液液喷射混合器最佳引射角度的CFD模拟

利用CFD模拟方法,研究了液液喷射混合器中引射流体进料角度的影响行为和优化选择问题。选择7种不同引射角度为考察对象,考察了喷射器内部流体的流动特性与掺混效果。结果表明:不恰当的引射角度将导致引射流体在喷嘴外围环隙的速度和流量分配不均,进而导致流场偏移;随着引射角度的增加,压力降、喷射系数、混合段流体速度和湍流耗散率呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势;不同引射角度下流体达到混合完全所需要的距离相同,但是质量分数存在差别。综合分析,在7种引射角中,引射流体的最佳引射角度为60°,此条件下喷射器内混合段流体速度大,喷射系数高,混合效果好,同时对管壁的冲击力小。     

高Schmidt数下喷射器内湍流混合的多尺度模拟模型建立

多尺度性是湍流混合的重要特征,本文建立了湍流下物料间的宏观混合和微观混合模型,利用计算流体力学软件Flu- ent6对喷嘴直径为2.5 mm、混合段直径为6 mm、混合段长度为90 mm的喷射器混合段物料的混合状况进行了模拟。对模型进行求解的过程中,进行了网格无关性验证,求解了k-ε方程、流动方程和所建立3个标量方程。求解模型中3个标量方程时,使用了Fluent中的user defined function(UDF)。最终获得了喷射器混合段内宏观混合和微观混合的详细信息,为喷射器的优化及放大设计提供了重要的依据。     

喷射器内液—液湍流反应过程的数值模拟

利用两环境矩直接积分模型(DQMOM)对喷射器内液液平行-竞争反应体系进行了研究,结果表明:在固定引射流速的情况下,随着喷嘴速度的增加,平行-竞争反应的选择性越来越高, 副反应的转化率越来越低;在固定喷嘴流速的情况下,随着引射流体速度的增加,平行-竞争反应的选择性越来越低,副反应的转化率越来越高;速度比一定时,喷嘴绝对速度值越大,副反应的转化率越低.     

喷射反应器内液-液湍流微观混合的研究

通过定义局部分离度,来定量表征喷射器内液-液湍流微观混合规律。其定义式为:(实验所得H~+浓度-模拟所得H~+浓度)/模拟所得H~+浓度。选用酸碱反应体系,利用PLIF技术得到沿喷射器轴线的H~+浓度;采用Fluent软件,利用Standard k-ε模型,模拟获得相同操作条件下的H~+浓度变化趋势。得到不同操作条件下,分离度沿喷射器轴线的变化,结果表明:(1)引流速度不变,喷嘴速度越大,两流体越容易达到微观尺度的均匀混合;(2)喷嘴速度不变,引流速度越大,两流体反而不容易达到微观尺度上的均匀混合;(3)速度比一定的情况下,喷嘴速度越大,越有利于流体的微观混合。     

上喷式喷射器内气液两相流的流体力学特征

喷射器作为气液混合装置,比传统接触混合器具有更高的混合强度和传质系数.计算流体力学(computational fluid dy-namics,CFD)模拟作为研究气液混合流的方法,有助于理解喷射器的流体力学和混合特征.它能提供详细的信息来量化操作条件对喷射器性能的影响.本文利用CFD模拟了上喷式喷射器内的气液两相流的流体力学特征.结果表明在较高的混合段长径比下,混合段入口处的压力较低.但是存在一个最大的压力降,此时混合段长径比约为4.0.在相同的喷嘴速度下,混合段入口处压力降最低,气体卷吸量最大.模拟中混合管与喷嘴面积比范围为1～16.无论是保持喷嘴直径不变还是混合管直径不变,混合段入口处的压力都随着D2M/D2N的增加而增加.但是对应的最大气体卷吸率发生在面积比为4.0.当喷射器的结构参数不变,混合段入口处的压力降和气体卷吸率随着喷嘴速度的增加而增大.     

液-液喷射器不同进料方式下混合过程的CFD模拟

利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件CFX5对液-液喷射器混合段物料的混合性能进行了模拟,确定了工作流体和引射流体都平行于混合管轴线进料时物料完全混合所需的混合管长度,并分析了三种不同进料方式:(1)工作流体和引射流体都与混合段轴线平行进料;(2)工作流体与混合段轴线平行进料,引射流体与轴线成30°进料;(3)引射流体与混合段轴线平行进料,工作流体与轴线成30°,对混合管内混合过程的影响,结果表明,工作流体和引射流体都与混合段轴线平行进料时混合效果最好。     

海水淡化双级真空引射器的射流和混合特性研究

引射器是实现热法海水淡化系统高效节能的重要装置,该文通过三维数值模拟方法研究了双 级引射器内部流动和传输特性,分析了引射和工作流体的混合与扩散过程,探讨了降低能耗的方法。 研究结果表明,喷射器内速度最大值均在轴线处,流体在喷嘴与混合室内流线均匀,而在吸入室内产 生一个或多个涡流。不同引射流体速度下,其混动迹线为不对称分布,随着引射流体速度的增大,引 射流体入口处负压先增加后减小,漩涡量减少且漩涡变小。因此,为改善引射器运行效率,可适当提 高引射流体速度。随着偏离喷嘴中心距离的增大,湍动耗散率明显增大,而湍动能略微增大,漩涡消 散加快。     

蒸汽喷射器混合段流场激波特性分析

蒸汽喷射器广泛应用于过程工业,但对其理论研究并不完善。本文建立了蒸汽喷射器的二维计算机流体力学模型,研究了主动流体和引射流体在混合段相互作用的流场特征,并对流场内激波的产生、发展和结束进行了分析。在此基础上,对不同混合段喉管直径和混合段长度的喷射器性能进行了模拟,并给出了设计工况的最优值。通过对最优性能下激波特征的分析显示,钻石激波在混合段出口附近结束是喷射器获得最佳性能的必要条件。本文结论可以为蒸汽喷射器的优化设计提供技术依据。     

Helmholtz喷嘴结构参数对空化射流特性的影响

自振空化射流是在射流过程中利用喷嘴内部结构的振荡特性产生空泡,在射出喷嘴后空泡发 生溃灭来增大射流冲击作用的现象。由于自振空化射流效果与喷嘴结构有密切关系,因此近年来关于 喷嘴结构的优化研究广受关注。鉴于 Helmholtz 喷嘴在增强射流冲击力方面具有明显优势,该文针对 不同结构参数的 Helmholtz 喷嘴的内外流场进行了数值仿真,重点分析了出口直径、出口长度、共振 腔空化长度、共振腔空化直径等关键结构参数及射流靶距对空化水射流效果的影响,相关研究成果可 为空化射流船舶清洗技术提供理论指导。     

锥形炮管结构参数的优化设计

关于防暴锥形炮管结构优化问题,为了提高脉冲防暴水炮射流轴向速度矢量比,增强流形稳定性等,采用相比传统的圆柱形炮管具有很大优势的锥形炮管,通过合理的选择锥形炮管的结构参数来提高脉冲防暴水炮技战术性能。通过建立压力方程、气体做功方程和水柱加速度方程,并在Fluent流体仿真软件进行仿真分析。确定了在锥形炮管大端直径D=64mm的情况下,出口直径d=38mm时所获得初始射流的综合性能最好的效果,为设计系统提供了依据。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计及其仿真实现

为了设计一种具有低成本、低功耗、易操作、功能强且可靠性高的煤矿井下安全分站,针对煤矿安全生产实际,文章提出了采用MCS-51系列单片机为核心、具有CAN总线通信接口的煤矿井下安全监控分站的设计方案;首先给出煤矿井下安全监控分站的整体构架设计,然后着重阐述模拟量输入信号处理系统的设计过程,最后说明单片机最小系统及其键盘、显示、报警、通信等各个组成部分的设计;为验证设计方案的可行性与有效性,使用Proteus软件对设计内容进行仿真验证,设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有瓦斯、温度等模拟量参数超标报警功能和电机开停、风门开闭等开关量指示功能;仿真结果表明:设计的煤矿井下安全监控分站具有一定的实际应用价值.     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

View-based model-driven architecture for enhancing maintainability of data access services

In modern service-oriented architectures, database access is done by a special type of services, the so-called data access services (DAS). Though, particularly in data-intensive applications, using and developing DAS are very common today, the link between the DAS and their implementation, e.g. a layer of data access objects (DAOs) encapsulating the database queries, still is not sufficiently elaborated, yet. As a result, as the number of DAS grows, finding the desired DAS for reuse and/or associated documentation can become an impossible task. In this paper we focus on bridging this gap between the DAS and their implementation by presenting a view-based, model-driven data access architecture (VMDA) managing models of the DAS, DAOs and database queries in a queryable manner. Our models support tailored views of different stakeholders and are scalable with all types of DAS implementations. In this paper we show that our view-based and model driven architecture approach can enhance software development productivity and maintainability by improving DAS documentation. Moreover, our VMDA opens a wide range of applications such as evaluating DAS usage for DAS performance optimization. Furthermore, we provide tool support and illustrate the applicability of our VMDA in a large-scale case study. Finally, we quantitatively prove that our approach performs with acceptable response times.