基于头脑风暴算法的FastSLAM 2.0算法

针对FastSLAM2.0算法粒子权值退化与粒子多样性丧失导致机器人定位建图精度下降的问题,提出了基于头脑风暴算法改进FastSLAM2.0算法.通过头脑风暴算法替换FastSLAM2.0算法重采样过程,首先将重要性采样后的粒子权值作为头脑风暴算法中个体评判的适度值,根据适度值大小差异完成K-means聚类操作;其次对聚类后的集合进行变异操作,并取消头脑风暴算法中个体选择操作,从而实现改进头脑风暴算法替代FastSLAM2.0算法重采样过程,缓解粒子的贫化现象,增加粒子多样性,最终实现对机器人定位建图精度的提升.在机器人定位建图实验中,对比经典FastSLAM2.0算法和基于遗传算法改进FastSLAM2.0算法,提出的算法定位精度最高,相较于经典FastSLAM2.0算法,提出算法定位精度提升了63％,稳定性提升了55％.     

一种基于AMPF和FastSLAM的复合SLAM算法

为了改进快速同时定位和地图创建(FastSLAM)算法的粒子集性能、提高估计精度,提出基于AMPF和FastSLAM的复合SLAM算法.将辅助边缘粒子滤波器(AMPF)与FastSLAM架构相结合,用AMPF估计机器人位姿,单个粒子的位姿提议分布用无轨迹卡尔曼滤波估计.设计与AMPF和FastSLAM架构均兼容的采样方法和粒子数据结构,在FastSLAM框架下用扩展卡尔曼滤波递归估计地图.实验表明,该算法的粒子集性能比FastSLAM 2.0算法好,并且它的位姿估计精度高于FastSLAM 2.0算法.此外,粒子数较少时,该算法的估计精度较高,从而可适当减少粒子数目来提高算法的计算效率.     

多机器人同步定位与地图构建的地图融合算法的改进

本文主要研究了多机器人同步定位与地图构建(SLAM)的地图实时融合问题.在本文中提出一种混合的SLAM算法(HybridSLAM)算法,可以同时观测和更新多个路标,并根据FastSLAM2.0思想利用选取的最准确的路标观测值来修正机器人位姿.然后,在改进HybridSLAM算法基础上,进一步提出一种改进的多机器人HybridSLAM算法(MR–IHybridSLAM).每个机器人在不同初始位置运行IHybridSLAM算法构建子地图,并将子地图信息实时发送到同一工作站中.根据卡尔曼滤波(KF)原理将每个机器人构建的子地图融合成全局地图.最后,通过仿真实验构建多机器人融合的特征地图并与单一机器人快速的SLAM算法(FastSLAM)和HybridSLAM算法构建的地图进行误差对比,进一步来验证该算法的准确性、快速性和可行性.     

快速SLAM算法的一种新的滤波架构

FastSLAM算法是同时定位与地图创建领域的一类重要方法,UPF-IEKFFastSLAM2.0算法采用UPF估计机器人的路径,地图估计则采用IEKF算法。UPF算法使粒子向后验概率高的区域运动,提高了估计精度,并且UPF算法比普通粒子滤波算法需要更少的粒子数,因而可以降低计算复杂度;IEKF算法通过迭代观测更新过程来提高估计精度。仿真实验表明,当迭代次数小于等于2时,UPF-IEKFFastSLAM2.0算法的地图估计累计时间比UPF-UKFFastSLAM2.0算法短;当迭代次数为2时,其估计精度高于UPF-UKFFastSLAM2.0算法。综合考虑估计精度和计算复杂度,认为"UPF-IEKF"是一种更合理的FastSLAM算法滤波架构。     

FastSLAM算法的仿生优化改进研究

针对机器人导航标准的快速同步定位与地图构建算法(FastSLAM)在重采样过程中存在采样粒子集的贫化以及粒子多样性的缺失导致机器人的定位与建图的精度下降的问题,提出一种基于改进的蝴蝶算法来优化FastSLAM中的粒子滤波部分。改进的算法将机器人的最新时刻的观测和状态信息融入到蝴蝶算法的香味公式中,并在蝴蝶位置更新的过程加入自适应香味半径和自适应蝴蝶飞行调整步长因子,来减少算法的运算时间以及提高预测精度,同时引入偏差修正指数加权算法对粒子的权值进行优化组合,对组合后部分不稳定的粒子进行分布重采样,保证粒子的多样性。通过仿真验证了该算法在估计精度与稳定性方面优于FastSLAM,因此在移动机器人运动模型的定位与建图中具有较高的定位精度与稳定性。     

移动机器人FastSLAM算法的对比研究

为有效缓解FastSLAM1.0算法中的粒子损耗问题,提高其精度,FastSLAM2.0算法提出了一种求取重要性函数的方法.该方法利用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法对移动机器人的位姿状态进行递归估计,得到各个时刻的位姿状态的估计均值和方差,并由此构建服从高斯分布的重要性函数.该重要性函数包含了机器人位姿的历史信息和最新的观测信息,因此可以延缓粒子损耗速度.给出了FastSLAM2.0算法的具体流程,并将其仿真结果与FastSLAM1.0算法进行比较,结果表明了FastSLAM2.0算法的精度优于FastSLAM1.0算法.     

利用FastSLAM框架的多自治水下航行器同时定位与跟踪算法

协同定位是共融机器人研究领域的重要问题.协同定位方案的制定受限于机器人间信息交互的能力.针对长时间通讯中断时多自治水下航行器(AUV)协同定位精度明显下降的问题,借鉴同时定位与制图(SLAM)方法,提出了基于FastSLAM框架的同时定位与跟踪(SLAT)算法.将主AUV视为非合作目标,在从AUV上建立起一个关于主AUV的运动估计器,利用从AUV上声呐传感器实时获取的相对量测信息,在对主AUV运动状态估计的同时,完成对从AUV自定位精度的提升.仿真实验结果表明,在长时间通讯中断发生的条件约束下,相比于传统的航位推算方法,所提出的SLATF1.0和2.0算法能够有效减小定位误差,2.0算法对于探测精度变化等因素的影响具有更好适应性.     

一种基于遗传算法的FastSLAM2.0算法

FastSLAM2.0算法的重采样过程会带来“粒子耗尽”问题,为了改进算法的性能、提高估计精度,将FastSLAM2.0算法与遗传算法相结合,提出了一种解决SLAM问题的方法——遗传快速SLAM算法．针对FastSLAM2.0算法的特点,设计了一种改进的遗传算法来兼顾粒子权值和粒子集的多样性．遗传快速SLAM算法采用unscented粒子滤波器估计机器人的路径,地图估计则采用扩展卡尔曼滤波器．采用SLAM领域的标准数据集“carparkdataset”对提出的算法进行了验证,实验结果表明遗传快速SLAM算法在估计精度和一致性方面都具有较好的性能,并且算法的计算复杂度能满足实时性要求．     

基于视觉FastSLAM的移动机器人自主探索方法*

针对室内环境下机器人的移动和定位需要,提出基于视觉FastSLAM的移动机器人自主探索方法.该方法综合考虑信息增益和路径距离,基于边界选取探索位置并规划路径,最大化机器人的自主探索效率,确保探索任务的完整实现.在FastSLAM 2.0的基础上,利用视觉作为观测手段,有效融合全景扫描和地标跟踪方法,提高数据观测效率,并且引入地标视觉特征增强数据关联估计,完成定位和地图绘制.实验表明,文中方法能正确选取最优探索位置并合理规划路径,完成探索任务,并且定位精度和地图绘制精度较高,鲁棒性较好.     

基于差分粒子滤波器-差分滤波器的同时定位与地图创建方法

针对目前FastSLAM改进算法存在复杂度高的问题,提出一种基于差分粒子滤波器(DDPF)-差分滤波器(DDF)的同时定位与地图创建方法。该方法采用DDPF估计机器人路径,采用DDF估计陆标位置,同时采用可选重采样以降低样本贫化的概率。实验结果表明,该方法具有精度高、连贯性好以及复杂度适中的特点。     

Effective cubature FastSLAM: SLAM with Rao-Blackwellized particle filter and cubature rule for Gaussian weighted integral

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a key technology for mobile robot autonomous navigation in unknown environments. While FastSLAM algorithm is a popular solution to the large-scale SLAM problem, it suffers from two major drawbacks: one is particle set degeneracy due to lack of measurements in proposal distribution of particle filter; the other is errors accumulation caused by inaccurate linearization of the nonlinear robot motion model and the environment measurement model. To overcome the problems, a new Jacobian-free cubature FastSLAM (CFastSLAM) algorithm is proposed in this paper. The main contribution of the algorithm lies in the utilization of third-degree cubature rule, which calculates the nonlinear transition density of Gaussian prior more accurately, to design an optimal proposal distribution of the particle filter and to estimate the Gaussian densities of the feature landmarks. On the basis of Rao-Blackwellized particle filter, the proposed algorithm is comprised by two main parts: in the first part, a cubature particle filter (CPF) is derived to localize the robot; in the second part, a set of cubature Kalman filters is used to estimate environment landmarks. The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated and compared with that of FastSLAM2.0 and UFastSLAM in simulations and experiments. Results verify that the CFastSLAM improves the SLAM performance.     

Dynamic Modeling of a Class of Continuum Manipulators in Fixed Orientation

A novel simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) technique based on independent particle filters for landmark mapping and localization for a mobile robot based on a high-frequency (HF)-band radio-frequency identification (RFID) system is proposed in this paper. SLAM is a technique for performing self-localization and map building simultaneously. FastSLAM is a standard landmark-based SLAM method. RFID is a robust identification system with ID tags and readers over wireless communication; further, it is rarely affected by obstacles in the robot area or by lighting conditions. Therefore, RFID is useful for self-localization and mapping for a mobile robot with a reasonable accuracy and sufficient robustness. In this study, multiple HF-band RFID readers are embedded in the bottom of an omnidirectional vehicle, and a large number of tags are installed on the floor. The HF-band RFID tags are used as the landmarks of the environment. We found that FastSLAM is not appropriate for this condition for two reasons. First, the tag detection of the HF-band RFID system does not follow the standard Gaussian distribution, which FastSLAM is supposed to have. Second, FastSLAM does not have a sufficient scalability, which causes its failure to handle a large number of landmarks. Therefore, we propose a novel SLAM method with two independent particle filters to solve these problems. The first particle filter is for self-localization based on Monte Carlo localization. The second particle filter is for landmark mapping. The particle filters are nonparametric so that it can handle the non-Gaussian distribution of the landmark detection. The separation of localization and landmark mapping reduces the computational cost significantly. The proposed method is evaluated in simulated and real environments. The experimental results show that the proposed method has more precise localization and mapping and a lower computational cost than FastSLAM.     

A SLAM based on auxiliary marginalised particle filter and differential evolution

FastSLAM is a framework for simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) using a Rao-Blackwellised particle filter. In FastSLAM, particle filter is used for the robot pose (position and orientation) estimation, and parametric filter (i.e. EKF and UKF) is used for the feature location's estimation. However, in the long term, FastSLAM is an inconsistent algorithm. In this paper, a new approach to SLAM based on hybrid auxiliary marginalised particle filter and differential evolution (DE) is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, the robot pose is estimated based on auxiliary marginal particle filter that operates directly on the marginal distribution, and hence avoids performing importance sampling on a space of growing dimension. In addition, static map is considered as a set of parameters that are learned using DE. Compared to other algorithms, the proposed algorithm can improve consistency for longer time periods and also, improve the estimation accuracy. Simulations and experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is effective.     

基于自适应渐消无迹粒子滤波的UnscentedFastSLAM算法

针对机器人导航无迹快速同步定位与地图构建（Unscented FastSLAM）算法由于重采样造成样本粒子退化,进而导致估计精度下降的问题,提出一种基于自适应渐消无迹粒子滤波的Unscented FastSLAM算法。该算法将无迹粒子滤波与渐消滤波相融合产生自适应建议分布函数,同时将粒子根据权值进行优化组合,仅对组合后的部分不稳定的粒子进行系统重采样。通过这两方面使系统具有高度自适应性的同时保证粒子的多样性,缓解粒子的退化现象。仿真实验表明,提出算法与Unscented FastSLAM算法相比,可以用较少的粒子实现更高的SLAM的估计精度,很大程度上降低了SLAM算法的复杂度。     

平方根容积Rao-Blackwillised粒子滤波SLAM算法

面向大尺度环境中的移动机器人同时定位与地图构建（Simultaneous localization and mapping,SLAM）问题,提出平方根容积Rao-Blackwillised粒子滤波SLAM算法. 算法主要特点在于:1）采用容积律计算SLAM中的非线性函数高斯权重积分,达到减小SLAM非线性模型线性化误差、提高SLAM精度的目的;2）在SLAM中直接传播误差协方差矩阵的平方根因子,避免了耗费时间的协方差矩阵分解与重构过程,提高了SLAM计算效率. 通过仿真、实验将提出的SLAM算法与FastSLAM2.0、UFastSLAM两种算法进行对比,结果表明本文算法在SLAM性能上优于另两者.