Optimal management of an urban road network with an environmental perspective

Within the framework of numerical simulation and optimal control of partial differential equations, in this work we deal with the mathematical modelling and optimal management of urban road networks. In particular, we are interested in finding the optimal management of the network intersections in order to reduce traffic congestion and atmospheric pollution. So, we consider two different multi-objective control problems (the former from a cooperative viewpoint, the latter within a hierarchical paradigm), propose a complete numerical algorithm to solve them, and, finally, present several numerical tests for a realistic case posed in the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area (Mexico), where the possibilities of our methodology are shown.     

窗口流量控制的干线动态协调控制方法

城市交通干线在高峰时期经常处于饱和状态,排队车辆溢出至上游交叉口的"死锁"现象时有发生.为避免干线阻塞、提高饱和条件下干线交通流的运行效率,首先提出一种有效带宽评价方法对已有干线绿波协调控制系统的运行状态及控制效果进行监控;其次借鉴TCP/IP窗口流量控制思想,设计一种窗口流量控制的干线动态协调控制方法,控制城市干线拥挤交通流.模拟试验及对比结果表明,通过窗口流量通告的方式,下游交叉口可以向上游交叉口实时告知路段的有效容量,便于各交叉口信号机根据当前的交通需求及路段的有效容量重新分配各股车流的绿灯时间.     

多个MFD子区边界协调控制方法

为了改善交通网络运行状况,根据车流密度的差异对宏观路网进行子区划分,提出了面向多个宏观基本图（Macroscopic fundamental diagram,MFD）子区的边界协调控制方法.根据划分的多个子区间邻接关系和流入流出交通流率,建立了路网车流平衡方程.通过与最佳累积车辆数进行比较,确定了拥挤度高的子区边界交叉口最佳流入与流出的交通流量;进而建立了以整个路网旅行完成流率最大、平均行程时间和平均延误最小的多目标边界协调优化模型,并通过自适应遗传算法对多目标函数进行求解.以存在4个MFD子区的实际路网为分析对象,对比仿真结果表明所提方法可有效提高路网运行效率、缓解拥堵状况.     

Design of Regulatory Traffic Light Control Systems with Synchronized Timed Petri Nets

Fixing the phases is one of the common methods to control an urban traffic network. Once a road is filled with a high traffic flow approaching its capacity, the conventional traffic light controller is not able to handle this traffic congestion phenomenon well. In this paper, we propose a novel regulatory traffic light control system to handle such traffic congestion by using synchronized timed Petri nets (STPNs). Three kinds of intersections in an urban traffic network are defined and employed to demonstrate our new regulatory traffic light control system models. Finally, the liveness and reversibility of the proposed STPN models are proven through the reachability graph analysis method. To our knowledge, this is the first work that solves a traffic congestion problem with a regulatory traffic light control technique that is effective in preventing vehicles from entering traffic congestion zones.     

COS-Slow-Start:一种新的TCP慢启动策略

拥塞控制已成为确保Internet稳定性、鲁棒性的关键因素。针对目前TCP拥塞控制机制的慢启动算法中存在的实际问题,提出一种新的TCP慢启动策略COS-Slow-Start,从数学角度对新策略的稳定性和高效性进行理论分析与证明。NS2仿真实验表明,该策略能有效地减少分组丢失、平缓突发流量冲击,并增加带宽的有效利用率。     

基于相位饱和度的城市交通拥塞的定量评价方法

城市地面交通的拥塞主要是由于交叉口的信号配时引起的 ,由此限制了路段的通行能力。交叉口相应相位的绿灯时间的利用率可以反映出该路段的拥塞程度。本文通过对路口实时交通数据的分析 ,提出了一种基于相位饱和度的交通拥塞的定量评价方法     

道路信号交叉口配时控制的优化仿真设计

在讨论城市道路交叉口运营特征的数学模型基础上,采用优化算法进行设计配时方案.优化算法以事件步长法推进仿真钟,模拟输出运行延误、通行能力和饱和度等主要评价指标.在对输出结果进行分析后,可以对信号控制交叉口进行通行效率评价.     

A dynamic and automatic traffic light control expert system for solving the road congestion problem

Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many modern cities around the world. To solve the problem, we have proposed a framework for a dynamic and automatic traffic light control expert system combined with a simulation model, which is composed of six submodels coded in Arena to help analyze the traffic problem. The model adopts interarrival time and interdeparture time to simulate the arrival and leaving number of cars on roads. In the experiment, each submodel represents a road that has three intersections. The simulation results physically prove the efficiency of the traffic system in an urban area, because the average waiting time of cars at every intersection is sharply dropped when the red light duration is 65 s and the green light time duration is 125 s. Meanwhile, further analysis also shows if we keep the interarrival time of roads A, B, and C, and change that of roads D, E, and F from 1.7 to 3.4 s and the interdeparture times at the three intersections on roads A, B, and C are equal to 0.6 s, the total performance of the simulation model is the best. Finally, according to the data collected from RFID readers and the best, second and third best traffic light durations generated from the simulation model, the automatic and dynamic traffic light control expert system can control how long traffic signals should be for traffic improvement.     

考虑边界交叉口交通拥堵的反馈阀门控制

基于路网宏观基本图(macroscopic fundamental diagram, MFD)实施城市区域交通控制时,为了防止边界交叉口受阻方向的车辆排队长度过长,同时提高路网内车辆完成率,提出了考虑受控区域边界交叉口交通拥堵状况的交通流反馈阀门控制方法,通过对边界控制阀门处路段存放车辆富余空间的分析,提出了阀门交叉口位置和数量选择模型;针对可能造成的阀门交叉口交通拥堵,提出了受控区域边界拥堵交通流分配算法,也即通过提前调节阀门上游交叉口的绿灯时间,把部分交通流提前控制在其它相邻上游交叉口.通过实际路网仿真,结果表明该方法可以有效控制阀门交叉口的车辆排队长度,降低阀门交叉口车辆平均延误时间和平均停车次数.     

城市交通过饱和状态下干线信号的多目标仿真优化研究

针对城市交通过饱和状态下的干线信号优化问题,分析了交通控制目标对车辆排队的影响,提出以绿信比、相序、相位差和周期为优化参数,以车辆平均时延、系统平均排队-车道长度比和系统通行能力为优化目标的交通信号仿真优化模型。构建了优化模型的实施框架,该框架采用自主构建的微观交通仿真环境来获取信号方案评价指标,改进多目标优化算法NSGAII中的重复个体问题,完成对干线各交叉口信号配时方案的同时优化。最后,利用采集的交通数据对由3个交叉口组成的干线进行实例验证,验证结果表明,在过饱和状态下,所提出的信号优化方法不仅可以有效控制车辆排队长度,均衡车辆分布,同时在系统通行能力、车均时延方面表现更佳。     

时变论域下红绿灯配时的模糊控制

针对交叉口日益拥堵,交通信号灯配时设置的不合理问题,提出一种基于时变论域的模糊控制方法,给出了交通信号灯的实时配时方案。该配时方法通过动态地调整信号周期和绿灯时长,以匹配多变的交通流状况,实现了实时控制。以长沙市某十字路口为例验证了该方案的有效性,结果表明：与定时信号配时方法相比,该配时方法更有效的缓解了交叉口交通拥堵状况,增强了路口通行能力,减少了车辆延误时间。     

无信号交叉口网联车调度与分布式控制策略

针对多车道无信号交叉口,在高交通流量时易发生拥堵的问题,提出了一种适用于交叉口智能网联车（connected automated vehicle,CAV）通行的解决方案,将问题解耦成顺序决策和分布式控制两个问题。而车辆调度是方案中的关键点,对通行效率有很大的影响,且问题的复杂度是指数级。为解决该问题,提出一种基于队列评价模型的决策方法（queue evaluation spanning tree,QEST）,将网联车存到的多个队列模型中,并以通行效率和车辆延迟建立代价函数,以此对队列进行评价,通过不断循环选择最佳的队列,优化车辆在交叉口的通行顺序,有效提升了通行效率。对第二个问题,提出一种分布式控制框架,使得车辆按预定顺序通过交叉口。结果表明,该方案在中高交通流量时能有效提升交叉口的通行效率并降低车辆延迟和能量消耗。     

基于混沌量子进化算法的单交叉口信号控制

城市道路各交叉口交通信号的配时优化和协同控制直接影响整个城市的交通状况.本文以单交叉口模型的交通信号控制问题为背景,构造了以单交叉口滞留的车辆数最少为目标的优化模型.用混沌量子进化算法进行仿真数据求解,得到实时控制的配时方案,并与其它算法的仿真结果进行比较,结果表明该算法对单交叉口的信号配时优化是非常有效的.     

基于激光传感数据的拥堵路口交通信号灯控制

针对城市车流高峰时段的道路拥堵问题,提出基于激光传感数据的交通信号灯智能控制方法研究。在道路两侧均匀布置激光传感器节点,采集实时的激光传感数据和车流量信息,并构建一种两层级的交通信号灯控制模型,以提取的交通路口实时传感数据作为输入项进行模糊推理,并求解出交通信号控制模糊子集,最后推导出当前车流长度、车辆在路口的平均滞留时长及车辆的延误时长等变量,达到缓解交通拥堵,提高通行效率的目的。仿真实验数据表明,提出的拥堵交通信号灯智能控制方法具有良好的控制效果,可以明显减少车辆延误时长,提高道路通行的效率和安全性。     

基于改进遗传算法的VMS选址研究与分析

随着城市交通的高速发展,交通拥堵和交通事故频繁发生,城市交通诱导作为智能交通系统的重要组成部分,其产生和发展刻不容缓,可变信息板(VMS)是交通诱导系统中实现交通信息传递的重要工具。针对智能交通诱导系统在国内应用的不成熟,采用改进型遗传算法对VMS在路网中的布点位置进行了全局索优,对基本遗传算法中的编码方式,选择方法进行了改进,同时采用动态衰减变异概率进行变异操作,并运用多目标优化算法将多目标函数单一化,针对某一路段上的VMS对该路段下游不同位置的影响程度的不同,引入衰减影响因子;然后以复杂虚拟路网为仿真实例进行了VMS布局仿真检验,结果表明,该方法以VMS效用和经济成本为评价指标,较好地实现了交通路网中VMS选址的最优分布,同时达到了节约资源的目的,具有一定的科学性和实用性。     

基于机器视觉的交叉口特种车辆快速通行技术研究

交叉口是道路网络中重要的交通节点,容易产生交通堵塞问题,为了在保证通行安全的情况下提高特种车辆的通行效率,研究基于机器视觉的交叉口特种车辆快速通行技术。优化通行基础采用图像采集及预处理、检测识别和通行控制作为技术框架结构,利用机器视觉技术采集交叉口实时交通图像,通过图像滤波、图像增强等步骤,实现初始图像的预处理。利用Car-YOLO网络识别交叉口通行能力,规划快速通行路线,考虑前车行驶状态,求解特种车辆通行速度,针对车辆所占车道,通过绿灯早启、绿灯周期时间延长等方式控制交叉口信号灯,实现交叉口特种车辆快速通行。实验结果表明:在拥堵和正常通行场景下,优化设计技术的特种车辆通过时间的平均值分别为18.2s、10.1s,事故发生概率分别低于2%、1.4%,具有较好的应用效果。     

基于TdPN的中小流量交叉口信号控制研究

针对城市中小流量交叉口交通拥堵问题,提出了一种基于时延Petri网(Timed Petri Net, TdPN)的可变相序信号控制模型。利用TdPN建立交叉口车流模型和信号控制模型,结合马尔可夫链,建立交通流的动态生成模型。通过将通行权赋予当前等待车辆数最大的相位来实现相位的随机选择。以平均延迟时间最小为优化目标,通过遗传算法求解最优相位配时。在信号周期固定的情况下,分析基于TdPN的四相位可变相序控制模型在不平衡交通流下对交叉口平均排队长度的影响,并将此模型与四相位固定相序控制模型进行对比。研究结果表明,该方案在单位时间内有效地减少了交叉口的平均排队长度。     

Traffic wave model based on vehicle-infrastructure cooperative and vehicle communication data

Urban trunk road system undertakes the main traffic trip, and congestion occurs frequently in rush hours. In order to clearly describe the propagation process of traffic waves in signalized intersections, and then optimize phase difference. This article proposes a kinematic model for the traffic wave based on the physical mechanism of car-following and the kinematic characteristics of the traffic wave propagation. The actual road traffic monitoring data was extracted from the vehicle-infrastructure cooperative system and vehicle internal communication system. Then we obtained the values of the stop-and-start wave velocity. Compared with the measured data, the results showed that the calculation of the wave velocity of the traffic wave model had a relative error of up to 5% vs the measured data, confirming the validity of the model. Through the analysis of the model, we obtained the difference in the effects on traffic wave velocity of the vehicle speed and the space headway. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for coordinated control and management of urban trunk road traffic and phase difference optimization of signalized intersections. Meanwhile, the research results also provide a theoretical basis for alleviating traffic congestion during the rush hour.     

交通灯运行时间自适应算法及其控制系统

城市交通拥堵具有严重的危害性, 直接导致时间延误、能源浪费和废弃物排放增加, 降低居民生活水平. 现阶段, 基于平面交叉路口交通灯切换时间相对固定, 恶劣天气或发生交通事故时路口经常发生交通堵塞的实际情况, 本文提出了一种平面交叉口交通拥堵多方向交通灯运行时间自适应算法, 采取视频图像处理算法判断道路交通拥堵情况, 根据路况设置交通灯的工作时间, 并设计了相应的控制系统. 仿真结果表明, 在高峰期时段, 此自适应算法的车辆通行效率高于传统的交通灯运行时间控制方法.     

Traffic information interpolation method based on traffic flow emergence using swarm intelligence

Traffic congestion has become one of the most pressing social problems in today’s society, and research into appropriate traffic signal control is actively underway. At present, most traffic signal control methods define traffic signal parameters on the basis of traffic information such as the number of passing vehicles. Installing sensors at a vast number of intersections is necessary for more precise and real-time adaptive control, but this is unrealistic from the viewpoint of cost. As an alternative, we propose a swarm intelligence-based methodology that creates routes with a similar traffic volume using the traffic information from intersections already equipped with sensors and interpolates this information in the intersections without sensors in real time. Our simulation results show that the proposed methodology can effectively create similar traffic routes for main traffic flows with high traffic volumes. The results also show that it has an excellent interpolation performance for heavy traffic flows and can adapt and interpolate to situations where traffic flow changes suddenly. Moreover, the interpolation results are highly accurate at a road link where traffic flows confluence. We also developed an interpolation algorithm that is adaptable to traffic patterns with confluence traffic flows. Experiments were conducted with a simulation of merging traffic flows and the proposed method showed good results.