一种用于多跳分布式无线网络的多址接入协议及其性能分析

为多跳分布式无线网络提出了一套灵活而有效的自适应获取冲突避免(AACA)的多址接入协议．它综合了多信道和随机附带预约的思想，有效地解决了多跳网络环境下出现的隐藏终端和暴露终端问题以及由于节点的移动而造成的侵入终端问题．在该协议中，各节点自适应预约所要使用的空闲业务信道，预约之后的通信过程不会受到其它节点的干扰．AACA协议有三种形式，即AACA-SDT／MDT／RDT协议，它们使用任意确定数目的信道，在总带宽相同的情况下表现出比单信道RTS／CTS协议更好的网络性能．     

分布式无线网络中依据用户妥善安排的多址接入协议

基于有效竞争预约接入、无冲突轮询传输的思想，提出了支持节点移动性和多跳网络结构的UPMA(User—dependent Perfect—scheduling Multiple Access)协议．其指导思想是仅有发送分组的节点才竞争接入使用信道资源，无业务发送的节点将立即被取消占用信道的资格，因此它极大地提高了信道的使用效率；同时，提出了一种冲突避免和分解协议来保证节点能快速接入信道；最后，以星型拓扑结构的网络为例考察了它对Internet数据业务的支持性能，并且给出了相关的结论．     

高效快速的太赫兹无线个域网双信道MAC协议

针对现有的太赫兹无线个域网络中太赫兹辅助波束赋形媒体访问控制（MAC）协议（TAB-MAC）存在数据传输时延较大以及信道利用率低问题,提出了一种高效快速的太赫兹无线个域网双信道MAC协议（EF-MAC）。通过目的节点向源节点发送测试帧机制来减少一个确认帧,从而减少控制开销和测试时延;采用自适应取消节点位置信息的收发机制,源或目的节点通过之前的请求发送帧/允许发送帧（RTS/CTS）帧交互过程已获得对方节点的位置信息且对方节点的位置没有发生改变,可以省去RTS或CTS中的位置信息,减少控制开销。理论分析与仿真结果表明,与TAB-MAC协议相比,所提协议能够有效减小数据传输时延,提高网络吞吐量。     

基于接收端信号的水声网络MAC协议

水声网络的信道具有数据速率低以及传播时延长的特点,如果采用握手机制减少数据冲突,将降低信道利用率和网络的吞吐量。提出了一种基于接收节点发送短信号告知邻居节点其接收状态的水声网络MAC协议,即当接收节点接收数据时,向邻居节点发送短信号通知其当前时刻不要发送数据,解决了隐藏终端和暴露终端的问题,并提高了网络吞吐量;除此之外,使用短信号还能够降低能量损耗。仿真结果表明该协议能够实现上述目的。     

无线Mesh网络中使用双收发器的多信道MAC协议研究

在无线Mesh网络中,当底层有多个可用的物理信道时,必须设计高效的媒体访问控制协议（MAC）才能充分利用所有可用信道,克服多信道的隐终端和显终端问题。三类多信道MAC协议都只使用了两个无线收发器,却能够在保持经济性的同时最大限度地利用多个信道,并解决多信道环境下广播消息发送和信道切换等问题。分析比较表明,该MAC协议能够在一定程度上利用多个信道增加网络的有效吞吐量,但在保证网络负载均衡上还存在不足,需要进一步研究。     

基于多信道跳频的Ad Hoc网络MAC层协议研究

采用多信道接人协议有效地解决了AdHoe网络中经常存在的站点隐藏和站点暴露等问题。将多信道分成控制频道和数据频道组，每个数据频道组均含有两个备用频道供跳频使用。控制频道上使用的载波监听多路访问／冲突避免（CSMA／CA）机制和RTS／CTS／Bmad机制控制信息量较少，占用控制频道的时间也很短，所以在控制频道上基本可以避免数据冲突。数据频道组采用重发和跳频机制可以多路数据并行发送而互不干扰，增加了AdHoe网络的鲁棒性和高效性。     

一种基于认知无线电的自组网多信道MAC协议

针对节点具有多个可用信道的自组网的信道资源利用率问题,提出了一种基于认知无线电的MAC接入协议,协议根据网络中节点的邻居关系,通过认知推理对两跳邻居范围内的不同网络节点分配不同的驻留信道,驻留信道的选择考虑了避免信道干扰和冲突,每个节点只需要两部半双工收发信机就能够实现在多个信道上高效的数据收发.仿真结果表明,协议在网络总吞吐量、端到端时延等方面具有优良的性能,能很好地适用于节点密集的应用场合.     

无线传感器网络中采用预约机制的MAC协议改进

提出一种基于信道预约的MAC协议CR-MAC(channel-reservation MAC),该协议是在S-MAC（sensor-MAC）协议基础上进行的改进。当有数据需要发送时,首先以基于竞争的方式发送和接收信道预约信息,实现信道的按需分配;信道预约完成后各节点按照预约好的时间片进行激活,以时分复用的方式传输数据。CR-MAC协议能够有效地减少节点的空闲侦听和串音干扰,从而降低能量消耗和传输延时。     

一种基于认知无线电的自组网多信道MAC协议

针对节点具有多个可用信道的自组网的信道资源利用率问题,提出了一种基于认知无线电的MAC接入协议.协议根据网络中节点的邻居关系,通过认知推理对两跳邻居范围内的不同网络节点分配不同的驻留信道.驻留信道的选择考虑了避免信道干扰和冲突,每个节点只需要两部半双工收发信机就能够实现在多个信道上高效的数据收发,同时只需很少的控制信息开销.仿真结果表明,协议在网络总吞吐量、端到端时延等方面具有优良的性能,能很好地适用于节点密集的应用场合.     

一种基于节点位置信息的无线传感器网络并行传输MAC协议

针对无线传感器网络多跳通信方式产生的暴露终端问题,提出了一种基于地理位置信息的高效并行传输LACT-MAC协议。该协议突破了传统基于CSMA协议对并行传输的限制,利用节点地理位置信息实现了暴露终端的并行传输,有效地提高了宝贵无线信道资源的复用效率。分析了根据节点的位置坐标并行传输暴露终端节点的可行性,并通过并行传输检测完成了传输过程。仿真结果证明,与标准的IEEE 802.11DCF协议比较,LACT-MAC协议能显著提高网络的平均吞吐量,降低数据传输延迟,有效提高无线传感器网络效率和性能。     

移动Ad Hoc网络中基于ID的信道预约多址接入协议

为了在移动ad hoc网络中有效利用无线信道资源,提出一种基于ID的信道预约(ID-based channel reservation,简称IDBCR)多址接入协议.该协议在公共信道上发送Request-To-Send/Clear-To-Send(RTS/CTS)分组实现握手,采用基于节点ID的信道选择方案选择无冲突的业务信道传输数据分组,目的节点成功接收完数据分组后在另一个公共信道上回复acknowledgment(ACK)分组,有效避免了暴露终端问题.最后,仿真实现了IDBCR协议,并与CAM-MAC(cooperative asynchronous multi-channel MAC)多信道协议比较.结果表明,在总信道利用率、平均信道利用率和平均分组延迟性能上,IDBCR多址接入协议明显优于CAM-MAC协议.     

On avoiding RTS collisions for IEEE 802.11-based wireless ad hoc networks

The paper proposes an RCA (RTS collision avoidance) MAC protocol to reduce RTS collisions for IEEE 802.11-based mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). RTS/CTS exchanging is used for the resolution of the hidden terminal problem. However, the paper shows that, even the backoff counters of two stations are different, RTS frames are also collided to each other due to the hidden terminal problem. The situation would be getting worse in high traffic load or in a dense network. RTS collisions not only result in the following CTS or ACK collisions, but also induce false blocking problem, even dead locks of transmissions. To address the above problems, an RCA MAC protocol is proposed to reduce RTS collisions. The RCA protocol utilizes a narrow band, called the tone channel, to announce the RTS transmission in advance in order to preclude the RTS transmissions of two-hop neighbors. To reduce the channel and hardware overhead, an improvement to the RCA protocol is also devised, which only uses a single channel and one transceiver to reduce RTS collisions. The RCA protocol provides a type of fast collision detection and decreases the probability of RTS collisions, which is benefit for RTS/CTS exchange scheme. Meanwhile, the RCA protocol can reduce the retransmission cost and have lower control overhead than that of IEEE 802.11 DCF. In addition, simulation results verify the advantages of the RCA protocol in comparison with IEEE 802.11 DCF.     

基于跨层竞争的同步MAC协议研究

在无线传感器网络(WSNs)中,基于跨层竞争的同步媒体接入控制(MAC)在一周期内可安排多个数据包的多跳传输,传统的协议在同一个数据窗口传输请求数据包和确认数据包,降低了数据窗口的多跳流量的建立,也降低了在多跳场景中的数据包传输率和传输时延性能.本文提出了基于新的基于跨层竞争的同步MAC(CLC-MAC)协议,CLC-MAC协议引用新的周期结构,且其包含两个独立窗口,并由该窗口分别传输数据请求包和确认包,即请求包在数据窗口传输,而确认包在休眠窗口传输.实验数据表明:与先锋路由帧MAC(PRMAC)协议相比,CLC-MAC协议的端到端传输时延和数据包传输率的性能均得到了提高.     

Enhanced MAC protocol to support multimedia traffic in cognitive wireless mesh networks

With the advanced physical layer techniques such as multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), transmission real-time 2D/3D contents and applications becomes more and more necessary in wireless networks for the amazing growing in demand of customers. However, the low efficiency of medium access control (MAC) protocol degrades the performance of real-time traffic greatly in multihop, wireless and mobile environment. Focusing on supporting real-time multimedia traffic in cognitive wireless mesh networks (WMNs), an enhanced MAC protocol is proposed. And the contribution of this paper is twofold: (1) An efficient carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) compatible time division multiple access (TDMA)-like MAC protocol called T-MAC is proposed, which aims to improve the system performance by allocating more channel access time in centralized manner and decreasing overhead. (2) An optimal adaptive scheduling scheme is proposed to support real-time multimedia applications and guarantee QoS for different priority traffic, which aims to find the optimized schedule among all possible sequences of concurrent transmissions by minimizing the occupied resources. Detailed simulation results and comparison with IEEE 802.11e MAC scheme show that the proposed T-MAC can effectively improve quality of service (QoS) for multimedia traffic in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet loss rate, which also manifests that T-MAC is an efficient multimedia applications transmission scheme for mobile terminals and MAPs in cognitive WMNs.     

e-MAC:一种面向Ad Hoc网络的高吞吐量MAC协议

解决ad hoc网络中隐藏节点问题、暴露节点问题的最终目的是减少节点间的冲突,提高网络空间复用率,从而提高网络吞吐量.现有MAC协议在解决隐藏节点问题时着重于彻底消除网络中的隐藏节点,忽略了网络空间复用率,即使能够彻底解决隐藏节点问题,也不能有效提高网络吞吐量.同样,现有协议在解决暴露节点问题时着重于如何允许暴露节点并行发送数据,忽略了暴露节点接收数据的问题,也影响了网络空间复用率.提出了一种高效的MAC协议e-MAC,协议采用两种方法提高网络空间复用率:首先,协议中接收节点根据接收到发送节点的信号强度动态调整忙音发射功率,使忙音恰好覆盖所有的隐藏节点,在彻底解决隐藏节点问题的同时,提高网络空间复用率;其次,隐藏节点接收到RTS消息后,通过判断RTS消息信号强度与信道中干涉信号的强度之比来决定是否接收数据,允许满足信噪比要求的接收节点接收数据,进一步提高网络空间复用率.仿真结果验证了协议的有效性,在任意拓扑结构下,e-MAC协议的平均吞吐量比DUCHA(dual channel access)协议高87%.     

Opportunistic medium access control for maximizing packet delivery rate in dynamic access networks

One of the key challenges to enabling efficient cognitive radio (CR) communications is how to perform opportunistic medium access control (MAC) that maximizes spectrum efficiency. Several CRN MAC protocols have been designed assuming relatively static primary radio (PR) channels with average idle durations largely exceed CR transmission times. For such CR environment, typical multichannel MAC protocols, which select the best quality channel, perform reasonably well. However, when such mechanism is employed in a CRN that coexists with highly dynamic licensed PR networks (PRNs), where PR channel idle durations are comparable to CR transmission times, the forced-termination rate for CR transmission can significantly increase, leading to a reduction in network throughput. To reduce the forced-termination rate, many MAC protocols have been proposed to account for the dynamic time-varying nature of PR channels by requiring communicating CR users to consistently perform channel switching according to PR activities. However, such channel-switching strategy introduces significant overhead and latency, which negatively affect network throughput. Hence, in this paper, we propose a probabilistic channel quality- and availability-aware CRN MAC. Our protocol uses a novel channel assignment mechanism that attempts at maximizing the packet success probability of each transmission and hence avoids the significant overhead and latency of channel switching. Simulation results show that by being quality- and availability-aware, our protocol provides better spectrum utilization by decreasing the forced-termination rate and improving network throughput.     

SAM-MAC: An efficient channel assignment scheme for multi-channel ad hoc networks

Using multi-channel MAC protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is a promising way to improve the throughput performance. Channel assignment, which directly determines the efficiency of the frequency utilization, is the critical part of multi-channel schemes. Current 802.11-like schemes of multi-channel MAC do not efficiently use the multiple channels due to the overhead caused by channel assignment. Moreover, the control channel saturation problem limits the number of channels of these previous schemes. In this paper, we propose a new scheme called SAM-MAC (Self-Adjustable Multi-channel MAC), which features with one common channel and two half-duplex transceivers for each node. A method called self-adjustment is used to reassign the channels and balance the traffic on different channels. Due to less contention in common channel and smaller channel assignment overhead, this scheme increases the throughput compared with previous approaches. Control channels are free from saturation problem and can furthermore be used for data transmission.     

Wake up after transmissions and reduced channel contention to alleviate the hidden terminal problem in preamble sampling WSNs

The hidden terminal problem is a well-known problem in wireless networks that degrades the network performance due to collisions between nodes unable to sense each other. Preamble sampling WSNs are more sensitive to that problem than wireless local area networks due to the high vulnerability time caused by the long preamble transmission. This is specially important when the traffic load is high, for instance due to event detection and query dissemination or in regions closer to the sink. Typical mechanisms to reduce the negative effects of hidden terminals, like the use of RTS/CTS messages, cannot alleviate the problem in preamble sampling WSNs as the long preamble is still needed, thus not reducing the high vulnerability time. To alleviate the hidden terminal problem in this kind of networks the LWT-MAC, a new preamble sampling MAC protocol, is presented. The LWT-MAC protocol adapts to the sporadic increases in the network load by waking up sensor nodes at the end of a transmission. At the same time, it reduces the channel contention by implementing a non-aggressive retransmission procedure. In this work, the ability of the LWT-MAC protocol to reduce hidden terminal problems is evaluated and compared to the basic preamble sampling technique. Results show that the LWT-MAC protocol is able to significantly lighten the hidden terminal problem, thus improving the overall system performance.     

An underwater acoustic MAC protocol using reverse opportunistic packet appending

Underwater communication primarily utilizes propagation of acoustic waves in water. Its unique characteristics, including slow propagation speed and low data rates, pose many challenges to Media Access Control (MAC) protocol design. In most existing handshaking-based underwater MAC protocols, only an initiating sender can transmit data packets to its intended receiver after a channel reservation through a Request-to-Send (RTS)/Clear-to-Send (CTS) handshake. This conventional single-node transmission approach is particularly inefficient in underwater environments, as it does not account for long propagation delays. To improve channel utilization in high latency environments, we propose a novel approach that exploits the idle waiting time during a 2-way handshake to set up concurrent transmissions from multiple nodes. The sender can coordinate multiple first-hop neighbors (appenders) to use the current handshake opportunity to transmit (append) their data packets with partially overlapping transmission times. After the sender finishes transmitting its packets to its own receiver, it starts to receive incoming appended packets that arrive in a collision-free packet train. This not only reduces the amount of time spent on control signaling, but it also greatly improves packet exchange efficiency. Based on this idea, we propose an asynchronous, single-channel handshaking-based MAC protocol based on reverse opportunistic packet appending (ROPA). From extensive simulations (single- and multi-hop networks) and comparisons with several existing MAC protocols, including MACA-U, MACA-UPT, BiC-MAC, Slotted-FAMA, DACAP, unslotted Aloha, we show that ROPA significantly increases channel utilization and offers performance gains in throughput and delay while attaining a stable saturation throughput.