phase unwrapping are two key processing procedur…     

基于实时地形校正的InSAR图像匹配算法

针对侧视雷达/可见光图像匹配制导系统中由于雷达图像地形畸变引起的误匹配问题,提出了一种基于干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）的实时地形校正图像匹配算法。该算法以侧视雷达成像几何构象为基础,利用InSAR获取的实时地形数据对获取的SAR景象数据进行实时几何校正,生成无畸变的SAR景象数据,然后利用校正后的SAR景象数据与提前安装的可见光基准数据进行基于去均值归一化互相关模板的图像匹配。实验结果表明,通过实时地形校正,该景象匹配算法在复杂地形区域的匹配概率和匹配精度都大大优于传统SAR景象匹配算法,有效地提高了SAR图像匹配制导技术的适用性。     

优化的区域增长InSAR相位解缠算法

在区域增长的干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）相位解缠算法中,种子的选择和种子相位值的确定是之一.本文研究了优化的区域增长2维相位解缠方法,包括合适的种子选取和种子相位值的优化处理,提出了将干涉相位图中相位跳变导致的边缘曲线作为种子,通过分析边缘曲线之间的相邻关系,基于遗传算法优化种子的相位值.仿真结果表明,该算法的计算量与干涉相位图的像素点数成近似线性关系,同时由于该算法属于局部算法,可以通过并行处理进一步提高计算效率.优化的区域增长2维相位解缠算法与其他2维相位解缠算法相比较,其解缠后的相位条纹与原始干涉相位图相位条纹的一致性非常好.该算法的处理结果与最小成本网络流相位解缠法相当,但其计算量却远远小于最小成本网络流相位解缠法的计算量.     

Efficient mitigation of atmospheric phase effects in repeat-pass InSAR measurements

The problem of atmospheric phase effects is currently one of the most important limiting factors for widespread application of repeat-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) measurements. Due to the extraordinary complexity of the atmospheric inhomogeneity and turbulence, it is generally difficult to obtain satisfactory mitigation of the atmospheric phase effects in repeat-pass InSAR measurements. In recent years, several methods have been developed for mitigating the atmospheric phase effects. An effective approach is interferogram stacking, which is based on stacking independent interferograms. However, as many as 2n images are required to generate n interferograms and the atmospheric delay errors of the stacked interferogram decrease only with the square root of the number of interferograms in the conventional interferogram stacking method, which is not very efficient. In order to efficiently mitigate the atmospheric phase effects on the stacked interferogram in repeat-pass InSAR measurements, we propose a relay-interferogram stacking method. Compared with the conventional method, this method not only can efficiently mitigate atmospheric phase effects on the stacked interferogram, but also greatly decreases the number of required synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The key element is that the first and the last SAR images are selected from the periods of similar meteorological conditions. In addition, we present an application of the approach to the study of ground subsidence in the area around Beijing, China.     

Forest canopy height and carbon estimation at Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, UK, using dual-wavelength SAR interferometry

Forest canopy height is a critical parameter in better quantifying the terrestrial carbon cycle. It can be used to estimate aboveground biomass and carbon pools stored in the vegetation, and predict timber yield for forest management. Polarimetric SAR interferometry (PolInSAR) uses polarimetric separation of scattering phase centers derived from interferometry to estimate canopy height. A limitation of PolInSAR is that it relies on sufficient scattering phase center separation at each pixel to be able to derive accurate forest canopy height estimates. The effect of wavelength-dependent penetration depth into the canopy is known to be strong, and could potentially lead to a better height separation than relying on polarization combinations at one wavelength alone. Here we present a new method for canopy height mapping using dual-wavelength SAR interferometry (InSAR) at X- and L-band. The method is based on the scattering phase center separation at different wavelengths. It involves the generation of a smoothed interpolated terrain elevation model underneath the forest canopy from repeat-pass L-band InSAR data. The terrain model is then used to remove the terrain component from the single-pass X-band interferometric surface height to estimate forest canopy height. The ability of L-band to map terrain height under vegetation relies on sufficient spatial heterogeneity of the density of scattering elements that scatter L-band electromagnetic waves within each resolution cell. The method is demonstrated with airborne X-band VV polarized single-pass and L-band HH polarized repeat-pass SAR interferometry using data acquired by the E-SAR sensor over Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, UK. This is one of the first radar studies of a semi-natural deciduous woodland that exhibits considerable spatial heterogeneity of vegetation type and density. The canopy height model is validated using airborne imaging LIDAR data acquired by the Environment Agency. The rmse of the LIDAR canopy height estimates compared to theodolite data is 2.15 m (relative error 17.6%). The rmse of the dual-wavelength InSAR-derived canopy height model compared to LIDAR is 3.49 m (relative error 28.5%). From the canopy height maps carbon pools are estimated using allometric equations. The results are compared to a field survey of carbon pools and rmse values are presented. The dual-wavelength InSAR method could potentially be delivered from a spaceborne constellation similar to the TerraSAR system.     

InSAR干涉纹图噪声抑制算法的比较及改进

干涉纹图中的噪声影响着InSAR的图像质量,使得相位解缠无法进行或者使生成的DEM精度降低。为了获得高质量的InSAR纹图,必须对噪声进行有效抑制,同时保持空间分辨率。文中探讨了InSAR干涉纹图的噪声抑制方法,提出了一种新的干涉纹图的滤波方法。并采用了真实数据验证了方法的有效性。     

Process and conduction of interferometric phase for satellite images

The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is used in many fields of earth science. It is generated from interferometry SAR (InSAR) using two co-registered radar Single Look complex (SLC) [1], [2] and [3]. This work concerns the exploitation of radar images SLC of the Algiers area acquired on 03 January and 04 January 1994. The former is taken as a master image and the latter as a slave image. We have developed an interferometric process starting with the implementation of a co-registration algorithm for our images, then the elimination of flat-earth phase from the interferogram and at the end we developed a filter in order to minimize the existing noise to have good results after the unwrapping step using our own developed method.     

合成孔径雷达及其干涉技术研究进展

合成孔径雷达(Synthetic aperturer adar，SAR)能够在全天候、全天时条件下对地面进行大范围测绘，是现代民用遥感和军事侦察中的重要手段。本文回顾了SAR及干涉合成孔径雷达(InSAR)技术的历史，叙述了SAR由非聚焦到完全聚焦，由光学处理到全数字式处理，由二维测绘到干涉三维测绘的发展历程。通过例举典型系统，介绍了国外机载、空载SAR和InSAR技术的现状，并对我国近年来在该领域取得的进展作了简要介绍。最后，本文给出对SIR—C／X—SAR采集的航天飞机SAR数据处理所得到的成像结果。