步态驱动的四足动物低维物理运动生成方法

目的 为了解决四足动物运动数据难以获取的问题,建立一种快速易用的四足动物运动重建和制作途径,提出了一种面向四足动物的实时低维运动生成方法。方法 首先,建立以质点、刚体和弹簧为基础的低维物理解算器,将四足动物骨架抽象为低维物理模型;其次,依据步态模式建立足迹约束,自脚向上分肢体求解全身物理质点的运动信息;最后,依据通用约束修正后的质点位置,反算全身动画骨骼节点,生成目标运动。结果 针对不同步态、不同体型、不同风格的四足动物进行多组实验,本文方法能够达到330帧/s的生成速度,且具备良好的视觉效果和通用性。结论 本文方法的输入数据易于学习和获取,计算过程实时稳定,可以快速生成符合视觉真实感的多风格运动数据。     

面向反馈运动控制器的多目标求解

目的 基于物理模拟的人体运动生成方法由于能够合成符合自然规律的运动片段,可实时响应环境的变化,且生成的物理运动不是机械性的重复,因此是近年来计算机动画和虚拟现实领域中最活跃的研究方向之一。然而人体物理模型具有高维、非线性及关节间强耦合性等特点,求解人体物理运动十分困难。反馈控制器常用于人体物理运动控制,求解时通常需要对多个目标函数加权求和,然而权重的设置需多次试验,烦杂耗时。针对运动控制器求解困难的问题,本文提出了一种面向反馈运动控制器的多目标求解方法。方法 首先,对运动数据进行预处理并提取关键帧求解初始控制器,并设计一种改进的反馈控制机制;在此基础上,种群父代个体变异产生子代,采用禁选区域预筛选策略去除不满足约束的个体,并通过重采样获取新解;然后,通过物理仿真获得多目标适应度值,采用区域密度多层取优选取分布均匀的优秀个体作为下一代父代,并通过基于剪枝的多阶段物理求解算法决定是否进入下一阶段优化;经过多次迭代后获得物理控制器,从而生成具有反馈的人体物理运动。结果 针对提出的方法,本文针对多个测试函数和物理运动分别进行实验：在测试函数实验中,本文分别采用经典的测试函数进行实验对比,在相同的迭代次数下,相比之前算法,本文算法中满足约束的优秀个体命中率更高,反转世距离更小,且最优解集的分布更加均匀;物理运动生成实验中,分别针对走路、跑步和翻滚等运动进行物理运动生成,与之前算法进行对比,本文算法可以更早地完成收敛,同时目标函数值更小,表明生成的运动效果更好。结论 本文提出的进化求解方法可以生成不同运动的控制器,该控制器不仅可以生成物理运动,而且还具备外力干扰下保持平衡的能力,解决了运动控制器求解中多目标权重设置困难、优化时间长的问题;除此之外,本文算法还对具有约束的多目标问题具有较好的求解效果。     

边界简化与多目标优化相结合的高质量四边形网格生成

目的 高质量四边形网格生成是计算机辅助设计、等几何分析与图形学领域中一个富有挑战性的重要问题。针对这一问题,提出一种基于边界简化与多目标优化的高质量四边形网格生成新框架。方法 首先针对亏格非零的平面区域,提出一种将多连通区域转化为单连通区域的方法,可生成高质量的插入边界;其次,提出"可简化角度"和"可简化面积比率"两个阈值概念,从顶点夹角和顶点三角形面积入手,将给定的多边形边界简化为粗糙多边形;然后对边界简化得到的粗糙多边形进行子域分解,并确定每个子域内的网格顶点连接信息;最后提出四边形网格的均匀性和正交性度量目标函数,并通过多目标非线性优化技术确定网格内部顶点的几何位置。结果 在同样的离散边界下,本文方法与现有方法所生成的四边网格相比,所生成的四边网格顶点和单元总数目较少,网格单元质量基本类似,计算时间成本大致相同,但奇异点数目可减少70% 80%,衡量网格单元质量的比例雅克比值等相关指标均有所提高。结论 本文所提出的四边形网格生成方法能够有效减少网格中的奇异点数目,并可生成具有良好光滑性、均匀性和正交性的高质量四边形网格,非常适用于工程分析和动画仿真。     

分裂合并运动分割的多运动视觉里程计方法

目的 视觉里程计（visual odometry,VO）仅需要普通相机即可实现精度可观的自主定位,已经成为计算机视觉和机器人领域的研究热点,但是当前研究及应用大多基于场景为静态的假设,即场景中只有相机运动这一个运动模型,无法处理多个运动模型,因此本文提出一种基于分裂合并运动分割的多运动视觉里程计方法,获得场景中除相机运动外多个运动目标的运动状态。方法 基于传统的视觉里程计框架,引入多模型拟合的方法分割出动态场景中的多个运动模型,采用RANSAC（random sample consensus）方法估计出多个运动模型的运动参数实例;接着将相机运动信息以及各个运动目标的运动信息转换到统一的坐标系中,获得相机的视觉里程计结果,以及场景中各个运动目标对应各个时刻的位姿信息;最后采用局部窗口光束法平差直接对相机的姿态以及计算出来的相机相对于各个运动目标的姿态进行校正,利用相机运动模型的内点和各个时刻获得的相机相对于运动目标的运动参数,对多个运动模型的轨迹进行优化。结果 本文所构建的连续帧运动分割方法能够达到较好的分割结果,具有较好的鲁棒性,连续帧的分割精度均能达到近100%,充分保证后续估计各个运动模型参数的准确性。本文方法不仅能够有效估计出相机的位姿,还能估计出场景中存在的显著移动目标的位姿,在各个分段路径中相机自定位与移动目标的定位结果位置平均误差均小于6%。结论 本文方法能够同时分割出动态场景中的相机自身运动模型和不同运动的动态物体运动模型,进而同时估计出相机和各个动态物体的绝对运动轨迹,构建出多运动视觉里程计过程。     

OPTICS聚类与目标区域概率模型的多运动目标跟踪

目的 针对多运动目标在移动背景情况下跟踪性能下降和准确度不高的问题,本文提出了一种基于OPTICS聚类与目标区域概率模型的方法。方法 首先引入了Harris-Sift特征点检测,完成相邻帧特征点匹配,提高了特征点跟踪精度和鲁棒性;再根据各运动目标与背景运动向量不同这一点,引入了改进后的OPTICS加注算法,在构建的光流图上聚类,从而准确的分离出背景,得到各运动目标的估计区域;对每个运动目标建立一个独立的目标区域概率模型(OPM),随着检测帧数的迭代更新,以得到运动目标的准确区域。结果 多运动目标在移动背景情况下跟踪性能下降和准确度不高的问题通过本文方法得到了很好地解决,Harris-Sift特征点提取、匹配时间仅为Sift特征的17%。在室外复杂环境下,本文方法的平均准确率比传统背景补偿方法高出14%,本文方法能从移动背景中准确分离出运动目标。结论 实验结果表明,该算法能满足实时要求,能够准确分离出运动目标区域和背景区域,且对相机运动、旋转,场景亮度变化等影响因素具有较强的鲁棒性。     

定点容量限制质心Power图生成

目的 Power图作为Voronoi图的扩展,有着精确的限容特性。在普通Power图上添加容量限制即得到容量限制Power图。考虑站点位置固定情况,对于基于质心的容量限制Power图目前未有较好的计算方法。为了解决该类问题,提出一种新颖的常密度下的定点容量限制质心Power图生成算法。方法 通过调整站点的邻居站点的权值,优化该站点Power区域质心;在此基础上,按照相同比例缩放该站点Power区域,以达到优化容量的目的,最终生成所需Power图。结果 在综合考虑质心约束与容量限制条件下,对算法在均匀容量限制与非均匀容量限制下生成的Power图进行对比实验,并且分析实验误差。本文算法能够较好地解决容量限制问题,得到当前条件下的最优解。结论 本文算法在常密度下能稳定地生成容量限制质心Power图,具有精确度高和适应性强等优点。     

不同类型高度图控制浅浮雕模型生成方法

目的 数字浅浮雕是在平面载体上塑造高低起伏形象的一种造型艺术,具有独特的结构及视觉效果,应用场景极为广泛。为了增加数字浮雕设计的多样性,实现浮雕的风格化应用,提出一种基于高度图的浅浮雕模型生成方法。方法 引入掩模理论,利用掩模操作对待处理的图像进行处理,融合图像处理技术,控制所要生成浮雕不同部位的高度,得到控制浮雕生成效果的高度图,借鉴已有的浅浮雕模型生成方法,利用基于高斯混合模型的滚动引导法向滤波（Gaussian mixture model based rolling guidance normal filtering,GRNF）进行法向分解,基于SfG （surface from gradients）的局部调整和全局重建的方法进行曲面重建,采用拉普拉斯算子及双边滤波器进行去噪平滑处理,最终生成不同高度风格的浅浮雕模型。结果 实验结果表明,本文方法能够生成带有不同视觉效果的浅浮雕模型,通过对细节特征及结构特征相关参数的调整,均能够生成轮廓清晰、细节丰富的浅浮雕模型。结论 本文提出的基于高度图的浅浮雕模型生成方法能够为浅浮雕的多样化设计提供新的思路和方法,在家居装饰行业中有重要的应用价值。     

多尺度分析的运动注意力计算

目的 由于光流估算的缺陷、噪声干扰以及现有运动注意力模型的局限性,导致运动注意力计算结果不能准确反映运动的显著性特征,制约了运动显著图的进一步应用。为提高运动注意力计算的准确性,提出一种基于时—空多尺度分析的运动注意力计算方法。方法 该方法根据视觉运动注意力来自于时—空运动反差的注意力形成机理构建运动注意力模型;通过时间尺度滤波去除噪声影响;鉴于视觉观测对尺度的依赖性,通过对视频帧的多尺度分解,在多个空间尺度进行运动注意力的计算,根据宏块像素值的相关系数大小对低尺度、中低尺度和原始尺度的运动注意力计算结果进行融合,得到最终的运动注意力显著图。结果 对多个视频测试序列的测试,测试结果表明,本文方法比同类方法更能真实有效地反映出视频场景中的运动显著性特征,大大提高了运动显著图的准确性。结论 为有效提高运动注意力计算不准确的问题,提出一种基于时—空多尺度分析的运动注意力计算方法,对于不同复杂视频运动场景,该方法能明显增强运动注意力计算的准确性,为视觉运动注意力的进一步应用奠定了良好基础。     

遮挡判别下的多尺度相关滤波跟踪算法

目的 复杂环境下,运动目标在跟踪过程中受尺度变换以及遮挡因素的影响,跟踪准确率较低。针对这一问题,提出一种遮挡判别下的多尺度相关滤波跟踪方法。方法 首先选取第1帧图像的前景区域,训练目标的位置、尺度滤波器和GMS（grid-based motion statistics）检测器。然后,通过位置滤波器估计目标位置,尺度滤波器计算目标尺度,得到初选目标区域。最后,利用相关滤波响应情况对初选目标区域进行评估,通过相关滤波响应值的峰值和峰值波动情况判断是否满足遮挡和更新条件。若遮挡,启动检测器检测目标位置,检测到目标位置后,更新目标模型;若更新,则更新位置、尺度滤波器和GMS检测器,完成跟踪。结果 本文使用多尺度相关滤波方法作为算法的基本框架,对尺度变化目标跟踪具有较好的适应性。同时,利用目标模型更新机制和GMS检测器检索目标,有效地解决了遮挡情况下的目标丢失问题。在公开数据集上的测试结果表明,本文算法平均中心误差为5.58,平均跟踪准确率为94.2%,跟踪速度平均可达27.5 帧/s,与当前先进的跟踪算法相比,本文算法兼顾了跟踪速度和准确率,表现出更好的跟踪效果。结论 本文提出一种新的遮挡判别下的多尺度相关滤波跟踪算法。实验结果表明,本文算法在不同的尺度变换及遮挡条件下能够快速准确跟踪目标,具有较好的跟踪准确率和鲁棒性。     

全卷积神经网络下的多光谱遥感影像分割

目的 传统的遥感影像分割方法需要大量人工参与特征选取以及参数选择,同时浅层的机器学习算法无法取得高精度的分割结果。因此,利用卷积神经网络能够自动学习特征的特性,借鉴处理自然图像语义分割的优秀网络结构,针对遥感数据集的特点提出新的基于全卷积神经网络的遥感影像分割方法。方法 针对遥感影像中目标排列紧凑、尺寸变化大的特点,提出基于金字塔池化和DUC（dense upsampling convolution）结构的全卷积神经网络。该网络结构使用改进的DenseNet作为基础网络提取影像特征,使用空间金字塔池化结构获取上下文信息,使用DUC结构进行上采样以恢复细节信息。在数据处理阶段,结合遥感知识将波段融合生成多源数据,生成植被指数和归一化水指数,增加特征。针对遥感影像尺寸较大、采用普通预测方法会出现拼接痕迹的问题,提出基于集成学习的滑动步长预测方法,对每个像素预测14次,每次预测像素都位于不同图像块的不同位置,对多次预测得到的结果进行投票。在预测结束后,使用全连接条件随机场（CRFs）对预测结果进行后处理,细化地物边界,优化分割结果。结果 结合遥感知识将波段融合生成多源数据可使分割精度提高3.19%;采用基于集成学习的滑动步长预测方法可使分割精度较不使用该方法时提高1.44%;使用全连接CRFs对预测结果进行后处理可使分割精度提高1.03%。结论 针对宁夏特殊地形的遥感影像语义分割问题,提出基于全卷积神经网络的新的网络结构,在此基础上采用集成学习的滑动步长预测方法,使用全连接条件随机场进行影像后处理可优化分割结果,提高遥感影像语义分割精度。     

A nonlinear robust PI controller for an uncertain system

This paper presents a smooth control strategy for the regulation problem of an uncertain system, which assures uniform ultimate boundedness of the closed-loop system inside of the zero-state neighbourhood. This neighbourhood can be made arbitrarily small. To this end, a class of nonlinear proportional integral controllers or PI controllers was designed. The behaviour of this controller emulates very close a sliding mode controller. To accomplish this behaviour saturation functions were combined with traditional PI controller. The controller did not need a high-gain controller or a sliding mode controller to accomplish robustness against unmodelled persistent perturbations. The obtained closed-solution has a finite time of convergence in a small vicinity. The corresponding stability convergence analysis was done applying the traditional Lyapunov method. Numerical simulations were carried out to assess the effectiveness of the obtained controller.     

Non‐smooth structured control design with application to PID loop‐shaping of a process

Feedback controllers with specific structure arise frequently in applications because they are easily apprehended by design engineers and facilitate on‐board implementations and re‐tuning. This work is dedicated to H_∞ synthesis with structured controllers. In this context, straightforward application of traditional synthesis techniques fails, which explains why only a few ad hoc methods have been developed over the years. In response, we propose a more systematic way to design H_∞ optimal controllers with fixed structure using local optimization techniques. Our approach addresses in principle all those controller structures which can be built into mathematical programming constraints. We apply non‐smooth optimization techniques to compute locally optimal solutions, and provide practical tests for descent and optimality. In the experimental part we apply our technique to H_∞ loop‐shaping proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers for MIMO systems and demonstrate its use for PID control of a chemical process. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stabilisability analysis of high-order unstable processes by fractional-order controllers

In this article, the sufficient stabilisability criteria for unstable time-delay processes by fractional-order controllers are investigated. The process is a high-order system with a single unstable pole, which also has a stable zero. The adopted approach to derive the sufficient conditions for stability is based on the well-known Nyquist stability criterion. Stabilisability is studied by applying fractional-order proportional integral and proportional derivative controllers and the results are given in terms of the maximum allowable value of time delay. Additionally, limitations on the parameters of the controllers which must be taken into account in the controller design are proposed.     

Feedback QoS control scheme for wireless network applications

Wireless LAN networking is an indispensable technology in an All-IP network architecture to satisfy the “anytime and anywhere” communication requirement of end users. This investigation proposes feedback controllers designing based on dynamic quality-of-service requirement for wireless LAN multimedia services. During the controllers design process, the time-domain is replaced by the s-domain, simplifying the calculation. This work presents three controllers namely proportional integral (PI), proportional derivative (PD) and proportional integral derivative (PID). Experimental results show that systems that employ the proposed controllers can quickly achieve the required system performance. Additionally, the PID controller has the best performance, and can improve delay performance by a rate 11.44% that without the feedback controller. The PI controller is superior to the PD controller. The delay when using the PD is 6.2% less than that achieved without the feedback controller.     

Global positioning of robot manipulators with mixed revolute and prismatic joints

The existing controllers for robot manipulators with uncertain gravitational force can globally stabilize only robot manipulators with revolute joints. The main obstacles to the global stabilization of robot manipulators with mixed revolute and prismatic joints are unboundedness of the inertia matrix and the Jacobian of the gravity vector. In this note, a class of globally stable controllers for robot manipulators with mixed revolute and prismatic joints is proposed. The global asymptotic stabilization is achieved by adding a nonlinear proportional and derivative term to the linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. By using Lyapunov's direct method, the explicit conditions on the controller parameters to ensure global asymptotic stability are obtained.     

PID controller design for nonlinear systems represented by discrete-time local model networks

This paper deals with proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller design for nonlinear systems represented by local model networks. The proposed method is based on the concept of parallel distributed compensators where the scheduling of the local model network is adopted for the PID parameters. The proposed design method for nonlinear PID controllers considers closed-loop stability by means of a Lyapunov stability criterion as well as closed-loop performance. All PID parameters are determined by a multi-objective genetic algorithm (multiGA), which handles the trade-off between stability and performance. A simulation example demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Design and Robust Performance Evaluation of a Fractional Order PID Controller Applied to a DC Motor

This paper proposes a methodology for the quantitative robustness evaluation of PID controllers employed in a DC motor. The robustness analysis is performed employing a 23 factorial experimental design for a fractional order proportional integral and derivative controller (FOPID), integer order proportional integral and derivative controller (IOPID) and the Skogestad internal model control controller (SIMC). The factors assumed in experiment are the presence of random noise, external disturbances in the system input and variable load. As output variables, the experimental design employs the system step response and the controller action. Practical implementation of FOPID and IOPID controllers uses the MATLAB stateflow toolbox and a NI data acquisition system. Results of the robustness analysis show that the FOPID controller has a better performance and robust stability against the experiment factors.      

MIMO PID tuning via iterated LMI restriction

We formulate multi‐input multi‐output proportional integral derivative controller design as an optimization problem that involves nonconvex quadratic matrix inequalities. We propose a simple method that replaces the nonconvex matrix inequalities with a linear matrix inequality restriction, and iterates to convergence. This method can be interpreted as a matrix extension of the convex–concave procedure, or as a particular majorization–minimization method. Convergence to a local minimum can be guaranteed. While we do not know that the resulting controller is globally optimal, the method works well in practice, and provides a simple automated method for tuning multi‐input multi‐output proportional integral derivative controllers. The method is readily extended in many ways, for example, to the design of more complex, structured controllers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A graphical tuning method of fractional order proportional integral derivative controllers for interval fractional order plant

In this paper, a novel graphical tuning method of fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controllers is proposed for a given interval fractional order plant family. Firstly, an approach is presented to solve the problem of robustly stabilizing the interval fractional order plant using FOPID controller. Moreover, some alternative methods are developed to reduce the computational burden of the presented approach. The results obtained here are general and strict proofs are given on these results. Secondly, a new approach is presented to calculate the complete sets of FOPID controller parameters which guarantee the specified H_∞-norm constraint for the interval fractional order plant. The developed approach is convenient and flexible. Finally, a unified design framework is proposed. The aim of the unified design is to compute the biggest region which can simultaneously provide internal stability, maintain the classical gain and phase margin and guarantee the modern H_∞-norm constraint for the interval fractional order plant. Examples are followed to illustrate the design procedure.