The road to graphics standards

There has been a concerted effort over the last few years to define international standards for computer graphics. This paper outlines the history leading up to GKS being lodged with the International Standards Organization as a Draft Proposal for an international standard.     

Standards in computer graphics

GKS, which recently became the International Standards Organization (ISO) standard for computer graphics programming, is the first of a set of interlocking graphics standards. This paper outlines the important ideas behind GKS, describes its relationship with other standards and discusses the benefits of standardization.     

A VLSI Implementation of the Graphics Standard GKS

The main advantage when using a standardized graphics system is quite obvious: the application programs become portable. Integrating such a system - and GKS (Graphical Kernel System) is the only one being standardized internationally - into VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) chips, this graphics system may become an integral part of graphical devices. This guarantees a uniform interface of such devices to GKS applications. Devices of many different kinds will become compatible not only with respect to plugging but even in their logical behaviour, eliminating all device dependencies from the host software.
We have started to design the GKS-chip which will be able to be used in a great variety of devices (vector and raster type). The GKS-chip will bring the computational power to support real time picture updates, limited only by the maximally attainable output data rate.     

GKS Programming in a PHIGS Environment

GKS is an international standard for the functional interface to 2D graphics, whilst PHIGS is currently an ISO work item for 2D and 3D graphics. In addition, PHIGS allows improved control over structuring graphics data in the system. With a new work item, the upwards compatability from GKS to PHIGS is being called into question. This paper is an attempt to give direction to these discussions by listing the implications of introducing a software layer between a GKS application program and a PHIGS environment on which this application is to be run. It is intended to highlight differences between the systems and to answer questions such as, “How compatible?”, “Is it possible?”, “How much does the software layer have to do?”, etc.     

A formalization for the specification and systematic generation of computer graphics systems

A formalization of graphical processes in computer graphics systems is presented in terms of functions and their system of axioms. The concept of the viewing pipeline is formalized as operation sequence which is a sequential composition of graphical elementary operations. The formalization includes two kinds of operation sequences which are used as the formal specifications of graphics systems and display devices. In order to generate a graphics system using a display device, we introduced the concept of functionality-preserving transformation of operation sequences in terms of various types of commutations among primitive operations. A type of transformation, which is called extraction, plays a central role in the generation algorithm.     

Storing pictures for different purposes

There are many arguments put forward as to how packages should store their graphical data for subsequent use and/or transfer to another system or package. These discussions are not unique, but are particularly important, to CAE applications. This paper looks at the different requirements for the storage of pictures. It suggests that the arguments put forward are not as emotive as are often suggested. There are different solutions for different requirements. There is a need for various methods of storage in a CAE package. The important thing from a designer's point of view is to ensure that the correct storage method is adopted for a particular need. The discussions presented here build on the papers in the special issue of Computer-Aided Design that considered graphics standards. The papers of particular interest are those by Arnold, Owen and Bloor and Mumford.     

Using GKS Concurrently: a Practical Solution

This paper analyses the use of GKS with concurrent languages, showing the inherent problems that arise when working in a multitasking environment. A theoretical solution and its practical implementation are described.     

Windows9x中串并行并存通讯系统设计与实现

详细介绍了运用面向对象程序设计语言VB5．0,开发在同一智能系统中同时采用RS232串口和GPIB并口的综合性实时数据采集处理系统的实现,解决了MSComm控件在VB5．0及5．0以上版本中应用于仪器命令字的ASCⅡ码传送时的特殊问题。     

工业组态软件基本图形库的实现

组态软件可以根据工业生产现场的具体描述直接生成面向特定工业生产对象的过程监控系统.介绍了一种基于Visual C 作为开发工具和矢量制图的方式,设计和实现了组态软件中基本简单图元模块的开发,包括图元的绘制、拖动、对齐、等大、撤消恢复,通过右键弹出菜单设置图元的具体属性.     

开发电子商务应用的若干因素分析

许多公司正在或打算通过因特网做生意。由于电子商务环境与组织习以为常的传统环境有天壤之别,这直接导致了两种环境下应用的需求差异,文章将为这些公司提供一些有关构建电子商务应用的建议。那些深刻理解电子商务环境的组织无疑是本世纪的胜者,其它组织只能处于挣扎的边缘或注定失败。     

Strategic Thinking and the Personal Computer: Some Policy Considerations

As a result of its rapid and widespread acceptance, the personal computer has become the driving force in a grassroots revolution within the corporate world. Yet, surprisingly few organizations have adopted a policy to govern the strategic use of personal computers now and in the future. This article looks at the results of a survey of MIS and DP managers on the use of microcomputers and suggests how policies may be set to reflect the best interests of the organization as a whole.     

Forecasting Malware Conditions: Worsening Conditions,Some Bright Spots

ABSTRACT

With a simple model originating from mathematical biology, the dependencies for the number of infected computers are identified. The actions in the battle between cyber attack and cyber defense are linked to these dependencies. The article shows that using statistics directly to quantify the effect of security measures is difficult. The security effect is calculated for a periodic reset of all software and software compartments. Software diversity needs coordination above the level of individual organizations. Looking at the big picture, more countermeasures are proposed to improve security against malware in general.     

关于系统可靠性中的瞬时故障的若干考虑

故障可分为永久故障和瞬时故障.本文指出了二者的不同点,并定义了第一类和第二类瞬时故障,分别计算了这两类瞬时故障在(0,t)时间内不导致系统故障的概率.     

Win9x下虚拟设备驱动程序的开发

深入分析了 Windows 9x的 Vx D技术的调用机制及其工作原理 ,利用该技术可以编写出灵活、方便、通用的板卡驱动程序。详细地讨论了 82 5 5板卡驱动程序编程实例     

中国图形工程:2004

本文是中国图形工程的年度文献综述系列之十。对2004年发表的计算机图形工程的主要论文,根据内容进行了分类,这些学术研究和技术应用研究论文共计521篇,是从国内发表计算机图形工程中文论文比较集中的11种中文学术期刊(共计3703篇)中筛选出来的。统计、分析和研究表明,国内这十年来从事计算机图形工程及相关领域的研究开发人员不断增加;研究水平不断提高;国内的学术交流也非常活跃而广泛,且计算机图形学本身也在发展,并与其他学科结合,派生出一些新的研究方向甚至交叉学科。     

机械制图研究型小课题的探索与实践

为了弥补制图课教学缺少面向学生创新能力培养的实践环节,在教学中引入了研究型小课题。在“截切”和“相贯”的教学环节中设计了4个具有一定开放性的研究型小课题,要求学生自主提出研究思路,完成理论分析、模型制作和答辩交流等环节。讨论了小课题的设计原则、实施过程和评价机制。研究型小课题的实施既培养了学生的动手能力,又增强了学生的创新能力。     

Implementation independent arithmetic: Speculation for discussion

The specification of a truly portable implementation independent programming language requires that digital arithmetic be specified in an implementation independent manner. Variable length storage is proposed for digital numbers. Linked storage and linked overflow storage are proposed so as to enable the use of variable length numbers. It is suggested that significant digit arithmetic be used for single numbers and interval arithmetic be used for interval pairs. The question is put to numerical mathematicians to specify the decision rules to be used in deciding on the number of digits to be retained when computing in either the significant digit mode or in the interval mode. The question is also raised as to what other arithmetic modes should be provided for. The speculation is offered not for the purposes of suggesting useful hardware design techniques but rather to indicate feasibility of some design. If the implementation independent arithmetic is considered feasible, then language designers can design a language freed from present hardware restrictions.     

DPGL： The Direct3D9-based Parallel Graphics Library for Multi-display Environment

The emergence of high performance 3D graphics cards has opened the way to PC clusters for high performance multi- display environment.In order to exploit the rendering ability of PC clusters,we should design appropriate parallel rendering algorithms and parallel graphics library interfaces.Due to the rapid development of Direct3D,we bring forward DPGL,the Direct3D9-based parallel graphics library in D3DPR parallel rendering system,which implements Direct3D9 interfaces to support existing Direct3D9 application parallelization with no modification.Based on the parallelism analysis of Direct3D9 rendering pipeline,we briefly introduce D3DPR parallel rendering system.DPGL is the fundamental component of D3DPR.After presenting DPGL three layers architecture, we discuss the rendering resource interception and management.Finally,we describe the design and implementation of DPGL in detail, including rendering command interception layer,rendering command interpretation layer and rendering resource parallelization layer.