DYNAX系统机器人在工业生产中的仿真与应用

采用DYNAX运动控制器对奇瑞QH-165工业机器人进行运动控制,可以在对机器人进行正逆运动学分析的基础上,借助DYNAX提供的CAM模式,利用VC++6.0语言开发运动控制软件实现机器人的I/O控制、轨迹示教等。     

四自由度机器人轨迹规划算法研究与实现

对四自由度机器人轨迹规划的理论方法进行了研究,主要介绍了关节空间中的三种插值时间函数：三次多项式插值、五次多项式插值和带抛物线过渡的线性插值,比较分析不同算法间的优缺点。然后以MT－R四自由度机器人为实验平台,基于MFC框架类,用VC＋＋开发一套机器人控制系统,软件实现轨迹规划算法。     

移动机器人虚拟仿真平台设计与实现

机器人的三维仿真在机器人的研究中起着重要作用,论文以实验室中的移动机器人为背景,利用3D Studio Max建立了该移动机器人的三维实体模型(3DS模型),然后以VC++6.0为开发工具,利用C++编程功能,并调用OpenGL函数,实现机器人模型在编译环境下的重绘;而且根据移动机器人在指定路径下的运动学坐标变化,给出控制移动机器人的运动的方法;文中创建的虚拟实验环境为研究机器人提供了一个生动形象的仿真平台,为进一步研究移动机器人控制算法和路径规划创造了条件。     

六自由度机械臂轨迹规划与仿真研究

针对六自由度链式机械臂在进行正运动学、逆运动学以及轨迹规划仿真时,不易直观地验证运动学算法的正确性和轨迹规划的效果,在正确建立机械臂数学模型的基础上,重点分析了机械臂在关节空间中轨迹规划的两种实现方法,并采用三维运动仿真进行了验证.开发了一套六自由度机械臂三维仿真软件,该仿真软件在VC++6.0开发平台上,首先利用分割类将基于MFC框架的窗口分割成为控制窗口和视图窗口两部分,然后利用OpenGL的图形库对机械臂进行建模,首次将正运动学、逆运动学以及轨迹规划算法融入其中开发而成.该仿真软件有效地验证了机械臂运动学模型建立的正确性,同时也对三次多项式和五次多项式两种轨迹规划方法做了直观的比较,结果表明后一种轨迹规划效果明显优于前一种.     

机器人虚拟仿真及远程控制系统的研究及实现

机器人虚拟仿真及其与远程控制相结合,表现出独特的优势,应用前景广阔。应用OpenGL和WinSock技术,设计并实现了机器人虚拟仿真及其远程控制系统。建立基于C#与OpenGL的虚拟仿真平台,实现了机器人虚拟现实的运动仿真;建立基于WinSock的远程控制系统,提出基于反射原理的解释器模式,实现了机器人远程面板或程序控制;提出基于速度向量场的改进无碰轨迹规划算法,有效对静态与动态障碍物安全避障。系统测试结果表明该机器人虚拟仿真及远程控制系统有较好的准确性和稳定性。     

可重构模块化机器人研究

可重构模块化机器人是机器人学的一个新的发展方向,其研究的核心和基础问题是可重构机器人的模块设计以及模块组合的运动规划。设计了一种新型可重构模块化机器人,该机器人具有独特的平面连接机构,实现了结构、驱动、运动和功能的模块化,能够根据需要重新构形,完成实时任务。分别介绍了模块单元的机械结构设计、连接机构以及基于CAN总线的控制系统结构。构建了基于OpenGL技术和VC++开发平台的机器人仿真实验系统,仿真机器人构形和运动,验证了模块设计的正确性和整体运动构形规划方法的有效性。     

基于Vega的双臂空间机器人飞行及捕捉目标的轨迹规划仿真

提出了一种利用Vega来实现双臂空间机器人飞行及捕捉目标的轨迹规划仿真系统．简要介绍了仿真系统的开发环境及其实现方法．该仿真系统在SGI工作站上, 利用Multigen Creator 建模工具和三维视景仿真软件Vega来实现空间机器人本体及被捕捉目标的建模和仿真, 能为机器人的轨迹规划、运动学分析和运动控制的算法设计提供重要信息, 并能对其理论和算法的可行性加以验证．     

双臂空间机器人的避自碰轨迹规划研究*

本文针对自由漂浮的双臂空间机器人系统研究了一种基于危险域的避自碰轨迹规划方案。首先,引入危险域的概念,用来评估两个机械臂之间发生碰撞的危险程度。其次,在路径规划的基础之上,利用危险域的反馈信息,设计了一种安全避自碰的轨迹规划方案,用以保证两个机械臂可以运动在安全位型,从而避免发生自碰。最后,针对一个双臂冗余空间机器人系统进行运动仿真,仿真结果验证了本文方法的有效性。     

基于OpenGL的工业机器人分拣系统仿真

针对工业机器人视觉分拣工件问题,开发了一套工业机器人分拣仿真系统。该系统主要包括工件的识别与定位算法和机器人分拣的动态仿真,是基于VC++6.0开发平台和OpenGL图形库而开发的。工件识别是依赖于角点检测实现的。本文在确定工件表面中心和长轴的基础上,基于几何原理提出了一种新的机器人运动学反解方法,并验证了运动学分析的正确性,且直观地实现了机器人分拣工件的动态仿真。仿真结果表明,该系统能够快速、准确分拣工件,满足实际工程的要求。     

小型智能涂胶机器人建模与控制系统设计

为使涂胶机器人可涂任意鞋底轨迹,提出带摄像头的智能涂胶机器人.设计机构模型,利用齐次变换矩阵建立运动学模型,并进行Simulink运动仿真.控制器采用2层递阶的DSP加PC机结构,USB摄像头捕获鞋底图像,VC++实现边缘提取,并通过坐标变换得到机器人关节轨迹.DSP直流无刷电机控制器采用增量PID闭环控制算法.在自主...     

Human-robot collaboration while sharing production activities in dynamic environment: SPADER system

Interactive robot doing collaborative work in hybrid work cell need adaptive trajectory planning strategy. Indeed, systems must be able to generate their own trajectories without colliding with dynamic obstacles like humans and assembly components moving inside the robot workspace. The aim of this paper is to improve collision-free motion planning in dynamic environment in order to insure human safety during collaborative tasks such as sharing production activities between human and robot. Our system proposes a trajectory generating method for an industrial manipulator in a shared workspace. A neural network using a supervised learning is applied to create the waypoints required for dynamic obstacles avoidance. These points are linked with a quintic polynomial function for smooth motion which is optimized using least-square to compute an optimal trajectory. Moreover, the evaluation of human motion forms has been taken into consideration in the proposed strategy. According to the results, the proposed approach is an effective solution for trajectories generation in a dynamic environment like a hybrid workspace.     

Dynamically-Stable Motion Planning for Humanoid Robots

We present an approach to path planning for humanoid robots that computes dynamically-stable, collision-free trajectories from full-body posture goals. Given a geometric model of the environment and a statically-stable desired posture, we search the configuration space of the robot for a collision-free path that simultaneously satisfies dynamic balance constraints. We adapt existing randomized path planning techniques by imposing balance constraints on incremental search motions in order to maintain the overall dynamic stability of the final path. A dynamics filtering function that constrains the ZMP (zero moment point) trajectory is used as a post-processing step to transform statically-stable, collision-free paths into dynamically-stable, collision-free trajectories for the entire body. Although we have focused our experiments on biped robots with a humanoid shape, the method generally applies to any robot subject to balance constraints (legged or not). The algorithm is presented along with computed examples using both simulated and real humanoid robots.     

Collision-free motion planning of dual-arm reconfigurable robots

Dual-arm reconfigurable robot is a new type of robot. It can adapt to different tasks by changing its different end-effector modules which have standard connectors. Especially, in fast and flexible assembly, it is very important to research the collision-free planning of dual-arm reconfigurable robots. It is to find a continuous, collision-free path in an environment containing obstacles. A new approach to the real-time collision-free motion planning of dual-arm reconfigurable robots is used in the paper. This method is based on configuration space (C-Space). The method of configuration space and the concepts reachable manifold and contact manifold are successfully applied to the collision-free motion planning of dual-arm robot. The complexity of dual-arm robots’ collision-free planning will reduce to a search in a dispersed C-Space. With this algorithm, a real-time optimum path is found. And when the start point and the end point of the dual-arm robot are specified, the algorithm will successfully get the collision-free path real time. A verification of this algorithm is made in the dual-arm horizontal articulated robot SCARATES, and the simulation and experiment ascertain that the algorithm is feasible and effective.     

Planning collision-free trajectories in time-varying environments: a two-level hierarchy

We propose a two-level hierarchy for planning collision-free trajectories in time varying environments. Global geometric algorithms for trajectory planning are used in conjunction with a local avoidance strategy. Simulations have been developed for a mobile robot in the plane among stationary and moving obstacles. Essentially, the robot has a global geometric planner that provides a coarse global trajectory (the path and velocity along it), which may be locally modified by the low-level local avoidance module if local sensors detect any obstacles in the vicinity of the robot. This hierarchy makes effective use of the complementary aspects of the global trajectory planning approaches and the local obstacle avoidance approaches.     

Neuro-fuzzy and model-based motion control for mobile manipulator among dynamic obstacles

This paper focuses on autonomous motion control of a nonholonomic platform with a robotic arm, which is called mobile manipulator. It serves in transportation of loads in imperfectly known industrial environments with unknown dynamic obstacles. A union of both procedures is used to solve the general problems of collision-free motion. The problem of collision-free motion for mobile manipulators has been approached from two directions, Planning and Reactive Control. The dynamic path planning can be used to solve the problem of locomotion of mobile platform, and reactive approaches can be employed to solve the motion planning of the arm. The execution can generate the commands for the servo-systems of the robot so as to follow a given nominal trajectory while reacting in real-time to unexpected events. The execution can be designed as an Adaptive Fuzzy Neural Controller. In real world systems, sensor-based motion control becomes essential to deal with model uncertainties and unexpected obstacles.     

An efficient motion generation method for redundant humanoid robot arms based on motion continuity

This paper proposes a novel method of motion generation for redundant humanoid robot arms, which can efficiently generate continuous collision-free arm motion for the preplanned hand trajectory. The proposed method generates the whole arm motion first and then computes the actuators’ motion, which is different from IK (inverse kinematics)-based motion generation methods. Based on the geometric constraints of the preplanned trajectory and the geometric structure of humanoid robot arms, the wrist trajectory and elbow trajectory can be got first without solving inverse kinematics and forward kinematics. Meanwhile, the constraints restrict all feasible arm configurations to an elbow-circle and reduce the arm configuration space to a two-dimension space. By combining the configuration space and collision distribution of arm motion, collision-free arm configurations can be identified and be used to generate collision-free arm motion, which can avoid unnecessary forward and inverse kinematics. The experiments show that the proposed method can generate continuous and collision-free arm motion for preplanned hand trajectories.     

蒸汽发生器检修机械臂监控软件设计

为实现对蒸汽发生器检修机械臂的远程控制和操作模拟与训练,设计了一套上位机监控软件.在VC 平台下,利用OpenGL和3DMAX建立了机械臂、蒸汽发生器水室和检修工具模型;设计了监控软件与六个关节控制器CAN通讯算法,实现了六个关节的协调控制;设计了轨迹规划算法和避碰监测算法,实现了机械臂的无碰撞运动;设计了机械臂单关节的重力矩补偿,提高了关节的控制精度.实际工作验证了监控软件的有效性,利用软件可实现对机械臂的远程控制,完成蒸汽发生器的检修任务.并可用于对操作人员的模拟训练.     

Robot trajectory planning using simulation

This paper presents a near-optimal trajectory-planning method for industrial robot manipulators. Trajectory planning is discussed considering robot dynamics, singular configurations and collision-free constraints. The problem is formulated as a non-linear mathematical programming model. Owing to the highly non-linear and non-convex constraints involved, a robust simulation-based method is introduced to solve this optimization problem heuristically. This simulation method was tested on a CRS-PLUS robot with a sphere obstacle in three-dimensional work space. Numerical analysis and computational results are presented.     

Detection of robustly collision-free trajectories in unpredictable environments in real-time

One of the ultimate goals in robotics is to make robots of high degrees of freedom (DOF) work autonomously in real world environments. However, real world environments are unpredictable, i.e., how the objects move are usually not known beforehand. Thus, whether a robot trajectory is collision-free or not has to be checked on-line based on sensing as the robot moves. Moreover, in order to guarantee safe motion, the motion uncertainty of the robot has to be taken into account. This paper introduces a general approach to detect if a high-DOF robot trajectory is continuously collision-free even in the presence of robot motion uncertainty in an unpredictable environment in real time. Our method is based on the novel concept of dynamic envelope, which takes advantage of progressive sensing over time without predicting motions of objects in an environment or assuming specific object motion patterns. The introduced approach can be used by general real-time motion planners to check if a candidate robot trajectory is continuously and robustly collision-free (i.e., in spite of uncertainty in the robot motion).     

基于近似弧长参数化的机器人轨迹规划

主要研究了采用近似弧长参数化的插值方法进行关节式工业机器人的轨迹规划.运用近似弧长参数化的插值方法将机器人末端轨迹参数曲线离散为等弧长的插值点序列,通过机器人逆向运动学求解各关节的位移点序列,采用极限的方法进行各关节速度和加速度规划.这种轨迹规划方法可以避免关节空间的插值计算和雅克比矩阵的计算.在 matlab7.8平台上,对近似弧长参数化的插值方法、轨迹规划及可行性验证进行了实例仿真,仿真结果表明该轨迹规划方法是可行的.