GPS-InSAR合成方法进行地面沉降研究与展望

近年来，合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术应用于地面沉降研究领域的方法与实例已在国内外工程实践和科研活动中多见报道。与此同时，利用GPS技术监测地面沉降也日臻成熟与完善。GPS—InSAR合成方法作为二种方法的结合，能够在空间域和时间域同时提升地面沉降监测的能力，已开始成为国内外地面沉降测量技术研究的重点。本综述了GPS—InSAR合成技术的理论与方法，对其目前进展及应用前景进行了探讨。最后对上海地区开展研究进行了展望。     

InSAR地面沉降监测精度分析与评价

针对InSAR地面沉降监测精度所受到的质疑,以郑州市为研究区,该文提出了在SAR卫星过境获取图像的同时开展水准测量,通过开展地面沉降星地同步观测实验,即利用水准观测结果对InSAR地面沉降监测的精度进行了对比分析与评价。分别于2012年11月、2013年6月、8月,开展了3次同步观测实验,获取了InSAR与同步的水准监测数据,通过统一参考基准,纠正了InSAR、水准两种测量方法测量结果出现的整体偏差;统一参考基准后,最临近距离的平均误差在±1.9mm~4.8mm之间,中误差在±2.3mm~5.6mm之间,采用克里金插值法的平均误差在±1.5mm~3.8mm之间,中误差在±1.9mm~4.6mm之间。结果表明InSAR地面沉降监测具有较高的测量精度。     

合成孔径雷达干涉测量大气改正研究综述

随着InSAR技术的飞速发展,大气影响对其应用的限制越发明显。近些年,国内外对InSAR大气改正的方法进行了大量的研究。本文在分析InSAR测量中的大气影响及其误差的基础上,对当前利用GPS、MODIS、MERIS、FY等外部数据,进行InSAR大气改正的主要方法进行了详细介绍,并对几种方法进行了综合比较和评价,分析了每种方法的优势和不足,最后对今后进一步研究的多星协同的综合大气改正方法进行了展望。     

时序InSAR技术地表沉降监测结果可靠性及沉降梯度分析

为系统评价时序InSAR技术监测结果的精度和可靠性,进一步挖掘监测结果中隐藏的空间地理信息,利用两种时序InSAR技术对天津市及周边区域地表沉降情况进行监测,并基于水准数据测量结果、不同时序InSAR技术监测结果以及夜间灯光数据二次分析结果,研究了系统评价监测结果可靠性的方法,对监测结果进行了精度和可靠性的评价。在此基础上,基于ArcGIS空间插值与梯度分析方法,对研究区两个重点沉降区域进行了沉降梯度分析。研究结果表明:1研究区时序InSAR技术监测结果精度较高、可靠性较好;2重点沉降区域分布于天津市市区周边辖区,而市区相对比较稳定;3沉降梯度较大区域多分布于"沉降漏斗"的边缘,沉降梯度大小与沉降速率之间没有直接联系。     

利用卫星激光测高数据对星载SAR干涉测量DEM进行倾斜改正的研究

InSAR与ICEsat测高技术作为极具潜力的两项对地观测技术,各有其特点,利用卫星激光测高数据对星载SAR干涉测量DEM进行倾斜改正具有十分重要的意义,为提取无控制特殊困难地区大范围DEM提供了一种全新的方法。本文介绍了InSAR与ICEsat激光测高两种技术的特点及互补性;分析了利用ICEsat测高数据改正InSAR数据本身难以消除的误差的可行性;并以南极Grove山大范围DEM的提取为例,证实了其优越性。     

面向地表形变高精度监测的GNSS-InSAR融合方法北大核心CSCD

GNSS-InSAR数据融合进行监测地表形变是目前地表形变监测领域研究的热点问题,传统GNSS-InSAR数据融合方法融合简单、不能动态地反映地表形变特点,导致数据使用不充分、形变特征精度低等后果。提出了一种新的基于InSAR校正值和卡尔曼滤波的GNSS-InSAR融合方法。根据时间序列的GNSS观测值和InSAR校正观测值的时空相关性,通过卡尔曼滤波对两种数据进行融合,得到更精确的地表三维形变结果。利用2018年11月15日至2022年6月3日103景Sentinel-1A数据和同期13个GNSS点位数据进行处理,实验结果表明:校正后的InSAR观测值与GNSS观测值经卡尔曼滤波融合结果比未校正的InSAR观测值与GNSS观测值融合结果精度高45%,比InSAR观测值精度高57%。因此,基于InSAR校正值和卡尔曼滤波的GNSS-InSAR融合模型提高了InSAR变形监测的精度,拓展提升InSAR应用范围的广度和深度。     

雷达差分干涉测量技术反演含水层物理量

地下水的过度开采易引起严重的地面沉降,如何建立地下水开采量与地面沉降量之间有效的函数关系已成为目前研究的热点和难点。该文以华北平原天津区域为研究对象,采用短基线集时序分析技术,使用欧空局Envisat-ASAR数据,提取了变形时间序列。同时,基于渗流微分方程与含水层压缩土力学模型,通过融合InSAR监测结果与地下水位数据反演了地下水-地面沉降模型中的弹性、非弹性释水系数,并分析了地面沉降特征与地下水开采量发育情况。该研究提高了地下水-地面沉降预测模型在华北平原天津区域的实用性与预测精度,为今后天津市开展地下水开采控制、建立地下水可持续开采模型提供了基础。     

基于SARscape的干涉叠加在地表形变监测中的应用

地表形变主要表现为地震形变、地面沉降、山体滑坡等,由InSAR技术发展而来的干涉叠加通过挖掘时间序列SAR图像获取mm级的形变信息。本文介绍了干涉叠加技术的基本原理和技术流程、基于永久散射体的方法,利用2008年～2010年的23幅Cosmo-skymed数据对北京奥林匹克公园内的主要区域进行了地表形变的监测。     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的煤矿开采沉陷监测与分析

地下煤炭资源大量开采导致的地表形变,引发严重的安全和环境隐患,雷达干涉测量技术是高精度、大范围地表形变监测的重要手段之一。以辽宁省沈阳市沈北新区蒲河煤矿为例,采用SBAS-InSAR技术探测2018—2019年矿区地表形变结果,获取了采煤引起地表形变的时空分布特征,结合采场所在区域的地质条件和变形诱发因素,利用数值模拟技术对观测形变结果进行模拟分析,进而讨论了蒲河煤矿地面沉降在时间和空间上的变形规律和机制。InSAR形变监测结果显示,开采区域内存在两处沉降漏斗,且数值模拟结果与InSAR形变观测值分布规律一致,反演结果接近实际情况,可为相关部门制定地面沉降防治措施提供科学依据。     

利用星载雷达干涉技术 监测地下采矿活动

本文简要介绍了星载雷达干涉测量技术（InSAR）和通过运用雷达差分干涉测量及永久散射体干涉数据处理技术进行地面沉降监测，以达到对地下采矿活动监测的目的。文章着重从测量原理、技术思路、作业步骤和过程、数据处理等方面阐述了利用星载雷达干涉测量技术在采矿活动监测领域中的应用。     

An approach for accurately retrieving the vertical deformation component from two-track InSAR measurements

As is well known, both conventional differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (D-InSAR) and multi-temporal synthetic aperture radar interferometry (MT-InSAR) have a common limitation that they only can measure the deformation component along the radar line of sight (LOS) direction. However, in the majority of disaster investigations, there is more interest in the vertical deformation component than that of the horizontal direction, for example, in measuring ground subsidence in urban areas, or ground subsidence due to underground mining. To estimate the vertical deformation component accurately, it is in theory necessary to create at least three independent equations, and solve the vertical, the North–South, and the East–West deformation components by exploiting at least three-track InSAR LOS measurements or combining at least two-track InSAR LOS measurements with azimuth measurements. However, these methods are greatly limited and sometimes not even practical because there is typically little chance of obtaining a three-track SAR data set covering the same area in the same time span, and the accuracy of the azimuth measurements is far lower than that of InSAR LOS measurements. In this article, we found that it is possible to solve for the vertical deformation component from two-track InSAR LOS measurements in some circumstances. Then, an approach for accurately retrieving the vertical deformation component from two-track InSAR LOS measurements is proposed, and the analytical expression is presented. The approach is illustrated through an investigation of the ground subsidence in an area of Beijing, China. Unlike previous methods, this approach can accurately retrieve the vertical deformation component from two-track InSAR LOS measurements, and provide more reliable results for improving the interpretation of ground subsidence phenomena.     

Potential of small-baseline SAR interferometry for monitoring land subsidence related to underground coal fires: Wuda (Northern China) case study

Uncontrolled coal fires can result in massive surface displacements due to the change in volume of burning coal and thermal effects in the adjacent rock mass; simultaneously, the resultant surface breakings provide greater access to air and water that in turn can aggravate the problem of underground coal seam burning. In this case study, we have investigated the feasibility and potential of detecting the land subsidence accompanying coal fires by means of satellite InSAR observations. Three groups of small-baseline InSAR approaches (PSI, stacking and 2-passDInSAR) were applied to the Wuda coalfield (Northern China) to reveal the spatial and temporal signals of the land subsidence in the areas affected by the coal fires. The interferometric results agree well with GPS observations and coal fire data obtained by field investigation, which demonstrates that the small-baseline InSAR techniques have remarkable potential to detect this land subsidence of interest. In particular, our results show that the development of coal fires can lead to new subsiding areas and also accelerate the ongoing surface subsidence, typically within the areas of mature coal fires, through a comparison of the interferometric observations and the multi-temporal coal fire maps. This timely and reliable information on land subsidence will be useful for the detection and mapping of the coal fire affected regions and thereby assist in fighting and controlling coal seam burning.     

Monitoring of large-scale deformation in mining areas using sub-band InSAR and the probability integral fusion method

The large-scale and rapid land subsidence that occurs in mining areas often leads to problems, such as densely spaced interference fringes and the temporal decorrelation of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) interferograms. To solve these problems, sub-band InSAR is applied to monitor the large-scale deformation that occurs in mining areas. First of all, four different bandwidth images with three sub-band bandwidth parameters are used to extract simulated mining-induced subsidence with seven different deformation magnitudes. The results of the simulation experiment suggest the following conclusions. In monitoring subsidence with different deformation magnitudes using images with different bandwidths, an optimal monitoring value exists; wider image bandwidths lead to smaller optimal monitoring values and higher monitoring accuracies. Therefore, an appropriate sub-band bandwidth should be selected that depends upon the image bandwidth and the subsidence level to achieve optimal monitoring. The optimal sub-band bandwidth for monitoring subsidence of different magnitudes in mining areas is determined through simulation experiments, and these conclusions can provide a technical basis for selecting the appropriate sub-band bandwidth for the monitoring of subsidence in mining areas. Although sub-band InSAR can reduce the number of interference fringes and the difficulty of unwrapping, the simultaneous introduction of large amounts of noise leads to reduced monitoring precision, and the application of the probability integral method in the prediction of mine subsidence is more mature. Therefore, the combined use of sub-band InSAR and the probability integral fusion method to monitor mining-induced deformation is proposed in this paper. The probability integral method is used to perform noise peeling on the interferometric phases of the sub-bands to improve the monitoring accuracy of sub-band interferometry. Then, according to the results of the simulation experiment, the fusion method with the appropriate sub-band bandwidth parameters is applied to monitor the surface deformation associated with working face 52,304 from 2 December 2012 to 13 December 2012. Finally, the monitoring results are compared with the results of monitoring using conventional differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) and global positioning system (GPS) field survey data. The results show that the reliability and accuracy of the fusion method are much better than those of conventional D-InSAR in monitoring the large-scale deformation that occurs at the edges of subsidence basins.     

Integrated space geodesy for mapping land deformation over Choushui River Fluvial Plain,Taiwan

Groundwater is an important part of the precious water resources. As the fresh surface water resources become scarcer because of climate change, population growth, and industrial activities, more and more groundwater has been extracted to meet the demands of various water uses (e.g. municipal, industrial, and agricultural). Excessive groundwater extraction leads to severe ground subsidence which compromises the safety of surface and underground infrastructures. Modelling the effects of groundwater extraction is vital to the management and sustainable use of groundwater. However, results of such modelling have to be validated with inputs such as the field survey of ground subsidence. Levelling and continuous global positioning system (GPS) receiver networks are routinely used to collect these field measurements. Unfortunately, these techniques have limitations in terms of areal coverage and density of survey marks and, as a result, subsidence hot spots can be easily missed out. In order to provide a comprehensive picture of subsidence to aid geotechnical modelling and to assess the effectiveness of measures used to mitigate ground subsidence, satellite imaging radar interferometry techniques (interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) can be used to complement other deformation monitoring techniques. In this study, 20 Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) images acquired from 31 December 2006 to 26 February 2011 were used to map the land displacement over the Choushui River Fluvial Plain (CRFP), Taiwan. The GPS measurements acquired at 10 continuously operating reference stations (CORS) were used to refine the orbit error in the each differential interferogram obtained from each radar image pair. The displacement time series over the distributed scatterers and the persistent scatterers were analysed. Several subsidence bowls were identified in CRFP. A quantitative comparison was conducted to compare the radar measurements to the GPS measurements over 36 GPS CORS stations. Good agreement between both measurements was observed with coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.97, absolute mean difference of 3.2 mm year^?1, and standard deviation of 4 mm year^?1. The InSAR-measured Line-of-Sight displacement and GPS-measured horizontal displacement were integrated to derive the vertical displacement map. Two displacement maps were generated using two ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 pairs acquired between 2015 and 2016. Similar subsidence patterns were found in the two maps compared to the 2006–2011 displacement rate map, suggesting the land over the same region might have continued to fall.     

The present status of subsiding land vulnerable to roof collapse in the Jharia Coalfield,India, as obtained from shorter temporal baseline C-band DInSAR by smaller spatial subset unwrapped phase profiling

In this paper, we identified recently subsiding areas in Jharia Coalfield, Jharkhand, India from the shorter temporal baseline Radarsat-2 C-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data pairs of 2012. Although shorter wavelength C-band differential InSAR (DInSAR) is more sensitive to slow deformation and better suited for higher precision land subsidence measurement, the dynamic and adverse land cover in mining areas and resulting temporal decorrelation problem poses a serious problem for DInSAR observation in mining areas. We used smaller temporal baseline data pairs and adopted InSAR coherence-guided incremental filtering with smaller moving windows to highlight the deformation fringes over temporal decorrelation noise. We identified the deformation fringes and validated them based on ground information to prepare the land subsidence map of the coalfield in 2012. Several new, previously unreported subsidence areas were detected in the present study with a total subsiding area of 6.9 km². The recent incidence of roof collapse on 15 November 2014 at Angar Patra village in Katras region of the coalfield where 45 houses collapsed and 10 people were injured is situated in a highly subsiding vulnerable area as obtained from the present study. Due to spatial discontinuities of InSAR coherence, DInSAR phase unwrapping for the entire study area in one go did not appear feasible. To avoid this problem, we performed DInSAR processing in smaller spatial subsets and unwrapping of the subset interferograms by a ‘minimum cost flow’ algorithm. Subsequently, we plotted unwrapped phase profiles across the deformation fringes and retrieved the maximum deformation phase with respect to background phase and translated them into radar line of sight (LOS) displacement rates. For obtaining the average subsidence rates, we adopted InSAR coherence-weighted LOS displacement rates taking into account the contribution of each data pair as a function of DInSAR phase quality of the fringe areas. Ground-based subsidence measurements by precision levelling were conducted in four test sites that had been undergoing active underground mining during the observation period. We compared space-borne DInSAR-based subsidence rates obtained by the adopted technique with precision levelling measurements. Overall, the results are found to agree well. In the four test sites with gentle to flat topography, land subsidence occurs at slow to moderate rates due to compression of in-filled material (resulting from sand stowing in underground mining), without any evidence of roof collapse. In such cases, the horizontal displacement component is less significant, and overall surface displacement occurs essentially in the vertical direction. However, we assessed the nature of subtle horizontal strain to infer relative shrinkage or dilation of the land surface which could be additive or subtractive to vertical displacement in DInSAR-based LOS displacement.     

COSMO-SkyMed数据在常州市地表形变监测中的应用

小基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(SBAS-InSAR)已成功应用于城市地表形变监测,并表现出极大的潜力和优势。X波段高分辨率雷达卫星在地表微小形变探测方面较C波段和L波段更为敏感。选取覆盖常州地区COSMO-SkyMed高分辨率SAR影像,采用SBAS-InSAR方法获得了地表形变时间序列,对比水准观测数据,分析了干涉测量结果的精度,根据历史地下水位监测数据,分析了地下水水位变化对地表形变的影响。结果表明:干涉测量结果与水准观测数据具有很好的一致性,沉降区域主要发生在武进区,最大沉降量超过-40mm,主城区出现了轻微的回弹现象,回弹达到+5mm;地下水水位持续上升与地面沉降减缓、地面回弹趋势一致,地下水水位变化仍然是常州市地表形变的主要影响因素。     

Recent subsidence in Tianjin,China: observations from multi-looking TerraSAR-X InSAR from 2009 to 2013

Tianjin, China, has been suggested to have serious ground subsidence due to excessive extraction of groundwater. It is essential to monitor this subsidence, which has potential hazards and risks. Time series InSAR (TS-InSAR), such as small baselines subset (SBAS), is a powerful tool that can monitor ground deformation with high accuracy and at high spatial resolution over a long time interval. However, the high computational complexity may exceed computer memory limit when high-spatial resolution SAR (such as TerraSAR-X, TSX) images are used. In this article, the multi-look approach is introduced to the SBAS tool from StaMPS/MTI (Stanford method for persistent scatter/multi-temporal InSAR) in order to balance the spatial resolution and subsidence information in detection. The looks used for multi-looking are first fixed in terms of the accuracy of deformation and the density of coherent points. Then, the recent subsidence in Tianjin is extracted using multi-looking SBAS based on 48 TSX images acquired from 2009 to 2013. The results are validated by levelling measurements with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 4.7 mm year^–1, which demonstrates that SBAS analysis can effectively monitor deformation based on multi-looking TSX acquisitions in the area under investigation. Besides, the results also show that Tianjin has been suffering from subsidence during this period, and there were two separate large subsidence basins located in this study area with more than 500 mm cumulative subsidence. Moreover, the subsidence rate increased after December 2010 in Tianjin.