驾驶舱飞行员认知行为一体化仿真建模

针对国内航空领域飞行员认知行为一体化建模研究较少,运用ACT-R认知架构对民机飞行员驾驶技能获得、提取和运用的内在机制进行建模。对飞行员驾驶飞机的认知过程进行划分;以驾驶舱中出现频率最高的典型飞行任务--飞行员告警信息感知、处理与决策为对象进行实验设计和一体化仿真;对实验操作和模拟仿真进行对比,表明ACT-R认知体系能够指导推进驾驶舱人机工效一体化中飞行员仿真理论与模型研究的发展,为驾驶舱优化设计与评估提供深层次的支撑。     

改进PSO的飞机驾驶舱组合排序人机布局优化

飞机驾驶舱在人机布局优化过程中具有显著的特殊性和较高的复杂性,因而有必要采取合适的优化程序和优化方法以提高优化效率。利用组合排序方法,结合多目标优化问题的求解思路,建立了高度非线性的目标函数,为避免陷入局部最优,将粒子群算法首次引入飞机驾驶舱的三维布局分析中,并引用改进粒子群算法,提出了适合我国飞行员标准的人机布局优化新方法。由于待布物数量较多,基于Kendall’s W确定了待布物的大致组合排序;利用改进粒子群算法依次求得待布物的最优解,彼此协调后,获得了优化布局新方案,并与基本粒子群算法等现有典型优化算法的优化效果进行了对比;对布局方案进行了计算机仿真,利用JACK对优化方案和原方案进行了对比分析,验证了该优化方法在解决飞机驾驶舱人机布局优化问题的可行性和有效性。     

基于故障树分析方法的民机飞机驾驶舱门控制逻辑改进设计

驾驶舱门是保护飞行机组人员安全,保障飞行安全的重要阻隔屏障。自德国蓄意坠机事件发生后,如何兼顾保障安全和防止飞行员蓄意控制飞机,成为民用飞机驾驶舱门设计关注的焦点。针对蓄意坠机中飞机驾驶舱遭遇非法控制的顶事件,构建了故障树模型。开展了故障树的定量和定性分析,查找出飞机遭遇非法控制的薄弱环节,并提出了针对性的建议措施。针对飞行员离开驾驶舱后存在无法进入被锁驾驶舱的重大驾驶舱门控制逻辑缺陷,重新分配了驾驶舱门控制权限,提出了改进的驾驶舱门控制流程和逻辑。改进后的故障树可靠性分析结果表明,飞行员失常事件的关键重要度由0.99大幅降至4.02*10-4,对飞机遭遇非法控制顶事件的影响非常小;顶事件发生率下降为5.02*10-11,飞行安全性得到了有效提升。     

基于负荷均衡的飞机驾驶舱动态功能分配

为了提高动态复杂环境下飞机驾驶舱人机系统的安全性,提出一种基于负荷均衡的动态功能分配方法。结合飞行任务和飞行员生理特征预测飞行员的工作负荷,将预测结果作为动态功能分配的触发条件,基于模糊推理调整驾驶舱自动化等级,实现飞行任务在飞行员和自动化系统之间的协调分配。基于Simulink建立飞行任务需求、飞行员生理特征、飞行员工作负荷预测、模糊推理、任务分析与再分配模块,通过仿真测试对提出的方法进行分析和验证,结果表明该方法能够及时有效地调整任务分配,避免飞行员工作负荷过高或过低。     

基于JACK的驾驶舱仿真及人机工效分析

在驾驶舱的设计中应用人机工效学原理,利用JACK软件对舱内布局设计进行仿真及舒适性、可达域、可视域等工效进行评价,并提出修改意见。首先将基于人机工效学设计的驾驶舱的CATIA模型导入JACK软件中创建分析对象;然后基于JACK软件建立用于仿真工效分析的数字人模型(Digital Human Model),将数字人模型调整成驾驶员工作时的最优姿势,仿真驾驶员位于驾驶舱的虚拟环境。最后应用JACK软件的人机工效分析工具对驾驶舱内部进行分析并提出改进意见,这样既缩短了设计周期,又减少了设计制造费用。     

民机驾驶舱人为因素生理体征数据采集系统设计

提出了基于物联网技术的一种生理体征数据便携式采集系统.该系统通过传感器网络和嵌入式系统,将体征数据实时采集并传输到远程进行分析处理.系统主要由生理体征采集模块、ARM接收模块、远程数据分析服务器组成.系统充分体现了模块化的设计理念,配合高效的数据协议,使得系统可靠性高、稳定性强、扩展性好,对于民机驾驶舱人为因素研究是一...     

基于UG 的定型模工程图自动标注研究

针对定型模板块形状复杂不规则,内部孔特征多,尺寸标注工作量大且布局混乱等 问题,分析了定型模的结构特征,基于UG NX(Unigraphics NX)平台,开发了定型模工程图自动 标注系统。总结了定型模工程图标注需求,创建了工程图模板;基于特征提取,对定型模三维模 型自动转二维工程图时产生的冗余边线进行自动删除;基于提取的标注基准,对工程图中气孔、 水孔、定位键等特征的定位尺寸、定形尺寸进行了自动标注,并根据其位置,对工程图标注进行 合理布局。通过实例分析验证了该工程图自动标注系统的实用性。该研究简化了定型模工程图设 计流程,提高了其设计效率。     

基于SSM框架的智能web系统研发设计

为了解决传统CMS系统不能对web布局进行修改的局限性,降低维护web系统成本及风险,提高管理效率,提出了集建站和维护系统于一体智能web系统设计。设计中使用了SSM框架,很大程度上提高了开发效率及系统的可靠性和易用性;Ajax、jQuery、jqGrid等技术的采用实现了拖动页面布局修改web布局的效果。此外还对传统的菜单管理和内容管理等功能进行了改进,从而提高了web系统维护效率,降低维护风险,更方便管理人员。     

民机机载软件配置管理技术研究

软件配置管理作为软件开发过程中的一个重要过程受到越来越多人的重视。文章从民机机载软件的特点入手,提出了一套符合民机机载软件的配置管理流程,并与DO-178B中的配置管理活动进行了符合性对照,给相应民机机载软件的配置管理技术提供了一定的借鉴和参考。     

飞行员位置信息监控系统设计

为提高对遇险飞行员救生的能力,设计了一种飞行员位置信息监控系统。在飞行员遇险后,系统首先利用北斗导航技术定位飞行员的位置,然后通过北斗短信息和GPRS网络通信技术将信息传至指挥控制中心。系统通过提供准确的定位信息提高了救援工作的效率,并可在救援力量与遇险飞行员之间实时双向通信。     

Energy management displays: a new concept for the civil flight deck

There exists a strong rationale for an energy management system onboard civil aircraft; this is based on a global move towards greater energy consciousness and more specific reasons relating to safety and efficiency in the airline industry. This paper considers the design of an interface for an energy management system. It reports the development of a number of display designs within the requirements and constraints of the flight deck context. Three designs are evaluated both with student participants and senior airline pilots. It was found that those displays with predictive information elements produced the most accurate decisions concerning aircraft energy states. Further investigation into the function of these predictive elements (within real-time flight scenarios) is required in order to evaluate their efficacy with the end-user group of airline pilots.     

Real-Time Implementation of Obstacle Detection Algorithms on a Datacube MaxPCI Architecture

The high-speed civil transport (HSCT) aircraft has been designed with limited cockpit visibility. To handle this, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has proposed an external visibility system (XVS) to aid pilots in overcoming this lack of visibility. XVS obtains video images using high-resolution cameras mounted on and directed outside the aircraft. Images captured by the XVS enable automatic computer analysis in real-time, and thereby alert pilots about potential flight path hazards. Thus, the system is useful in helping pilots avoid air collisions. In this study, a system was configured to capture image sequences from an on-board high-resolution digital camera at a live video rate, record the images into a high-speed disk array through a fiber channel, and process the images using a Datacube MaxPCI machine with multiple pipelined processors to perform real-time obstacle detection. In this paper, we describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of this computer vision system. Using this system, real-time obstacle detection was performed and digital image data were obtained successfully in flight tests conducted at NASA Langley Research Center in January and September 1999. The system is described in detail so that other researchers can easily replicate the work.     

民机飞行机组应急逃生设计混合现实仿真系统

开展民机飞行机组应急逃生仿真旨在飞机研制早期发现飞行机组逃生口设计的潜在问题,确保飞行机组成员的人身安全.提出了一种民机飞行机组应急逃生混合现实仿真系统设计方案,进行了系统搭建与实验验证.针对系统中人体虚实匹配的关键问题,提出一种光-惯混合追踪的全身人体运动捕捉方法,结合基于Kinect2图像识别的人体关键尺寸快速匹配...     

Synthetic vision systems: the effects of guidance symbology, display size, and field of view

Two experiments conducted in a high-fidelity flight simulator examined the effects of guidance symbology, display size, and geometric field of view (GFOV) within a synthetic vision system (SVS). In Experiment 1, 18 pilots flew highlighted and low-lighted tunnel-in-the-sky displays, as well as a less cluttered follow-me aircraft (FMA), through a series of curved approaches over rugged terrain. The results revealed that both tunnels supported better flight path tracking and lower workload levels than did the FMA because of the availability of more preview information. Increasing tunnel intensity had no benefit on tracking and, in fact, degraded traffic awareness because of clutter and attentional tunneling. In Experiment 2, 24 pilots flew a lowlighted tunnel configured according to different display sizes (small or large) and GFOVs (30 degrees or 60 degrees). Measures of flight path tracking and terrain awareness generally favored the 60 degrees GFOV; however, there were no effects of display size. Actual or potential applications of this research include understanding the impact of SVS properties on flight path tracking, traffic and terrain awareness, workload, and the allocation of attention.     

基于案例和规则融合的民用客机故障诊断系统设计

目前很多工程应用中的飞机故障诊断方法,只考虑单一的基于案例或基于规则的诊断方法,故障诊断的效率有待提高。本文针对民用客机地面运营支持系统的特点和要求,将案例和规则融合的推理机制引入到飞机故障诊断系统的设计中。该方法采用规则推理为前导、案例推理后置补充的结合方式,最大化地利用飞机故障隔离手册知识和从维修记录中提取的案例知识,从而提高首次故障隔离效率、降低无效排故时间。以民用客机某系统的典型故障为例,阐述了该推理机制在故障诊断中的应用。通过历史飞行数据试验,验证了提出的基于案例与规则融合诊断方法的有效性,以此为基础设计的故障诊断方案可为航空公司构建更完善的专家系统提供参考。     

Mixed-fleet flying in commercial aviation: a joint cognitive systems perspective

Previous research investigating work activities and cognition in multi-crew airline flight decks has used a joint cognitive systems approach. However, is this approach suitable when some components—such as pilots—physically shift between differing aircraft, or joint cognitive systems? A current practice within the airline industry, known as mixed-fleet flying (MFF), allows pilots to fly aircraft of slightly differing configurations within the same working roster. The assumption held by aviation authorities is that pilots are permitted to fly in MFF configurations as long as relevant training occurs. Based on a cognitive anthropological study on pilots flying the same aircraft type—with differing flight deck configurations—we demonstrate that there are two different joint cognitive systems at work as each system involves different functional systems. The aim of this paper is to extend certain aspects of the joint cognitive systems approach to enable an analysis of real-world issues like MFF.     

Visual scan patterns reflect to human-computer interactions on processing different types of messages in the flight deck

The flight deck of commercial aircraft is sophisticated and searching for the necessary information at the right time is sometimes challenging. This research investigates pilot's visual parameters while interacted with two different designs of crew alerting system by eye tracking technology. There are 24 aviation professionals that participated in this experiment including commercial pilots, private pilots and avionic engineers. Compared with traditional design, the new integrated design applied proximity compatibility principles to assist pilots in searching necessary information to deal with urgent situations. The results demonstrated that the integrated design is superior to traditional design in providing accurate instructions as determined by visual behaviors. However, the integrated design increases pilot's situation awareness by redirecting attention from current task to the most critical task with the cost of a longer total fixation duration time. Pilot's visual parameters demonstrated significant differences while interacting with PFD mainly numeric, ND mostly by symbols and EICAS with presented text messages. Therefore, flight deck design has to adopt a holistic approach as pilot's visual attentions is shifting among all types of different displays to gain situation awareness rather than focus on only one display. The design of integrated EICAS can provide detailed instructions to deal with urgent situations which induced higher cognitive loads as pilot's pupil dilation is significant bigger than interacted with traditional design. By eye tracking technology, it is applicable to design human-centred flight decks to improve safety and human performance in aviation.     

重大灾害条件下的航空应急救援效率研究

分析了当前航空应急救援效率低下的原因,提出了建立以民航管理体系为背景的三层应急救援体系,研究了该体系下的救援指挥点与灾区的救援航空器分配算法,以及实施航空救援的航线设计算法和航空器飞行算法,为重大灾害条件下的应急救援预案的建立奠定了核心基础.同时,提出并实现了基于高精度等高线地图的航空救援指挥辅助系统.该系统可为飞行员提供灾区的地理和气象信息,并结合Google Earth的飞行演示功能在预定的航线上进行模拟飞行;让飞行员熟悉整个航空救援过程,极大地提高了航空救援的效率和安全性.     

基于4G通信的民机试飞遥测监控技术架构

民机适航审定试飞时需要传输海量的测试数据,由于试验科目的苛刻要求,试飞任务需在多地同时开展。针对这种需求,提出一种基于4G通信的民机试飞监控技术架构,构建多地试飞一体化测试网络,并通过了飞行试验数据传输测试,该技术架构可满足试验机试飞数据高速传输需求,满足试验数据多地传输需求。该技术的应用增强了安全监控能力,提高试飞效率。     

Aircraft warning systems: application of model-based reasoning techniques

The warning systems fitted to the current generation of civil air transport aircraft represent a significant advance on earlier technologies. One important outcome of this development has been the centralized alerting and monitoring systems that present information directly to pilots via multifunction displays. Despite these advances, there are still areas where substantial improvements might be made on current systems. In this paper a brief review is provided of the design issues associated with current aircraft warning systems, and the potential benefits of an 'intelligent' warning system are identified. This system would be capable of monitoring and interpreting data from aircraft systems and flight operational conditions, and in the event of failures and abnormal conditions, would provide the crew with a high-level interpretation of the malfunction. In addition, it would generate appropriate crew actions and prediction of future trends. The use of a model-based reasoning approach to this task is outlined and discussed in relation to some specific aspects of interface design.