基于优化活动轮廓模型的SAR影像海陆分割方法研究*

SAR（合成孔径雷达）影像具有很强的乘性斑噪,给图像分割带来了困难。本文利用Gamma分布拟合SAR影像,并将其用于构造基于区域信息的能量泛函,提出了一种基于活动轮廓模型的SAR影像海陆自动分割方法。该方法在能量泛函中同时融合了边缘信息和区域信息,既有利于边界精确定位又有利于降低乘性斑噪的影响,利用活动轮廓演化模型,通过变分水平集方法推动活动轮廓曲线向海岸线演化,在最小化特定的能量泛函的约束下,使活动轮廓与海岸线重合,达到影像分割的目的。同时针对该模型提出了优化方法提高其计算效率,使本文提出的分割算法更加实用。     

基于模糊连接度的高分辨率SAR图像道路自动提取

针对高分辨率合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像受到乘性斑点噪声的影响,且道路环境复杂多变的问题,提出一种基于模糊连接度的高分辨率SAR图像道路自动提取方法。首先,对SAR图像进行斑点滤波,以降低斑点噪声的影响;其次,结合指数加权均值比(ROEWA)算子检测结果和模糊C均值(FCM)分割结果自动提取种子点,从而提高自动化程度;最后,利用以图像灰度和ROEWA检测算子边缘强度为特征的模糊连接度算法对种子点进行扩展提取道路,经形态学处理后得到最终结果。对两幅SAR图像进行实验,并与FCM方法分割出的道路结果进行比较,所提出的方法在提取完整率、正确率及检测质量上均优于模糊C均值方法。实验结果表明,所提出的方法能较有效地从高分辨率SAR图像中提取不同宽度和弯曲程度的道路,且无需人工输入种子点。     

结合边缘和区域的活动轮廓模型SAR图像目标轮廓提取

目的 目标轮廓表征了目标形状,可用于目标方位角估计、自动目标识别等,因此提取合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像中的目标轮廓受到了人们的广泛关注。受SAR图像乘性噪声的影响,传统的目标轮廓提取方法应用在SAR图像时失效。针对这一问题,提出一种将基于边缘的活动轮廓模型和基于区域的活动轮廓模型相结合的活动轮廓模型。方法 以真实SAR图像为基础,分析了向量场卷积（VFC）活动轮廓模型以及区域竞争（RC）活动轮廓模型各自的特点和优势,发现这两个模型存在一定的互补性,因此将这两个模型进行了结合,得到了一种新的SAR图像目标轮廓提取方法。结果 基于真实SAR图像的实验结果表明,本文方法能较好地应对SAR图像信噪比较低、目标边缘模糊等特点,能准确地获得SAR图像目标轮廓。结论 本文方法可用于执行实际的SAR图像轮廓提取任务,为后续的SAR图像自动识别和特征级图像融合等任务提供了较为优良的输入信息。     

基于改进水平截集算法的SAR图像海岸线检测

合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像海岸线检测,在自动导航、地图绘制等海洋应用方面具有重要意义。水平截集算法是一种基于人类视觉特性的边缘检测方法。由于它具备检测效果好、抗噪能力强等优点,因而在海岸线检测方法的研究和应用两方面倍受关注。然而,水平截集算法由于迭代方式复杂等原因在应用于分辨率较大的图像时,检测速度比较慢,限制了它在工程应用中的实用性。针对SAR图像,提出一种基于水平截集算法的改进算法,先在低分辨率图像中用水平截集算法进行粗略检测,得到贴近真实海岸线的轮廓线,然后将轮廓线映射到高分辨率图像上,继续用水平截集算法进行检测,最后得到精确的结果。实验中使用Radarsat ScanSAR图像证明该方法可大大加快检测速度,通过与原水平截集算法的检测效果进行对比,新方法没有降低检测效率。     

A novel multi-scale level set method for SAR image segmentation based on a statistical model

To overcome the problems of large data volumes and strong speckle noise in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, a multi-scale level set approach for SAR image segmentation is proposed in this article. Because the multi-scale analysis of SAR images preserves their highest resolution features while additionally making use of sets of images at lower resolutions to improve specific functions, the proposed method is useful for removing the influence of speckle and, at the same time, preserving important structural information. The Gamma distribution is one of the most commonly used models employed to represent the statistical characteristics of speckle noise in a SAR image and it is introduced to define the energy functional. Moreover, based on the multi-scale level set framework, an improved multi-layer approach is introduced for multi-region segmentation. To obtain a fast and more accurate result, a novel threshold segmentation result is used to represent the initial segmentation curve. The experiments with synthetic and real SAR images demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method.     

Application of special-purpose artificial neural networks for speckle reduction in SAR images

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is used extensively for remote-sensing applications due to its ability to operate under all weather conditions and provide high-resolution images. However, high-resolution images constructed from SAR data often suffer from speckle, which makes identification and classification of edges/boundaries a difficult task. Speckle noise is multiplicative in nature and is a result of constructive and destructive interference of signals from randomly distributed scatterers in a resolution cell illuminated by a coherent signal. Usually, speckle is reduced by incoherent averaging of high-resolution image pixels that degrade resolution. The principal goal in all speckle-reduction algorithms is to reduce speckle with minimum loss of resolution. In this investigation, we used specially trained and validated artificial neural networks (ANNs) for speckle reduction in images generated with a radar-depth sounder/imager and compared their performance to the conventional adaptive filtering and Speckle Reducing Anisotropic Diffusion (SRAD) algorithm. We show that by training different ANNs to reduce speckle noise at different levels of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), rather than training one ANN to operate at all levels of SNR, improved performance in speckle reduction can be obtained. Real SAR images and synthetic noise are used in this research to compare the performance of the proposed ANN-based approaches with that obtained from conventional methods. This investigation shows that on combining the results from a set of properly trained and validated neural networks, the SNRs of the output images improve beyond those obtained from conventional approaches when the input SNRs are greater than or equal to 4 dB. For input SNRs greater than 0 dB, however, the ANNs provide better performance in edge preservation compared with conventional methods. We also found that once a set of ANNs is properly trained to reduce speckle from an image, these ANNs can be used in de-speckling other images without any further training. The merits and demerits of different configurations of the ANNs are studied to find useful speckle noise-tolerant ANN architectures.     

基于跨接约束的高分辨率SAR 影像与光学影像配准

为了实现高分辨率SAR 影像与光学影像之间自动/半自动配准, 提出了一种新颖、稳健的匹配算法。算法首先利用仿射变换进行SAR 影像和光学影像粗匹配, 简化了整体算法的处理复杂度;然后利用影像边缘稳健性, 使用边缘提取算子分别对SAR 影像和光学影像进行边缘提取, 为后续精匹配做好了数据准备; 最后使用基于边缘纹理跨接约束进行影像之间精匹配, 方法引入了邻域配准约束机制, 很好的解决了经典匹配多峰值效应, 提高了算法稳健性和实用性。以国内机载高分辨率SAR 数据和SPOT 25 PAN 数据为例进行算法验证, 实验结果表明该算法能实现自动/半自动的高分辨率SAR 和光学影像之间的像素级配准。     

A local linear level set method for the binarization of degraded historical document images

Document image binarization is a difficult task, especially for complex document images. Nonuniform background, stains, and variation in the intensity of the printed characters are some examples of challenging document features. In this work, binarization is accomplished by taking advantage of local probabilistic models and of a flexible active contour scheme. More specifically, local linear models are used to estimate both the expected stroke and the background pixel intensities. This information is then used as the main driving force in the propagation of an active contour. In addition, a curvature-based force is used to control the viscosity of the contour and leads to more natural-looking results. The proposed implementation benefits from the level set framework, which is highly successful in other contexts, such as medical image segmentation and road network extraction from satellite images. The validity of the proposed approach is demonstrated on both recent and historical document images of various types and languages. In addition, this method was submitted to the Document Image Binarization Contest (DIBCO??09), at which it placed 3rd.     

基于边缘强度特征和线性谱聚类的 SAR 图像超像素生成方法

面对高分辨合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像的海量数据,学界广泛通过基于超像素的方法 简化图像处理过程。一般适用于光学图像的超像素分割算法对存在斑噪的 SAR 图像分割性能均 不够理想。面向 SAR 图像改进现有超像素生成算法是目前的研究热点之一。在探讨了将边缘强 度特征引入超像素分割算法的可行性的基础上,结合边缘强度特征和线性谱聚类方法,提出了 一种新的 SAR 图像超像素生成方法(e-LSC)。通过仿真 SAR 图像和实测 SAR 图像的比较实验, 证实了 e-LSC 算法与其他几种典型超像素生成算法相比,生成的超像素在边缘贴合度和匀质区 域的规则化上都有所提高。     

A two-level method for segmenting cytological images based on active contour model

The problem of automatic extraction of cell nuclei in cytological images for automated diagnostics of hematological diseases is considered. A combined two-level segmentation method based on an active contour model is presented. The method employs different strategies to form the active contour model at coarse and fine approximation steps. The capture range of the active contour is extended by employing a wave propagation model. Unsupervised initialization of the active contour involves binarization of the a component of the input image in the CIE Lab color space. The efficiency of the developed method is demonstrated by a computational experiment. Dmitrii Mikhailovich Murashov. Born 1958. Graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1981, majoring in automatic control systems. Received candidate’s degree (Eng.) and is an assistant professor. Currently is with Dorodnicyn Computing Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences. Scientific interests: automatic control, image processing and analysis, and pattern recognition. Author of more than 40 papers.     

基于免疫谱聚类的图像分割

提出了一种基于免疫谱聚类的图像分割方法.利用谱聚类的维数缩减特性获得数据在映射空间的分布,在此基础上构造一种新的免疫克隆聚类,用于在映射空间中对样本进行聚类.该方法通过谱映射为后续的免疫克隆聚类提供低维而紧致的输入.而免疫克隆聚类算法具有快速收敛到全局最优并且对初始化不敏感的特性,从而可以获得良好的聚类结果.在将其用于图像分割时,采用了Nystr?m逼近策略来降低算法复杂度.合成纹理图像和SAR图像的分割结果验证了免疫谱聚类算法用于图像分割的有效性.     

基于MAR模型的SAR图像的聚类分割

合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像中的斑点噪声是SAR图像处理困难的主要原因,如何抑制斑点噪声及图像处理一直是SAR图像研究的热点。根据SAR图像的成像机理,采用能够描述不同尺度（分辨率）下固有特性的多尺度自回归（MAR）模型,提出一种有效的多尺度抑制斑点噪声和分割方法。首先对SAR图像多分辨率序列建立MAR模型,然后依据模型对SAR图像抑制斑点噪声,重构,最后用Ward聚类分割方法对SAR图像进行分割、比较。     

一种基于Hausdorff 度量的多传感器图像配准方法

描述了一种基于Hausdorff 度量的合成孔径雷达和光学图像配准方法。首先用基于低帽滤波的方法提取待配准图像的闭合轮廓。然后对较长的轮廓进行Hausdorff 度量初匹配, 并对初匹配的结果使用轮廓中心的相对距离比直方图聚束检测法进行一致性检测。最后, 在得到正确的闭合轮廓对后, 使用最小二乘法计算图像的变换参数。考虑到雷达图像的相干斑噪声以及多传感器图像成像时间造成的变形, 多传感器图像提取的轮廓会有一定的差别。而Hausdorff 度量对误差有很好的容忍性, 因此本方法可以对多传感器图像进行配准。     

基于深度协同稀疏编码网络的海洋浮筏SAR图像目标识别

浮筏养殖广泛存在于我国近海海域, 可见光遥感图像无法完全准确地获取养殖目标, 而基于主动成像的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic aperture radar, SAR)遥感图像能够得到养殖目标, 因此采用SAR图像进行海洋浮筏养殖目标识别. 然而, 海洋遥感SAR图像包含大量相干斑噪声, 并且SAR图像特征单一, 使得目标识别难度较大. 为解决这些问题, 提出一种深度协同稀疏编码网络(Deep collaborative sparse coding network, DCSCN)进行海洋浮筏识别. 本文方法对预处理后的图像先提取纹理特征和轮廓特征, 再进行超像素分割并将同一个超像素块特征组输入该网络进行协同表示, 最后得到有效特征并分类识别. 通过人工SAR图像和北戴河海域浮筏养殖SAR图像的实验验证所提模型的有效性. 该网络不仅具有优异的特征表示能力, 能够获得更适合分类器的特征, 而且通过近邻协同约束, 有效抑制相干斑噪声影响, 所以提高了SAR图像目标识别精度.     

High-resolution SAR images segmentation using NSCT denoising and QIGA based parameters selection of PCNN model

The high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images usually contain inhomogeneous coherent speckle noises. For the high-resolution SAR image segmentation with such noises, the conventional methods based on pulse coupled neural networks (PCNN) have to face heavy parameters with a low efficiency. In order to solve the problems, this paper proposes a novel SAR image segmentation algorithm based on non-subsampling Contourlet transform (NSCT) denoising and quantum immune genetic algorithm (QIGA) improved PCNN models. The proposed method first denoising the SAR images for a pre-processing based on NSCT. Then, by using the QIGA to select parameters for the PCNN models, such models self-adaptively select the suitable parameters for segmentation of SAR images with different scenes. This method decreases the number of parameters in the PCNN models and improves the efficiency of PCNN models. At last, by using the optimal threshold to binary the segmented SAR images, the small objects and large scales from the original SAR images will be segmented. To validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, four different comparable experiments are applied to validate the proposed algorithm. Experimental results have shown that NSCT pre-processing has a better performance for coherent speckle noises suppression, and QIGA-PCNN model based on denoised SAR images has an obvious segmentation performance improvement on region consistency and region contrast than state-of-the-arts methods. Besides, the segmentation efficiency is also improved than conventional PCNN model, and the level of time complexity meets the state-of-the-arts methods. Our proposed NSCT+QIGA-PCNN model can be used for small object segmentation and large scale segmentation in high-resolution SAR images. The segmented results will be further used for object classification and recognition, regions of interest extraction, and moving object detection and tracking.

     

Typhoon eye extraction with an automatic SAR image segmentation method

Spaceborne microwave synthetic aperture radar (SAR), with its high spatial resolution (10–100 m), large area coverage, and day/night imaging capability, has been used as an important tool for typhoon monitoring. Since the microwave signal can penetrate through clouds, SAR images reveal typhoon morphology at the sea surface. Within the region of a typhoon eye, wind speed and the associated sea surface roughness are usually low. Therefore, the typhoon eye can be well distinguished as dark areas in SAR images. However, automatic typhoon eye extraction from SAR images is hampered by SAR image speckle noise and other false-alarm dark features contained in an image. In this study, we propose an image processing approach to extract typhoon eyes from SAR images. The three-step image processing includes: (1) applying an extended non-local means image denoizing algorithm to reduce image speckle noise; (2) applying a top-hat transform to denoized imagery to enhance the contrast; and (3) using a labelled watershed to segment the typhoon eye. Experimental results from analysing three Environmental Satellite SAR typhoon images show that our approach provides fast and efficient SAR image segmentation for typhoon eye extraction. Typhoon eyes are segmented correctly, and their edges are well detected. Our experimental results are comparable to manually extracted typhoon eye information. Fine-tuning of this approach will provide an automatic tool for typhoon eye information extraction from SAR images.     

一种新的高分辨率SAR图像道路提取算法

针对高分辨率SAR图像中道路目标难以有效提取的问题,提出一种新的高分辨率SAR图像道路提取算法,它结合了参数化内核图割和数学形态学算法。利用参数化内核图割对高分辨率SAR图像中的道路目标进行初级分割,用数学形态学填充空洞,平滑道路边缘;基于道路的几何特征,使用矩阵度、改进的长宽比、复杂度等因子去除虚警;针对处理过程中出现的道路断裂情况,利用数学形态学提取道路目标的中心线,同时根据线段邻近性、方向一致性准则对其断裂部分进行连接,用数学形态学还原道路宽度,得到道路提取结果。实验结果表明该算法不用进行SAR图像预处理,也可以有效抑制相干斑噪声,并且能准确、较为完整地提取道路目标。     

基于先验知识的肝脏轮廓线提取算法研究

准确有效地提取肝脏CT序列的轮廓线是腹部软组织三维模型重建与可视化的关键问题之一。针对肝脏轮廓线提取准确性不高的问题, 提出了一种基于先验知识的肝脏轮廓线提取算法。首先利用拉普拉斯算法进行CT图像增强, 再利用基于边缘先验知识的套索模型对感兴趣区域进行半自动的初始化, 最后通过改进的Snake算法准确地提取肝脏CT图像的边缘。针对序列CT肝脏的边缘提取, 提出根据CT图像序列之间的相关性, 将上一幅图像的轮廓线提取结果作为下一幅CT图像边缘提取的初始化点, 接着批处理地提取CT序列的肝脏边缘。实验结果表明：该算法大大减少了手动初始化结果对目标边缘轮廓准确提取的依赖性, 并有效地解决了肝脏轮廓线的提取问题。     

基于GA的SAR图像中主干道路提取

从高分辨率合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像中提取道路及其他线性特征已成为目前遥感图像信息提取研究的热点。由于高分辨率SAR图像中，目标背景复杂，同时由于受相干斑噪声的影响，因此很难直接从原始图像数据中提取道路特征。为了能够从背景复杂，受斑点噪声干扰的高分辨率SAR图像中准确提取道路，提出了一种利用遗传算法提取主干道路的方法。该方法利用模糊C均值聚类法对滤波后的SAR图像进行无监督聚类，首先将图像分为林地、建筑物、道路等基本类，并将道路类像素从图像中分离出来，使问题得到简化；然后根据道路类像素的隶属度和道路像素灰度值的均匀特性来建立具体的道路模型；最后利用遗传算法搜索全局最优道路。实验结果表明，该方法可以很好地从SAR图像中提取各种主干道路。     

Self-organizing neural networks for image segmentation based on multiphase active contour

Image segmentation is a process of segregating foreground object from background object in an image. This paper proposes a method to perform image segmentation for the color and textured images with a two-step approach. In the first step, self-organizing neurons based on neural networks are used for clustering the input image, and in the second step, multiphase active contour model is used to get various segments of an image. The contours are initialized in the active contour model with the help of the self-organizing maps obtained as a result of first step. From the results, it is inferred that the proposed method provides better segmentation result for all types of images.