A Combined Adaptive Law for Fuzzy Iterative Learning Control of Nonlinear Systems With Varying Control Tasks

To deal with the iterative control of uncertain nonlinear systems with varying control tasks, nonzero initial resetting state errors, and nonrepeatable mismatched input disturbance, a new adaptive fuzzy iterative learning controller is proposed in this paper. The main structure of this learning controller is constructed by a fuzzy learning component and a robust learning component. For the fuzzy learning component, a fuzzy system used as an approximator is designed to compensate for the plant nonlinearity. For the robust learning component, a sliding-mode-like strategy is applied to overcome the nonlinear input gain, input disturbance, and fuzzy approximation error. Both designs are based on a time-varying boundary layer which is introduced not only to solve the problem of initial state errors but also to eliminate the possible undesirable chattering behavior. A new adaptive law combining time- and iteration-domain adaptation is derived to search for suitable values of control parameters and then guarantee the closed-loop stability and error convergence. This adaptive algorithm is designed without using projection or deadzone mechanism. With a suitable choice of the weighting gain, the memory size for the storage of parameter profiles can be greatly reduced. It is shown that all the adjustable parameters as well as internal signals remain bounded for all iterations. Moreover, the norm of tracking state error vector will asymptotically converge to a tunable residual set even when the desired tracking trajectory is varying between successive iterations.     

Direct adaptive iterative learning control of nonlinear systems using an output-recurrent fuzzy neural network

In this paper, a direct adaptive iterative learning control (DAILC) based on a new output-recurrent fuzzy neural network (ORFNN) is presented for a class of repeatable nonlinear systems with unknown nonlinearities and variable initial resetting errors. In order to overcome the design difficulty due to initial state errors at the beginning of each iteration, a concept of time-varying boundary layer is employed to construct an error equation. The learning controller is then designed by using the given ORFNN to approximate an optimal equivalent controller. Some auxiliary control components are applied to eliminate approximation error and ensure learning convergence. Since the optimal ORFNN parameters for a best approximation are generally unavailable, an adaptive algorithm with projection mechanism is derived to update all the consequent, premise, and recurrent parameters during iteration processes. Only one network is required to design the ORFNN-based DAILC and the plant nonlinearities, especially the nonlinear input gain, are allowed to be totally unknown. Based on a Lyapunov-like analysis, we show that all adjustable parameters and internal signals remain bounded for all iterations. Furthermore, the norm of state tracking error vector will asymptotically converge to a tunable residual set as iteration goes to infinity. Finally, iterative learning control of two nonlinear systems, inverted pendulum system and Chua's chaotic circuit, are performed to verify the tracking performance of the proposed learning scheme.     

Iterative learning of model reference adaptive controller for uncertain nonlinear systems with only output measurement

In this paper, a model reference adaptive control strategy is used to design an iterative learning controller for a class of repeatable nonlinear systems with uncertain parameters, high relative degree, initial output resetting error, input disturbance and output noise. The class of nonlinear systems should satisfy some differential geometric conditions such that the plant can be transformed via a state transformation into an output feedback canonical form. A suitable error model is derived based on signals filtered from plant input and output. The learning controller compensates for the unknown parameters, uncertainties and nonlinearity via projection type adaptation laws which update control parameters along the iteration domain. It is shown that the internal signals remain bounded for all iterations. The output tracking error will converge to a profile which can be tuned by design parameters and the learning speed is improved if the learning gain is large.     

An iterative learning controller with reduced sampling rate for plants with variations of initial states

In this paper a discrete-time iterative learning controller for single input single output systems is presented. The iterative learning controller works with a reduced sampling rate that ensures the reduction of an appropriate norm of the error trajectory from cycle to cycle and can cope with initial state error. Initial state error occurs when the initial state of the system is different from the initial state that is implicitly given by the reference trajectory. If the initial state changes for every learning iteration, then the controller cannot achieve ideal tracking but the error trajectory is bounded. Using two different sample times together with a potentially time variant learning gain improves the controller performance for dealing with initial state error. Simulation examples are presented to show the results of the proposed iterative learning controller with reduced sampling rate.     

非参数不确定系统的有限时间迭代学习控制

针对任意初态情形,引入初始修正作用,研究一类非参数不确定时变系统能够达到实际完全跟踪性能的迭代学习控制方法. 采用Lyapunov-like综合,设计迭代学习控制器处理不确定性时变系统非参数化问题,其中含有有限时间控制作用,以实现在预先指定区间上的零误差跟踪. 并且,运用完全限幅学习机制,保证闭环系统中各变量的一致有界性以及跟踪误差的一致收敛性. 仿真结果表明了所提出控制方法的有效性.     

Adaptive iterative learning control for switched nonlinear continuous-time systems

In this paper, an adaptive iterative learning control (ILC) method is proposed for switched nonlinear continuous-time systems with time-varying parametric uncertainties. First, an iterative learning controller is constructed with a state feedback term in the time domain and an adaptive learning term in the iteration domain. Then a switched nonlinear continuous-discrete two-dimensional (2D) system is built to describe the adaptive ILC system. Multiple 2D Lyapunov functions-based analysis ensures that the 2D system is exponentially stable, and the tracking error will converge to zero in the iteration domain. The design method of the iterative learning controller is obtained by solving a linear matrix inequality. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed controller is demonstrated by the simulation results.     

Adaptive fuzzy ILC of nonlinear discrete-time systems with unknown dead zones and control directions

This paper presents an adaptive fuzzy iterative learning control (ILC) design for non-parametrized nonlinear discrete-time systems with unknown input dead zones and control directions. In the proposed adaptive fuzzy ILC algorithm, a fuzzy logic system (FLS) is used to approximate the desired control signal, and an additional adaptive mechanism is designed to compensate for the unknown input dead zone. In dealing with the unknown control direction of the nonlinear discrete-time system, a discrete Nussbaum gain technique is exploited along the iteration axis and applied to the adaptive fuzzy ILC algorithm. As a result, it is proved that the proposed adaptive fuzzy ILC scheme can drive the ILC tracking errors beyond the initial time instants into a tunable residual set as iteration number goes to infinity, and keep all the system signals bounded in the adaptive ILC process. Finally, a simulation example is used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the adaptive fuzzy ILC scheme.     

机器人系统有限时间自适应迭代学习控制

研究任意初态下，机器人系统的有限时间自适应迭代学习控制方法。引入初始修正吸引子的概念，构造一个含有初始修正项的误差变量。针对定常机器人系统和时变机器人系统，采用Lyapunov-like方法，分别设计迭代学习控制器处理系统中不确定性。并且，采用未含/含限幅学习机制，保证闭环系统各变量的一致有界性和误差变量在整个作业区间一致收敛性。藉以实现跟踪误差在预先指定区间的完全跟踪。仿真结果验证所设计控制方法的有效性。     

机械臂自调整因子模糊PD迭代学习控制研究

大部分模糊控制器不具有适应控制对象变化的能力,基于此设计一种自调整因子模糊控制器,并针对机械臂长时间重复操作导致运动精确度下降这一类问题,结合迭代学习控制方法,提出一种自调整因子模糊PD迭代学习控制方法;以双关节机械臂为研究对象,利用Fuzzy工具箱编写模糊控制规则,通过系统产生的误差以及误差的变化率作为模糊控制器的输入量调整模糊系统中的量化因子和比例因子,实现模糊规则的更新和对迭代学习控制中的PD参数的实时调整,系统的自适应性得到提高,并在Simulink中进行机械臂的运动控制实验,仿真结果表明,所提控制方法最终产生的误差可以精确到0.0001 rad,同时在进行第2次迭代时关节角度和角速度误差收敛基本趋于零,整体的控制效果较好。     

An Iterative Learning Control of Nonlinear Systems Using Neural Network Design

In this paper, a feedforward neural network with sigmoid hidden units is used to design a neural network based iterative learning controller for nonlinear systems with state dependent input gains. No prior offline training phase is necessary, and only a single neural network is employed. All the weights of the neurons are tuned during the iteration process in order to achieve the desired learning performance. The adaptive laws for the weights of neurons and the analysis of learning performance are determined via Lyapunov‐like analysis. A projection learning algorithm is used to prevent drifting of weights. It is shown that the tracking error vector will asymptotically converges to zero as the iteration goes to infinity, and the all adjustable parameters as well as internal signals remain bounded.     

An Exploration on Adaptive Iterative Learning Control for a Class of Commensurate High-order Uncertain Nonlinear Fractional Order Systems

This paper explores the adaptive iterative learning control method in the control of fractional order systems for the first time. An adaptive iterative learning control (AILC) scheme is presented for a class of commensurate high-order uncertain nonlinear fractional order systems in the presence of disturbance. To facilitate the controller design, a sliding mode surface of tracking errors is designed by using sufficient conditions of linear fractional order systems. To relax the assumption of the identical initial condition in iterative learning control (ILC), a new boundary layer function is proposed by employing Mittag-Leffler function. The uncertainty in the system is compensated for by utilizing radial basis function neural network. Fractional order differential type updating laws and difference type learning law are designed to estimate unknown constant parameters and time-varying parameter, respectively. The hyperbolic tangent function and a convergent series sequence are used to design robust control term for neural network approximation error and bounded disturbance, simultaneously guaranteeing the learning convergence along iteration. The system output is proved to converge to a small neighborhood of the desired trajectory by constructing Lyapnov-like composite energy function (CEF) containing new integral type Lyapunov function, while keeping all the closed-loop signals bounded. Finally, a simulation example is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.      

Decentralized adaptive iterative learning control for interconnected systems with uncertainties

In many applications,the system dynamics allows the decomposition into lower dimensional subsystems with interconnections among them.This decomposition is motivated by the ease and flexibility of the controller design for each subsystem.In this paper,a decentralized model reference adaptive iterative learning control scheme is developed for interconnected systems with model uncertainties.The interconnections in the dynamic equations of each subsystem are considered with unknown boundaries.The proposed controller of each subsystem depends only on local state variables without any information exchange with other subsystems.The adaptive parameters are updated along iteration axis to compensate the interconnections among subsystems.It is shown that by using the proposed decentralized controller,the states of the subsystems can track the desired reference model states iteratively.Simulation results demonstrate that,utilizing the proposed adaptive controller,the tracking error for each subsystem converges along the iteration axis.     

严格反馈互联系统分散式backstepping自适应迭代学习控制

基于Lyapunov分析方法,针对具有严格反馈形式的非线性互联系统,本文设计了一种分散式backstepping自适应迭代学习控制器.子系统之间的互联项为所有子系统输出项线性有界,为每个子系统设计的控制器仅采用该子系统的信息,不需要子系统之间相互传递信息.在控制器中,引入在时间轴和迭代轴上同时更新的自适应参数,以补偿子系统之间的互联项影响.通过采用本文给出的控制器,可使得每个子系统的输出跟踪相应的参考模型输出,仿真结果验证了本文算法的有效性.     

加速抑制随机初态误差影响的迭代学习控制

针对一类具有不确定性的多输入多输出非线性系统,提出一种迭代学习控制算法.该算法具有的特点是:针对任意初态情形,结合开环 D型迭代学习控制器的优点,在时间轴上设计了一个随迭代次数增加而缩短的时间段.在该时间段上,控制算法对状态偏差进行修正,以使系统输出在此段时间后跟踪期望输出,且系统跟踪误差收敛到一个界内.这个界仅由系统自身不确定性和不确定的外界干扰决定,与初态误差无关.当外界扰动为0,以及迭代次数趋于无穷时,经过上述时间段后,系统输出精确跟踪期望输出.理论证明和仿真结果都说明了该算法的有效性.     

Two-Mode Adaptive Fuzzy Control With Approximation Error Estimator

In this paper, we propose a two-mode adaptive fuzzy controller with approximation error estimator. In the learning mode, the controller employs some modified adaptive laws to tune the fuzzy system parameters and an approximation error estimator to compensate for the inherent approximation error. In the operating mode, the fuzzy system parameters are fixed, only the estimator is updated online. Mathematically, we show that the closed-loop system is stable in the sense that all the variables are bounded in both modes. We also establish mathematical bounds on the tracking error, state vector, control signal and the RMS error. Using these bounds, we show that controller's design parameters can be chosen to achieve desired control performance. After that, an algorithm to automatically switch the controller between two modes is presented. Finally, simulation studies of an inverted pendulum system and a Chua's chaotic circuit demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed controller.     

Adaptive learning control for general nonlinear systems with nonuniform trial lengths,initial state deviation,and unknown control direction

This paper studies the iteration varying trail lengths problem for high‐order continuous‐time nonlinear systems, where the initial state may deviate from the desired value and the sign of input gain is unknown. First, to deal with the general nonlinear systems, a fuzzy approximation technique is applied for each dimension of the nonlinear function and the backstepping technique is then used for controller design and performance analysis. Moreover, to deal with the randomly varying trial length problem, we introduce a novel composite energy function for the asymptotic convergence analysis. Furthermore, the initial state deviation issue is resolved by introducing an initial state learning protocol such that the initial state tracking error converges to zero asymptotically. Last but not least, the unknown control direction is regulated by applying a Nussbaum function and the analysis in the presence of nonuniform trial lengths is strictly established. Based on these treatments, we prove that the tracking error converges to zero as iteration number increases and all signals are bounded. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is verified by numerical simulations.     

Adaptive ILC algorithms of nonlinear continuous systems with non-parametric uncertainties for non-repetitive trajectory tracking

In this article, two adaptive iterative learning control (ILC) algorithms are presented for nonlinear continuous systems with non-parametric uncertainties. Unlike general ILC techniques, the proposed adaptive ILC algorithms allow that both the initial error at each iteration and the reference trajectory are iteration-varying in the ILC process, and can achieve non-repetitive trajectory tracking beyond a small initial time interval. Compared to the neural network or fuzzy system-based adaptive ILC schemes and the classical ILC methods, in which the number of iterative variables is generally larger than or equal to the number of control inputs, the first adaptive ILC algorithm proposed in this paper uses just two iterative variables, while the second even uses a single iterative variable provided that some bound information on system dynamics is known. As a result, the memory space in real-time ILC implementations is greatly reduced.     

Adaptive iterative learning control for a class of non-linearly parameterised systems with input saturations

In this paper, an adaptive iterative learning control scheme is proposed for a class of non-linearly parameterised systems with unknown time-varying parameters and input saturations. By incorporating a saturation function, a new iterative learning control mechanism is presented which includes a feedback term and a parameter updating term. Through the use of parameter separation technique, the non-linear parameters are separated from the non-linear function and then a saturated difference updating law is designed in iteration domain by combining the unknown parametric term of the local Lipschitz continuous function and the unknown time-varying gain into an unknown time-varying function. The analysis of convergence is based on a time-weighted Lyapunov–Krasovskii-like composite energy function which consists of time-weighted input, state and parameter estimation information. The proposed learning control mechanism warrants a L²_{[0, T]} convergence of the tracking error sequence along the iteration axis. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the adaptive iterative learning control scheme.     

一类非线性系统的误差轨迹跟踪鲁棒学习控制算法

针对一类含非参数不确定性的非线性系统,提出一种鲁棒迭代学习控制算法,该算法放宽了常规迭代学习控制方法的初始定位条件,迭代初值可任意取值.基于类Lyapunov方法设计误差轨迹跟踪控制器,通过鲁棒限幅学习机制对不确定性进行估计和补偿,能够在整个作业区间上实现误差对给定期望误差轨迹的精确跟踪,期望误差轨迹根据迭代起始时刻的误差值设置.利用期望误差轨迹的衰减性状,可使系统误差在预设的时间点后收敛于原点的邻域内,邻域半径的大小可根据需要任意设置.理论分析和仿真结果表明了控制方法的有效性.