基于虚拟力的传感器网络三维覆盖算法

针对三维无线传感器网络中节点非均匀覆盖需求的问题,提出一种基于虚拟力的三维覆盖算法(3D-CAVF).该算法是将虚拟力应用在无线传感器网络中实现节点布置, 通过虚拟力和拥挤度控制, 使节点能够自动覆盖事件, 并且使节点和事件的密度呈现一种平衡的效果.在Matlab平台上进行仿真实验,将所提算法与基于人工势场的三维部署算法(APFA3D)、基于未知目标精确覆盖的三维部署算法(ECA3D)进行比较,在事件呈T型不均匀部署和线型不均匀部署两种情况下进行实验,所提算法的事件集覆盖效能比APFA3D、ECA3D 算法有3.6%、3.1%的提高.仿真实验结果表明所提算法能够有效处理三维无线传感器网络中节点的布置问题.     

三维曲面多移动节点的传感器网络部署算法

目前大多数传感器网络部署研究主要集中在二维平面和三维全空间区域,然而,许多现实世界的应用领域是一个复杂的三维空间曲面,现有的覆盖方法不能取得较好的结果。本文研究三维空间曲面传感器网络部署方法,提出一种三维曲面多移动节点的传感器网络部署算法,采用静态节点和动态节点组成的混合传感器网络,由静态节点估算覆盖空洞的位置和面积,再通过移动节点对覆盖空洞进行依次修复。仿真结果表明,该算法的最终网络覆盖率达到了99%,比3DGA算法提高了6个百分点,比Delaunay算法提高了8.5个百分点,同时降低了网络整体能耗。     

基于虚拟力的LoRa浮标网络覆盖优化算法

无线传感网络（WSN）节点部署问题是目前无线传感网络应用研究的关键点。针对传统网络节点部署存在收敛速度慢、全局优化性能不强、感知角度受限的问题,提出一种虚拟力导向的全向感知覆盖算法（VFOPCA）。该算法在传统虚拟力算法的基础上提出热点区域与节点间的受力模型,并采用0/1圆盘覆盖模型,对网络节点部署进一步优化。实验仿真表明,虚拟力导向的全向感知覆盖算法能快速有效地实现网络节点全局优化部署,与VFA、DACQPSO等全向感知模型算法相比,该算法覆盖程度更好、收敛速度更快、能耗程度更低。     

基于覆盖率的传感器优化部署算法

传感器部署是传感器网络工作的基础,对网络的运行情况和寿命有很大影响。针对传感器网络节点部署时首要考虑的覆盖问题,提出一种可以满足不同覆盖率要求的节点优化部署算法,在提高节点覆盖性能的同时优化节点数量,降低网络的配置代价。仿真结果证明,该算法可最大化节点的覆盖效率。     

RGA-D：一种无线传感器网络覆盖优化方法

研究了无线传感器网络覆盖优化问题,针对传感器节点随机部署、分布不均,传统覆盖优化算法一般只考虑网络部署后单次优化的问题,提出基于节点冗余和覆盖集冗余的计算方法,用网络的局部特征表征全局特征,改进了网络覆盖模型。并在此基础上提出RGA-D算法,利用遗传算法计算覆盖集,同时考虑节点和覆盖集冗余度,对网络整个生存期进行全局优化。仿真实验表明,RGA-D算法能在活跃节点数和网络覆盖率之间达到平衡,解决了网络生存期后期容易出现覆盖盲区的问题。     

无线传感器网络中能耗均衡的覆盖控制算法

覆盖控制作为无线传感器网络的一个基本问题,对网络的生存时间、部署策略、通信协议和组网等问题的解决具有重要影响。在传感器节点随机冗余部署方式下,传统的方式 是在保证覆盖要求和通信连通的前提下仅将最少量的节点投入活跃工作状态,从而降低网络能耗。但是,若频繁地激活同一批节点,会造成这些节点由于能耗过快而较早失效效,使整个网络的冗余程度降低。然而,冗余度是传感器网络在单个节点性能有限的情况下提高整个网络的可靠性、容错性、精确性等的基础。为此,本文提出了一个能耗均衡ECB的覆盖问题,指出它是NP完全的,并给出了一个集中式近似算法。该算法根据节点的剩余能量赋于每个节点非负权,再基于Voronoi划分和贪心边方法,在保证覆盖要求的同时选择权和最小的节点激活。仿真实验结果表明,ECB算法求得的活跃节点集小,可以达到有效覆盖,并且可以保持网络的冗余度。     

基于感知概率的无线传感器网络节点部署算法

研究无线传感器网络节点部署优化问题,传感器节点的部署在一定程度上决定了无线传感器网络的性能和使用寿命;针对随机部署的无线传感器节点,提出一种基于感知概率模型的节点部署方案;使用证据理论通过计算对节点周围区域的综合感知概率,将虚拟力算法进行改造,使传感器节点向感知概率低的区域移动,实现对监测区域的最大覆盖;仿真结果表明,该部署算法实现节点合理分布,提高网络的覆盖率,减少节点的移动距离,达到延长网络使用寿命的目的。     

改进的无线传感器网络覆盖区域节点调度算法

节能覆盖对于提高无线传感器网络的性能有着重要的意义.针对当前传感器网络的算法中存在的热区问题,提出一种在传感器网络非均匀分布部署下的基于能量预测的节点覆盖调度算法.该算法首先对网络中的节点进行非均匀部署,离基站距离较近区域部署的节点密度较大,而较远的密度小,然后综合考虑节点覆盖效率和能量消耗进行节点调度,从而使能量消耗更加均衡,最后对该算法进行了仿真实验和性能分析.仿真结果表明与当前经典的覆盖节点调度算法相比,该算法提高网络覆盖率、降低了网络能耗,且网络生命周期也相应的延长,能够保证网络内大多数节点达到能耗均衡.     

基于蜂窝网格锚点的虚拟力导向节点部署算法

为满足覆盖需求,提出了一种基于蜂窝网格锚点的虚拟力导向节点再部署覆盖增强算法;算法基于传感器节点覆盖圆盘与其邻居节点覆盖圆盘的交点构成正六边形蜂窝时,有效覆盖面积最大理论,设置对随机部署的节点虚拟引力锚点作为虚拟力导向移动的目标,建立锚点对节点的虚拟引力,建立节点之间虚拟斥力来避免节点移动中的碰撞问题;完成随机播撒的节点在虚拟力的作用下的再部署,提高覆盖率,保证覆盖质量;Matlab R2012a仿真实验中,随机部署不同数量的节点,网络覆盖率均较快达到95%以上,满足覆盖需求。     

半径可调的无线传感器网络三维覆盖算法

针对三维无线传感器网络区域中节点覆盖的问题,提出一种半径可调的无线传感器网络三维覆盖算法（3D-CAAR）。该算法利用虚拟力作用实现无线传感器网络的节点均匀部署,同时结合传感器节点的半径可调覆盖机制,判断节点与被覆盖区域中目标点之间的距离。引入能耗阈值,使得节点根据自身情况调节节点感知半径,从而降低无线传感器网络的整体能耗,提高了节点利用率。最后,通过与传统基于人工势场的三维部署算法（APFA3D）、基于与未知目标精确覆盖的三维算法（ECA3D）仿真实验对比,3D-CAAR的事件集覆盖效能明显较高,能有效解决三维无线传感器网络中对目标节点的覆盖问题。     

Scan-Based Movement-Assisted Sensor Deployment Methods in Wireless Sensor Networks

The efficiency of sensor networks depends on the coverage of the monitoring area. Although, in general, a sufficient number of sensors are used to ensure a certain degree of redundancy in coverage, a good sensor deployment is still necessary to balance the workload of sensors. In a sensor network with locomotion facilities, sensors can move around to self-deploy. The movement-assisted sensor deployment deals with moving sensors from an initial unbalanced state to a balanced state. Therefore, various optimization problems can be defined to minimize different parameters, including total moving distance, total number of moves, communication/computation cost, and convergence rate. In this paper, we first propose a Hungarian-algorithm-based optimal solution, which is centralized. Then, a localized scan-based movement-assisted sensor deployment method (SMART) and several variations of it that use scan and dimension exchange to achieve a balanced state are proposed. An extended SMART is developed to address a unique problem called communication holes in sensor networks. Extensive simulations have been done to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.     

Ad Hoc路由协议在两种节点配置模型下的性能分析

对无线传感器网络中存在的两种节点配置模型,随机节点配置模型和四连通全覆盖优化节点配置模型进行性能分析.根据通信半径(表示为rc)和感知半径(表示为rs)的不同比率,提出一种新的仿真方法,并对这两种配置模型在不同Ad Hoc路由协议下的性能进行分析.大量的实验结果表明,四连通全覆盖优化节点配置模型不仅能减少配置成本和通信开销,而且对于不同的网络拓扑,其覆盖度、连通度和多个网络性能指标都有较大的提高.     

移动传感器栅栏覆盖研究

栅栏覆盖保证当某个移动目标沿任意路径穿越监控区域时都能被检测到,适合于移动监测和边界保护等应用.随机部署静止传感器时,为保证栅栏覆盖需要大量节点,造成了不必要的浪费.本文利用可移动传感器进行栅栏覆盖,移动传感器随机部署后能够自动再部署,可以利用少得多的节点保证栅栏覆盖.本文研究了能量有效的栅栏覆盖再部署问题,并设计了一个集中式再部署算法,为所有节点计算最优的再部署位置.     

A sensor deployment approach using glowworm swarm optimization algorithm in wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes that are densely deployed in a sensing environment. The effectiveness of the wireless sensor networks depends to a large extent on the coverage provided by the sensor deployment scheme. In this paper, we present a sensor deployment scheme based on glowworm swarm optimization (GSO) to enhance the coverage after an initial random deployment of the sensors. Each sensor node is considered as individual glowworms emitting a luminant substance called luciferin and the intensity of the luciferin is dependent on the distance between the sensor node and its neighboring sensors. A sensor node is attracted towards its neighbors having lower intensity of luciferin and decides to move towards one of them. In this way, the coverage of the sensing field is maximized as the sensor nodes tend to move towards the region having lower sensor density. Simulation results show that our GSO-based sensor deployment approach can provide high coverage with limited movement of the sensor nodes.     

Mobility Limited Flip-Based Sensor Networks Deployment

An important phase of sensor networks operation is deployment of sensors in the field of interest. Critical goals during sensor networks deployment include coverage, connectivity, load balancing, etc. A class of work has recently appeared, where mobility in sensors is leveraged to meet deployment objectives. In this paper, we study deployment of sensor networks using mobile sensors. The distinguishing feature of our work is that the sensors in our model have limited mobilities. More specifically, the mobility in the sensors we consider is restricted to a flip, where the distance of the flip is bounded. We call such sensors as flip-based sensors. Given an initial deployment of flip-based sensors in a field, our problem is to determine a movement plan for the sensors in order to maximize the sensor network coverage and minimize the number of flips. We propose a minimum-cost maximum-flow-based solution to this problem. We prove that our solution optimizes both the coverage and the number of flips. We also study the sensitivity of coverage and the number of flips to flip distance under different initial deployment distributions of sensors. We observe that increased flip distance achieves better coverage and reduces the number of flips required per unit increase in coverage. However, such improvements are constrained by initial deployment distributions of sensors due to the limitations on sensor mobility     

一种目标监测的移动传感器网络覆盖分布式优化算法

针对移动传感器网络中目标监测的节点部署问题,为保证在无覆盖漏洞的同时减少覆盖冗余,以六边形棋盘结构(HTL)为网络的目标部署结构,提出一种基于群集控制的分布式部署算法.该方法只需目标的相对方向和邻居节点的相对位置、速度信息,可不依赖于通信.仿真结果表明,所提出的算法对静止和运动目标均有效,与基于虚拟力的算法相比所需信息更少,部署更均匀,对HTL的逼近效果更好,覆盖更优.     

基于概率的三维无线传感器网络K-覆盖控制方法

针对无线传感器网络在三维空间监测中存在的固有的不确定性与系统应具有较强的容错能力、鲁棒性之间的矛盾,提出了一种基于概率的三维无线传感器网络K-覆盖控制方法.对三维待监测区域以网格建模,用迭代的贪婪启发式方法确定传感器节点在网格中的位置,每一步迭代完成一个节点的放置,直到节点总数达到预设的上界或每个网格点以概率T达到K-覆盖为止.仿真结果表明,相对于传统的随机和均匀配置方法,本方法能使用较少的节点满足相同的覆盖度和监测精度的要求,或使用相同的节点达到更高的覆盖度.并对整个待监测区域中有优先覆盖要求(覆盖度优先和监测精度优先)的局部区域的情况进行了分析.     

网格法在无线传感器网络部署中的应用

传感器节点的数量关系到无线传感器网络的总成本和网络的性能,是设计无线传感器网络优先考虑的问题。对无线传感器网络部署中重点考虑的覆盖、连通性和节能问题进行了讨论,基于网格法对几种不同的传感器部署方案进行分析,计算了它们的有效覆盖面积和有效覆盖率。通过计算和分析可知,传感器按等边三角形部署时,重叠区域小,需要的传感器数量少,是最理想的部署策略。     

An analytical approach to the deployment quality of surveillance wireless sensor networks considering the effect of jammers and coverage holes

The requirements of surveillance wireless sensor networks, such as latency and reliability provisions, are directly related to the deployment quality, which is an indicator of the sensing capability of the network. The determination of the deployment quality is hindered by various factors that cause coverage holes, such as the existence of jammers and destruction of sensors. This paper presents an analytical deployment quality measure in terms of network parameters, including the sensor count, sensing coverage, coverage hole count, coverage hole area size and deployment area size. Assuming a random deployment model for both sensors and holes, our method determines the probability of detection of a target following a linear trajectory by a single sensor and generalizes it to derive the probability of detection in a network with coverage holes. The overall probability of detection is used as the network quality measure and is proposed as a suitable metric under sensor loss assumptions. The proposed deployment quality metric (DQM) is based on the shortest path strategy to provide a conservative estimation for the intruder detection performance. We show that it provides a good estimation of the actual deployment quality with given coverage hole and jamming area properties. Our metric is suitable for real life and simulation scenarios and is computationally inexpensive compared to both simulation based and distributed quality measurements.     

Biologically inspired probabilistic coverage for mobile sensor networks

Coupling sensors in a sensor network with mobility mechanism can boost the performance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In this paper, we address the problem of self-deploying mobile sensors to reach high coverage. The problem is modeled as a multi-objective optimization that simultaneously minimizes two contradictory parameters; the total sensor moving distance and the total uncovered area. In order to resolve the aforementioned deployment problem, this study investigates the use of biologically inspired mechanisms, including evolutionary algorithms and swarm intelligence, with their state-of-the-art algorithms. Unlike most of the existing works, the coverage parameter is expressed as a probabilistic inference model due to uncertainty in sensor readings. To the best of our knowledge, probabilistic coverage of mobile sensor networks has not been addressed in the context of multi-objective bio-inspired algorithms. Performance evaluations on deployment quality and deployment cost are measured and analyzed through extensive simulations, showing the effectiveness of each algorithm under the developed objective functions. Simulations reveal that only one multi-objective evolutionary algorithm; the so-called multi-objective evolutionary algorithm with decomposition survives to effectively tackle the probabilistic coverage deployment problem. It gathers more than 78 % signals from all of the targets (and in some cases reaches 100 % certainty). On the other hand, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, multi-objective particle swarm optimization, and non-dominated sorting particle swarm optimization show inferior performance down to 16–32 %, necessitating further modifications in their internal mechanisms.